Juliann MacNicoll

Pacific Oaks College

2/11/17
Annotated References

1. Least Restrictive Environment

Morin, A. (2014). Least restrictive environment (LRE): what you need to know.

https://www.understood.org/en/school-learning/special-services/special-education-
basics/least-restrictive-environment-lre-what-you-need-to-know

Amanda Morin explains the importance of LRE and how the term environment makes it

sound like it a place. It actually is more about your childs educational program. LRE is

part of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act also known IDEA. IDEA states

that children who receive special education should learn in the least restrictive

environment. This means they should spend as much time as possible with peers who do

not receive special education.

Special Education News. (2017). LRE-Least restrictive environment.

http://www.specialednews.com/special-education-dictionary/lre---least-restrictive-

environment.htm

This article shares that some disabilities prevent children from being fully mainstreamed

with peers. Individualized education teams need to find and create a safe place at school,

but these children also need to experience as much freedom and independence as much as

they could. The difficult part is to place children who have hidden disabilities that may

not be understood by their peers, this is including autism. They may have behaviors that
 disrupt a typical classroom, but they are too high functioning to succeed in a self-

contained setting.

2. Mainstreaming

Concordia University. (2016). Mainstreaming special education in the classroom.

http://education.cu-portland.edu/blog/special-ed/mainstreaming-special-education-in-the-

classroom/

Every child has the ability to learn, but the way children learn and how much knowledge

they absorb can vary. Society wants us all to give children a chance to reach their

potential, which is why its important to provide children the best learning environment.

Because of this, many people suggest mainstreaming special needs children into regular

classrooms than placing them exclusively to special education classrooms.

Masters in Special Education. (2017). Special education resources

http://www.masters-in-special-education.com/faq/what-does-mainstreaming-mean/

Mainstreaming means that a school is putting children with special needs into classrooms

with their peers who have no disabilities. In other circumstances, the special needs child

may be studying in a resource room or also known as a self-contained classroom. In this

environment the student has access to more individual time with special education

teachers and aids.

3. Inclusion

Special Education Guide. (2016). Inclusion.

http://www.specialeducationguide.com/pre-k-12/inclusion/
 Inclusion secures opportunities for students with disabilities to learn beside their non-

disabled peers in general education classrooms. Integrating students with disabilities into

general education classrooms can make it feel overwhelming for a general education

teacher. If you feel intimidated, realize you are not alone.

Wisconsin Education Association Council. (2017). Special education inclusion.

http://weac.org/articles/specialedinc/

Inclusion is a term which expresses commitment to educate each child to the highest

extent appropriate in the school and classroom where your child attends. This involves

bringing the support services to the child and requires only that the child will benefit in

the class.

4. IDEA

Center for Parent Information and Resources. (2014). IDEA- the individuals with

disabilities education act.

http://www.parentcenterhub.org/repository/idea/

After several years, the law has been revised several times. IDEA was originally created

by congress in 1975 to ensure that children with disabilities have the same opportunity

like other children to receive a free education. The Individuals with Disabilities

Education Act is a federal law that requires schools to serve the educational needs of

eligible students with disabilities.

Lee, M. (2017). How IDEA protects you and your child.

 https://www.understood.org/en/school-learning/your-childs-rights/basics-about-childs-

rights/how-idea-protects-you-and-your-child

The purpose of IDEA is to protect the rights of children with disabilities and give parents

a voice in their childs education. Not every child with learning and attention issues is

eligible for special education services. A child must be found to either have; autism, deaf-

blindness, deafness, emotional abuse, hearing impairment, intellectual disability, multiple

disabilities, orthopedic impairment, other health impairments including ADHD, and

specific learning disabilities.

5. Dysnomia

Haddad, D. (2017). What is dysnomia?

https://www.parentingspecialneeds.org/article/dysnomia/

Dysnomia is described as a learning disability that is categorized by a difficulty in

remembering names or recalling words from memory needed for oral or written

expressive language. The individual may be able to provide description to an object in

question, but isnt able to recall the specific target name of the object. This is a

neurological disorder present from childhood characterized by difficulty recalling words,

names, and numbers.

A Special Connection Foundation. (2010). Dysnomia and anomia.

https://aspecialconnection.wordpress.com/2010/07/20/dysnomia-and-anomia/

People with this disability are often likely to replace the simplest words with thing. Such

as, Where is the thing that was just on the thing? People with dysnomia are also likely

to ask you to repeat what you said so they have more time to process it.
6. IEP

Stanberry, K. (2017). Understanding individualized education programs.

https://www.understood.org/en/school-learning/special-services/ieps/understanding-

individualized-education-programs

An IEP is an important legal document that displays your childs learning needs. If your

child receives special education services, by law, they have a individualized education

program that the school provides and how progress will be measured. Parents are also

involved with putting the document together. The process is a great way to figure out

your childs strengths and weaknesses. This will help plan on how to make your child

succeed in school.

Baumel, J. (2016). What is an IEP?

http://www.greatschools.org/gk/articles/what-is-an-iep/

The team that helps write your childs IEP include: parents, general education teachers,

special education teachers, a individual who can interpret the results of your childs

evaluation, a representative of the school system, individuals with knowledge or special

services agencies, and your child when appropriate.

7. Oral Expression Disability

Center, J. (2017). Oral expression disability.

Oral expression is the ability to express ones thoughts, needs, wants and ideas using

appropriate syntactic, pragmatic, semantic and phonological language structures. To be

certified as learning disabled in this area, the disability must adversely affect academic
 performance. If a deficit in oral expression does not affect academic performance the

speech- language pathologist may better address the students needs.

Center, J. (2017). Oral expression disability

http://www.greatschools.org/gk/articles/what-is-an-iep/

Characteristics of students that have oral expression and have trouble understanding or

using these areas include: syntax, grammar, morphology, pragmatics, social language,

semantics, and phonology. They may have difficulty with: sharing or retelling stories,

predicting, hypothesizing, expressing their opinions, asking questions in class, and

communicating during group activities.

8. ADHD

National Institute of Mental Health. (2016). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-

adhd/index.shtml

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a brain disorder marked by an ongoing pattern

of inattention or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or

development. Inattention and hyperactivity/ impulsivity are the key behaviors of ADHD.

Some people have ADHD only have problems with one of the behaviors while others

have both inattention and hyperactivity- impulsivity. Most children have the combined

type of ADHD.

Brain and Behavior Research Foundation. (2017). Frequently asked questions about

attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

 https://bbrfoundation.org/frequently-asked-questions-about-attention-deficit-

hyperactivity-disorder-adhd

ADHD affects 3 percent to 5 percent of all American children. While typically diagnosed

in children, adults can have the condition. Adults with ADHD may be unaware they have

the disorder yet know they have difficulty getting organized and staying focused.

Everyday tasks such as waking up, getting dressed, organizing for the days work, getting

to work on time or being productive on the job can challenge the ADHD adult.

9. Autism

Autism Speaks. (2017). What is autism?

https://www.autismspeaks.org/what-autism

Autism, also referred to ask autism spectrum disorder, refers to a broad range of

conditions characterized by challenges with social skills, repetitive behaviors, speech and

nonverbal communication, as well as unique strengths and differences. Now we know

that there is not one but many types, most caused by a combination of genetic and

environmental influences. The term spectrum is widely reflected in challenges and

strengths possessed by each person with autism.

WebMD. (2017). What are the types of autism spectrum disorders?

http://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/autism-spectrum-disorders

Autism spectrum disorders include social, communication, and behavioral challenges.

These can be mild, severe, or in between. Early diagnosis is important because early

treatment may make a difference. Aspergers syndrome is the milder end of the autism
 spectrum. Someone with aspergers may be very intelligent and can handle themselves.

They often have a harder time socially.

10. Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety and Depression Association of America. (2016). Childhood anxiety disorders.

https://www.adaa.org/living-with-anxiety/children/childhood-anxiety-disorders

Children are capable of developing several different types of disorders including:

generalized, panic, separation, social anxiety, selective mutism, specific phobias,

obsessive-compulsive, and posttraumatic stress disorder.

Anxiety BC. (2016). Childhood anxiety and related disorders.

https://www.anxietybc.com/parenting/childhood-anxiety

An appointment with your physician or trained mental health professional is a good first

step with trying to understand your childs anxiety disorder. Within the different types of

anxiety disorders, there are commonly occurring symptoms clustered into 4 areas such as

physical responses, thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.