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Agni-Beyond Digestive Fire An Exploratory Study

Satender Tanwar1* and Pradnya Chittawadgi2
1
Department of PG Studies in Shalya Tantra at SKAMCH & RC, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
2
Department of PG Studies in Kayachikitsa, Ayurveda Mahavidyala, Hubli, Karnataka, India

Abstract

NIRUKTI / DEFINITION- Agni in Ayurvedic classics can be referred as following,

l
ll
()
That which having the tendency to move forwards and it is considered to be the type of TEJAS.

Keywords
Agni, Fire, Digestive, Ayurveda

Greentree Group

Received 18/06/15 Accepted 30/7/15 Published 10/09/15

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INTRODUCTION
in is reflected in the concept
of of this system. The term is
derived from the root word to heat or to
burn.
this term is seen to have three meaning viz.,
, , -
1. refers to the
generation of heat.
2. related to the act of
burning of the nutrition.
3. refers to that factor
which is responsible to make one
achieve 8 kind of benefits.
From the point of view of has
been described as agni since it performs the
fire-like actions such as
paka which refers to pachan
dahana burning combustion
oxidation.
Parinama conversion
Prakashan illumination.
Varna/prabhakara to cause colour
and luster
In general sense the term kaya or
body itself has been equated to agni
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Int J Ayu Pharm Chem
: :
1
ll
It is only the agni which is located in the
pitta that gives rise to beneficial or adverse
consequences according as it is in normal or
abnormal state of functioning.
: :
2
Clarifying the implication CHAKARPANI
has observed that this term does not mean
that the pitta of the body is flaming fire and
it only refers to phenomenon of heat which
is associated with fire.
:
: 3
By implication heat is seen to be associated
with function of pitta. There are two aspects
of pitta vyapar the digestion of the food and
or its transformation into various functional
and structural factors of the body.
A careful study of the existing editions of
ancient Ayurvedic classics and allied
literature shows that pita performs functions
similar to those of Agni.
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According to Charaka, Sushrutha and Tthe question if pitta and Agni are identical
Vagbhatta, the composition of pitta is or different has been raised. The passage
dominated by agni mahabhuta. under reference run as follows It may now

ll be asked, is pitta is same as Agni or

something different. The question may be
As per Charakas observation that, The life
answered as stating that pitta is same as that
of all living beings is food and world seeks
of Agni, since it performs the function as
food. Complexion, clearness of mind, good
PACHANA, DAHANA, similar action
voice, longevity, understanding, ease and
performed by fire hence, pitta is considered
pleasure, satisfaction, growth and strength
as the AANTRAGNI.
and intelligence are all dependent upon the
Out of various constituents of a living body,
food.
much importance has been rendered to pitta
The body is outcome of the food. Even so,
and it has been accepted that almost all the
disease is also outcome of the food. The
vital activities depend either directly or
distinction between ease and disease arises
indirectly on the pitta.
on account of wholesome nutrition or the
By the term jatharagnipaka is meant the
lack of it respectively.
digestion of food under the influence of the
Food is the factor which sustains and
jatharagni. The jatharagni was shown earlier
supports the deha dhatus(tissue elements),
to be a synonym of pachakapitta (agni) the
ojas(the factor of resistance to disease and
other synonyms of its being: -
decay), bala(strength and capacity to
KOSHTHAGNI, ANTRAGNI, KAYAGNI
perform physical work), and complexion
AND audrya tejas.
among others. This food depends upon Agni
Jatharagni describes the intestinal digestion
to contribute to the nourishment of the body.
and the process involved in it, in simple
It is obvious that the body-elements or
terms, or in other words, it seeks to
sharira dhatus cannot be nourished and
generalize these processes. The term
developed when food is not properly
intenstinal has been advisedly used here on
digested by Agni.
the basis of description of the adho-
WHETHER PITTA AND AGNI ARE
amashya furnished by chakrapani data
SAME OR DIFFERENT 4
quoted elsewhere. it will be recalled that he

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has also described this part of the amashya other two gunas being, sattva and
variously as agnashya and pachyamanasya tamas. The phenomenon of tejas or
meaning the organ of agni whre the food is agni understood at the
cooked or digested. The organ is also known phenomenon level in many forms
as kshudraantra or small intenstine and viz., the force of motion, radiation,
grahani.5 heat, electricity and magnetism(
The term jatharagni would seem to stand for including forces of cohesion and
and compromise several factors such, for friction) is implicate in the concept
example as the several enzymes which of and potential in rajoguna of
participate in the digestion of the different mulaprakriti. The origin of agni
components of food in the small intestine. In both the physical and biological is,
this sense jatharagni would represent a therefore to be traced to rajoguna of
complex of substances isolated from others mulaprakriti.
of its kind, present in this region of the 2. AGNI IN NYAYA
alimentary canal. VASHESHIKA
The concept of agni of Ayurveda which According to Nyaya-vaisheshikas,
refers to the manifold functions ascribed to tejas, in which agni is implicit, is one
pitta is at once comprehensive. It is only of the navadravyas and it is
includes chemical agencies responsible for represented by tejaswpramanu. One
the aharapachana in the koshtha which leads of the properties ascribed to tejas
to the separation sarabhaga of the ahara pramanu by nyaya vaisheshikas is
from the kittabhaga but also the metabolic heat.
events energy, synthesis, and maintenance 3. UDAYANA- in his Lakshanavali has
metabolism.6 defined Tejas as thatwhich is
HISTORICAL REVIEW substratum of colour and which
shares a common substratum with
1. AGNI IN THE SAMKHYA the absolute absence of taste.
SYSTEM - agni in the samkhya 4. KANADA RAHASYA- has stated
view is potentially present in the that Tejas is that which has a
rajoguna of the mukaprakriti- the

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common substratum with colour but commentatories there on; to do otherwise

not with weight. will lead to such preposterous translation of
5. ACCORDING TO VYOMAVATI- PITTA as the liver bile which will be shown
quoted by umesh mishra the qualities at a later stage to be MALA (KITTA i.e.
of tejas can be summed up as waste product of the RAKTA).
follows- its colour is illuminating Continuing from where we disagreed to the
and touch is hot. study in brief of the concepts of agni vis a
6. ACCORDING TO vis Pakas it will be recalled that ayurvedic
PRASASTPADA- the natural concepts of digestion and metabolism are
movements of tejas is upward. Its based on the concept of Pitta.
colour and touch do not undergo any It is therefore necessary in passing to make a
chemical change,hence they are nitya brief refrence again to the concept of pitta.
and eternal in the pramanus and Pitta , like VATA and KAPHA ubiquitously
anitya or non-eternal in karya or present in all the parts of the body. The
products. functions, normal and abnormal it is
7. ACCORDING TO generally stated to perform according to
ANNAMBHATTA in his MARICHI as recorded in CHARAKA
Nyayabodhini on tarkasamgraha has SAMHITA are as shown in the table.
stated An unripe fruit ripens, under
the influence of solar heat. AS PER CHARAKA SAMHITA
NORMAL AND ABNORMAL
Thus the study of Ayurveda presumes the FUNCTIONS OF PITTA
possession of adequate knowledge of the PAKTI- The APAKTI- The
physical, chemical, biological, and promotion of impairment of the
psychological theories furnished among digestion. digestion
others by the Nyaya and vaisheshika DARSHANA- ADARSHANA- the
darshanas . visual promotion. visual impairment
The concept of ANTRAGNI and PITTA MATRAUSHAM AMATRAUSHMAN
have to be studied in the light of A- responsible for A- The impairment for
contribution made by these darshanas and the production of the production of
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normal body heat. normal body heat. Ushmakrit- aids in

PRAKRITI VIKRITI VRANA- production of the
VRANA- the the causation of body heat.
production of anormal colour and
normal colour and complexion of the AS PER ASTANGA HARDYAM
complexion of the body. NORMAL FUNCTIONS OF THE
body. PITTA
SHAURYAM- BHAYAM- Fear PHYSICAL MENTAL
courage complex. Pakti- digestion and Buddhi- enables to
HARSHANAM- KRODHAM- anger, metabolism. knowi.e. knowledge.
cheerfulness. rage. Ushma-production Medha- promotes the
PRASADANA MOHAM- confusion, of the body heat. intellect- memory.
lucidity of the clouding, thinking. Darshanam- enables Dhi- promotes
mind. the visual intelligence and
perception. understanding.
AS PER SHUSHRUTA SAMHITA Prabha- production Dhairyam-
NORMAL FUNCTIONS OF THE of luster of the responsible for
PITTA body. courage.
PHYSICAL MENTAL Kshut- causes
Ragakrit aids in Medhakrit- aids hunger and appetite.
normal colour of the intellectual Trit- causes thirst.
body. functions. Ruchi- promotes
Paktikrit aids in desire and relish for
digestion and food.
metabolism. Tanu mardavam-
Ojokrit- aids in promotes the
production of the suppleness of the
ojus. body.
Tejakrit- aids vision
light and colur. PACHAKA PITTA
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The concept of pachaka pitta is fundamental increase or decrease as the case may
importance, especially when studied in the be, of JATHARAGNI.
light of some of the more recent He proceeds to observe that the seat
developments in the field of GASTRO- of agni in the region above the
ENTEROLOGY. nabhi( umbilicus). The seat of agni
The concept- charaka has envisaged this also called as the GRAHANI,
concept in very general term as follows- because it receives and retains the
Koshthagni is the leader of all factors food for the duration of its digestion.
concerened with the digestion and The structure of grahani is supported
metabolism in the body. by the agni. It retains the food which
l is still to be digested, while the the
digested portion of itthe food is
ll
moved down to the pakwashya on

l either side.

ll Pachaka pitta known variously as
jatharagni, kosthagni, antragni,

The concept of the pachaka pitta pachakagni and dehagni etc.; while

(KOSTHAGNI) has been described by three being located in its own place in area

main authorities of ayurveda viz., between amasaya and pakwasaya

CHARAKA, SUSHRUTA, and directly participates in the digestion

VAGBHATTA at distinct periods of time.
According to CHARAKA 500
B.C. KOSTHAGNI (PACHAKA
PITTA) is the leader of all factors
of the food and at the same time,
lends support to and augments the
functions of the remaining pitas,
present elsewhere in the body.
It would be seen from the foregoing

concerned with the digestion and that the ayurvedic concept of agni

metabolism in the body of all living includes, not only five types of pitas

beings. The activities of all these but also, the dhatwagni and bhutagni.

factors normal and abnormal are It is clear from the classical

derived from and dependent upon an ayurvedic texts that the enumeration
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of the number of agni various from

author. GRAHANI AND PACHKA PITTA
According to charaka samhita read
together with its main commentatory Both sushruta and vagbhatta have described
by the chakrapani datta, the number this concept with a wealth of details. A
of agni enumerated are over 13 as reference was made earlier to the kala viz.,
showen below:- the pittadhara kala that covers the regions
1. Antragni- 1 between the amashya and pakwashya. It was
2. Bhutagni-5 then noted that kala that obtains between the
3. Dhatwagn-7. amashya and pakwashya is where it obtains
On the other hand as per sushrutha is is spoken of as the grahani. The main
seen to have described only five function of this part of koshtha is support
agnis viz. pachakagni, ranjakagni, Gives to the pachaka pitta which is required
alochakagni, sadhakagni and for the digestion of the food brought to this
bhrajakagni. There is however part of the koshtha on its way to pakwashya.
indirect reference in Sushtutha Sushrutha observes further that located as
samhita to five bhutagni, in brief grahani is on the way to pakwashya. It aids
description made to the in the sepration of the sara of the food from
transformation which food stuffs kitta it is because of these functions that this
undergo in the organism. When these structure is known as grahani.
agni ntaken into the consideration It is seen as already referred to elsewhere
the total no. of the agni avccording to that in sushruthas view that the integrity of
the sushrutha would be ten. grahani depends upon the agni and the latter
Vagbhatta is seen rekoned in all the is located in the former. Any impairement in
23 agni. the agni involves ipsofacto the integrity of
1. Pitta- 5. grahani and vice a versa.
2. Bhutagni-5. The foregoing represent a few important
3. Dhatwagni-7. refrences which have an immediate bearing
4. Doshagni-3. on pachaka pitta and kala, known as
5. Malagni-3. pittadhra kala vis a vis portion of the

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koshtha, described as grahani. Stated in other hand and the amshas i.e. parts or
general term, we are called upon to study the moieties of it present ubiquiotesly in the
concept of pachaka pitta on the background dhatus on the other.
of pittadhra kala and grahani. The increase of former (quqlitative
Pittadhra kala was discussed already and it and quantitative) is stated to result in
was then shown that its description bears a corresponding increase in the
very close resemblance to the mucosal activities of the latter. An outcome of
covering, in particular of the small such increase and decrease as the
intenstine. case may be, of the pachakaamshas
As stated elsewhere, the pittadhara kala present in the dhatus has been stated
would also appear to be the structure that to contribute to a decrease ( atrophy-
makes available the pachaka pitta. It is seen wasting) or an increase
in addition that integrity of this kala (hypertrophy) respectively of the
dependes upon pachaka pitta and and there dhatus, subject of course to the
relationship that exists between the former availability of indhana( fuel) to the
and the latter is comparable to that between dhatus in the poshaka dravyas (
the structure and function. nutrient substances).
The structure in the present case is the The idea basic to the two kind of
pittadhra kala and function among others is events discussed above can
its secretion- the pachaka pitta. illustrated with the examples of
The concept of pachaka pitta ,as reflected in clinical conditions described in
the citation above, studied together with the ayurveda as atyagni or bhasmaka
citation quoted earlier from charaka samhita roga and mandaagni which in
that, koshthaagni is the leader of all the modern parlance correspond to hyper
agni open out many significant and far and hypo metabolism, respectively.
reaching possibilities. sushruta is stated to exhibit the
They envisage an intimate generic condition atyagni or tikshna
relationship that is stated to exist between (bhasmaka roga) symptomatology
the the pachaka pitta (agni) in the described below:- The patient easily
adhoamashya or small intenstine, on the digests even a very heavy meal in an
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exceedingly short space of time. He
suffers from voracious hunger,
parched throat, plate and lips and
other discomforts his all frequent
and heavy meal notwithstanding
Charaka furnishes more detail of this
condition. They are : in a person
afflicted with atyagni the food
ingested is digested as rapidly as it
consumed; having thus consumed the
food, it is also begins to consume the
dhatus or the tissues of the body ,
such as rakta or blood etc. the patient
is then afflicted with debibility and
disease that leads to death. He feels
relieved (satisfied) when he has
eaten his food but feela faint on the
completion of digestion of the food
ingested.
Vijayrakshita has stated that this
condition is also spoken of as
bhasmaka as in this state not only
the food that is eaten but also the
body tissues are burnt into ashes.
The condition described above as
atyagni(tikshanagni or bhasmaka, as
it also called) is reminiscent of an
analogous condition , described in
modern medicine as hyper
metabolism, usually associated with
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hyperthyroidism. This condition is
marked by gradual increase or
speeded up cellular respiration which
has been shown to result in the
liberation of so much of heat that the
affected person feels hot all the time.
In spite of gluttonous eating, so
much of food is burnt that the body
weight may decrease; the person is
constantly under the nervous strain
and highly irritable by stimuli and,
yet is unable to do sustained work
due to the lack of fuel reserve. He
suffers from the retarded growth.
Mandagni described in Ayurveda in
which the dhatus(tissue elements) are
atated to mundergo vriddhi (
increase, growth or hypertrophy) is
comparable to hypo metabolism,
usually associated with
1. Hypothyroidism.
2. Simmonds disease.
Hypo-metabolism associated with
hypothyroidism is stated to occur due to low
thyroxin availability. It will be recalled that
the thyroxin activates cellular oxidative
process throughout the body. Thus, in this
condition, under reference, there is seen to
be reduction in the oxidative reactions and
the basal metabolic rate has been shown to
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fall -25. It exhibits the following symptops:- to malfunctioning of the agni either due to
the development of myxedema, reduction in over or hypo functioning. For better
the mental and bodily vigour, loss of sex understanding the agni can be classified into
drive, loss of hair, and the abnormal following types. The subclassification can
thickening of the skin, as if much water has be made for better and easier understanding
been accumulated in it- oedema or shotha as follows:-
which latter leads to an increased body 1. Classification based on the location.
weight, since less of food is burnt in the 2. Classification based on the action
cells and much of it is stored up as fat- a performed by it.
condition which closely resembles the 3. Classification based on the similar
description of medo vriddhi and maamsa properties shown by other elements.
kshaya.7 4. Classification based on the
Simmonds disease is stated to be due to chemical/physical characteristic.
failure of thyrotropic function of the pitutiry 5. Classification based on the Dosha
gland which results in insuffiency of predominance.
thyroxin availability. It is seen not to involve Classification based on the location
the thyroid as such in the morbidity. The Jathragni.
basal metabolic rate, in this condition, is Bhutagni.
8
seen to be very low. Dhtawagni.
These examples illuatrate the condition Malagni.
described as atyagni and mandagni which
according to Ayurveda, involve the Classification based on the action
tikshanata and mandata respectively of performed by it---
kayagni ( pachakagni) and its amshas

present in the dhatus.

TYPES , :, , ll
Making a classification of agni in ayurevda
requires proper understanding of the (../).

location, its functions and disease arises due Agni in ayurveda classified under four types

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Classification based on the similar Udavarta, Atisara, Jathra, Gaurava,

properties shown by other elements Antrakujana, Pravahana.
As PITTA. 2. TIKSHNAGNI- As it is pitta
As acha pitta. predominant, digests even large
As nueral control- SAMANA quantities of all, toofrequent meals;
VATA. after digestion produces Galashosa,
Classification based on the and Daha, Ostha shosha, and
chemical/physical characteristic Talushosha and Santapa.

As a liquid state. 3. MANDAGNI- As it is kapha

As a dry state. pradhana- Cannot digest even normal

Concept of pithr paka and pilu paka diet properly causing udaragaurava,

vada. Sirogaurava, Kasa, Svasa, Praseka,

Classification based on the Dosha Chardi and Gatrasadana.

predominance. 4. SAMAGNI- As this is due to all the

dosha, properly digests the normal
, : , :,
diet.
ll
AGNI W.S.R. TO HEALTHY STATE
(../).
Health as per WHO defined as A state of
physical, mental, spiritual and social well
DOSHAS TYPES OF AGNI
being not merely a absence of disease or
PREDOMINENCE
infirmity.
VATA VISHAMAGNI
Ayurveda defines health as the equilibrium
PITTA TIKSHNAGNI
of the Doshas, Dhatus, Malas and Agni.
KAPHA MANDAGNI
Samagni refers to the equilibrium of all the
SAMA SAMAGNI
three doshas and necessary to maintain the
health.
1. VISHAMAGNI- As it is vata
predominant, sometimes digests
:
slowly, sometimes normally and
sometomes produce Adhmana, Sula, : : ll
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It has been understood from the above said
shloka that AGNI is one among the prime
factor to maintain the health of a person. If
there is any impairment in the agni leads to
various consequences.
There are several other references in the
ayurvedic classics which describes the
importance of the agni and maintenance of
health.
urged to need to carefully preserve agni and
retas.
AGNI WITH W.S.R. TO DISEASED
STATE
As explained in the classics AAHARA is
considered to be the factor which is
responsible for the proper functioning of
the body both physically and mentally.

: l To do the proper PAKA of the

AAHARA the main requirement is the
:
good quality of the agni if that is lacking
: ll give rise to impaired digestion and
leades to the manifestation of the various
(../)
disorders.
The dehagni is the basis of strength, positive
:
health, longrvity, complexion, increase of
cheerfulness, luster and resistance to disease

and decay.
ll
As per Yoga-Ratnakar
(../)

The branch of AYURVEDA i.e.


KAYACHIKITSA which entirely deals
ll with the AGNI- Its description, action
and disease related due to the
malfunctioning of the Agni.
The most recent aacharya yoga-ratnakarhas

stated that agni is the mula of the bala in
man as retasis the root of the life. Therefore ll

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Its not only in the AYURVEDA that the

ll
AGNI is the prime factor for
(.../)
manifestation of the disease. But even in
the contemperoroy science we will get
l
description as the
ll
GASTROINTENSTINAL disease root
cause of all the disease manifestation. (... /)

CONSTIPATION - Root cause of all the Kayachikitsa one among the eight branches
disease. of the Ayurveda. In its scope, it embraces
INDIGESTION leads to all other the entire field of medicine known today as
disorders. internal medicine. Both chakrapani datta and
Hence, we can say that these are few Gangadhra sena have described it as
scattered reference in the classic and other Antragnichikitsa.
science to supports the importance of the The term Antragni and Kayagni are
Agni. synonymous.
: ll
The disease which are to be concerned with

: l
the increase agni is to be considered due to
increase and decrease of the agni--- : l

The consequences which may happen due to (.. /-)

the Mandagni or impaired or hypo
A decrease or an increase of dhatus occur
functioning of the agni is the Ama
according as the tikshnata or mandata of the
In the ayurvedic viewnearly all of the
pachkaagni present in the dhatus.
disease included under kayachikitsa, have
As the flame of the forest fire tendes to
their origin in Amadosha, Amadosha and
increase or decrease according to the
Amavisha are conditions which are stated to
quantity of indhana so also is the case with
occur due to the impairment of the agni.
Dhatu prampara.
(... /-)
APPLICATION

: :
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CONCLUSION
Agni is the great entity explained in the
Ayurvedic classics not only explained about
the digestive functions but beyond the
digestive functioning includes hormonal,
neural endocrine and even beyond these.
The possible and sincere effort has been
made to explain the functioning of the Agni
as per Ayurvedic and modern perspective
Hence it can be concluded that Agni is
beyond digestive functioning and a complex
entity explained by our great Acharyas
which is to certain extent explained and
understood by the present physician need
much more exploration for the better
understanding of the disease and counter act
the pathology and to provide a healthy and
happy life for human beings.

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REFRENCES
1. Introduction to Kayachikitsa By C
Dwarakanath, 3rd edition, pg- 46-50, pp-
399.
2. Charaka samhita by Dr. Brahamanand
Tripathi, reprint 2011, 13th chapter, pg-
471, pg-1450.
3. Kayachikitsa by Vidyadhar Shukla,
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4. Sushruta Samhita, Sutra sthana by
Kaviraj Ambika Dutt Shastri,
Poorvadh reprint 2008, 5th chapter,
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medicines by Salavurao Gopal, 2nd
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7. Concepts of Jathragani in Ayurveda
A Patho-physiological Study by
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8. Text book of medical physiology
by Guyton and hall 9th edition,
pp1147, pg-909, chapter 72nd
energetic and metabolic rate.

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Satender Tanwar and Pradnya C 2015 Greentree Group IJAPC
Int J Ayu Pharm Chem 2015 Vol. 3 Issue 2 www.ijapc.com 253
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