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Edward Jenner introduced vaccination in the late 1700s by inoculating humans with cowpox matter, providing protection against smallpox. Louis Pasteur further developed vaccines in the late 1800s by attenuating pathogens to weaken them for use as antigens. By the late 1700s, variolation and vaccination using smallpox material had decreased smallpox mortality and the WHO declared its total eradication in 1979.
Edward Jenner introduced vaccination in the late 1700s by inoculating humans with cowpox matter, providing protection against smallpox. Louis Pasteur further developed vaccines in the late 1800s by attenuating pathogens to weaken them for use as antigens. By the late 1700s, variolation and vaccination using smallpox material had decreased smallpox mortality and the WHO declared its total eradication in 1979.
Edward Jenner introduced vaccination in the late 1700s by inoculating humans with cowpox matter, providing protection against smallpox. Louis Pasteur further developed vaccines in the late 1800s by attenuating pathogens to weaken them for use as antigens. By the late 1700s, variolation and vaccination using smallpox material had decreased smallpox mortality and the WHO declared its total eradication in 1979.
Romie Solacito, MLS3C inhaling powdered crust from smallpox lesion. INTRODUCTION 1718, Lady Mary Wortly Montague (wife of Pathogens: Fungi, Parasite, Bacteria, Virus, Carcinogen, British Ambassador to Turkey) introduced & Pollution variolation to Europe; inserting smallpox lesion Two Types of Immune System under the skin. 1. Innate/Natural do not possess immunologic Further refinements did not occur until the late process; non-specific. 1700s English doctor discovered a remarkable 2. Adaptive/Acquired Possess immunologic relationship memory; specific. Edward Jenner (1700s) Introduce the Cross- Immunology the study of a hosts reaction when Immunity. It is a phenomenon in which exposure foreign substance are introduced into the body; the to one agent produces protection against medically related consequences that arise when another agents. these mechanisms either fail or respond in an o Cowpox (mild in cow) and Smallpox has exaggerated form; eliminate non-self-components the same antigenic structure. such as infectious agents May 14, 1796, Inoculated matter from cowpox Antigen a foreign substance that induces such as lesion to an 8-year-old boy, James Phipps. The immune response. boy developed cowpox infection (mild form) Immunogens initiate/elicit immune response. the next day the boy gets better. Immunological Tolerance the failure to mount an July 1796 Jenner inoculated with matter from immune response to an antigen. This is the failure (a fresh smallpox lesion no disease developed. good thing to attack the bodys own protein and Vaccination from the Latin word vacca other antigens). means cow. Injection of cellular material to Immunity condition being resistant to infection. induce immunity. Louis Pasteur (Father of Immunology) SIGNIFICANT MILESTONES Attenuation, achieve by heating. To change; to Thucydides described a phenomenon where weaken = antigen. individual who recovered from a certain diseases Develop vaccines against: contracted with the same disease again. o Chicken Cholera o Rabies Role of Smallpox - Variola in the development of o Anthrax causative agent: Bacillus Immunology anthracis. Variolation & Vaccination these two Smallpox- caused by two virus variants: procedures were successful in decreasing o Variola Major serious form of smallpox smallpox mortality. World Health Organization o Variola Minor mild form of smallpox declared its totality eradication in 1979. (a.k.a. Alastrim, Cuban itch, cottonpox, milkpox, whitepox). Cellular Immunity vs. Humoral Immunity The term Smallpox was first used in Europe in the 15th Century to distinguish first from the Elie Metchnikoff (1880-1900) phagocytosis eating greatpox/syphilis causative agent: cells; macrophage and microphage (Cellular Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum. Immunity) Variolation exposure to a material coming o Phagocytosis a process of which a cell from a manifested material of infection/disease leukocytes is capable of engulfing or eating (example: smallpox lesion). another cells Fathering the whole concept of Cellular Phagocytic Theory of Immunity Emil Von Behring & Shibasaburo Kitasato (1890) antibodies (Humoral Immunity), protective factors in the blood and other body fluids. From Plasma Cells from B-Cells, Specific factor; acts only to a certain antigen. Almoth Wright Cellular & Humoral Immunity
CELLULAR IMMUNITY V HUMORAL IMMUNITY
Cellular Immunity Immune Cells:
o White Blood Cells (BENML) o Dendritic Cells o NK Cells o Mast Cells Basophil histamine Eosinophil parasitic reaction Neutrophil bacteria reaction Monocyte & Leukocyte virus & fungi Humoral Immunity Immune response involving antibodies (Ab).
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
It is composed of wide array of cells, soluble molecules, & tissues with the following characteristics: o Specificity o Memory o Mobility o Replicability o Cooperation between different cells or cellular products T-Cells use for the antigen presentation, the one who releases lymphokines. Primary Role: Surveillance and destruction of substances that are foreign to the body (tolerance). Two Categories of Immune System: o Innate Immunity natural and non-specific o Adaptive Immunity acquired and specific