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Abstract This paper presents the concept of a novel HE machines can be classified in different ways. The
hybrid-excitation machine. This machine is of the parallel most widely used system is based on the flux paths of the
excitation type and has rotor poles in which both PMs and excitation sources. If the wound-excitation flux doesnt
wound-excitation co-exist to produce the total no load
magnetomotive force; for this reason it is named mixed-pole pass through the PMs, the machine is said to have a
hybrid-excitation machine. Due to its parallel excitation parallel HE. Examples of parallel HE machines are
nature, the machine has excellent flux linkage regulation found in [1]-[8], [12] and [18]-[26]. A well-known
properties and its use is therefore envisaged for applications drawback in parallel HE machines is the structural
that require wide constant power speed ranges. A very complexity of the machine that usually arises in order to
useful property that stems from this particular topology is guarantee distinct excitation flux paths. Conversely, if
that the designer is able to select the relative contributions
the wound-excitation flux passes through the PMs, the
of PM and wound-excitation flux by simply designing the
relative portions of the PM part and wound-excitation part machine is said to have a series HE. Examples belonging
of the rotor poles. Although both radial flux and axial flux to this group are found in [9]-[21]. A well-known
versions can be designed, this paper concentrates on the drawback in series HE machines is the risk of PM
latter type. A proof-of-concept prototype is designed for a demagnetisation if heavy flux weakening is required.
600-6000 rpm constant power speed range and the Nonetheless, for applications such as the one in [15],
machines performances are analysed with finite element where the excitation winding is only used to compensate
simulations.
the armature reaction voltage drop, the series HE
Index Terms Axial flux, hybrid excitation, finite element machine is a valid alternative. Comparisons between
analysis (FEA), losses, constant power regime. series and parallel HE machines are performed in [12]
and [18]-[20], and show that parallel HE machines have
I. INTRODUCTION superior no-load flux regulation capabilities, due to their
Hybrid-excitation (HE) machines are a broad class of intrinsic flux-shunting nature.
synchronous machines, in which both permanent magnets A second method that is used to classify HE machines
and excitation windings are present, [1]-[2]. Two well- is based on the location of the excitation sources. These
known benefits stem from the combination of both can be placed both on the rotor, [3]-[15] and [26], both
magnetomotive force (mmf) sources. Firstly, by using on the stator, [16]-[21], or the excitation winding on the
excitation windings it is generally easier to regulate the stator and the PMs on the rotor, [22]-[25]. A common
flux compared to a purely permanent magnet (PM) criticism found in the scientific literature, regarding the
machine. This is a very attractive property in a number placement of the excitation winding on the rotor in
of applications, ranging from automotive generators, favour of the placement on the stator, is that this implies
where wide constant power speed ranges up to 10:1 are the use of brushes and rings. However, these undergo
required, to generators in island operation, where a considerably less stress compared to the brushes and
constant terminal voltage is required in all working commutator feeding the armature of dc machines since
conditions. Secondly, the combined use of rare-earth there is no commutation process; proof of this is the
PMs results in lower excitation losses compared to a extremely long lifespan of automotive alternators, which
purely1 wound-field synchronous machine. This is a key usually require a substitution of the brushes only after
property in light load operation, where the efficiency of 200000 km.
HE machines can be comparable to that of PM machines. Most of the HE machines that have been analysed in
From an historical point of view, HE machines have literature are cylindrical-stator machines, both of the
been around since the advent of commercially available radial and transverse flux types, however some axial flux
ferrite magnets in the 1950s and have since been (AF) machines have been proposed too, [22]-[25]. In
proposed in the literature in a variety of topologies. An these AFHE designs, the electrical excitation is fixed to
example of one of the first HE machines is reported in the stator, making it is necessary to use a consequent pole
[3], i.e. a PM claw-pole generator with an auxiliary, structure in order to obtain a parallel HE machine. On
stationary dc coil and ferromagnetic core, positioned at the other hand, in [26] the authors propose a AFHE
one end of the rotor, which shunts part of the PM flux machine which achieves parallel HE without the need of
away from the main armature windings. The dc current consequent poles, since the electrical excitation is
flowing in the stationary coil controls the amount of PM rotating. This machine, shown in fig.1, is of the double-
leakage flux in the machine, allowing both flux rotor single-stator topology, also known as Torus
weakening and strengthening, depending on the direction topology, [27], and ample flux linkage regulation is
of the dc current. demonstrated experimentally. Constructively, the stator
is slotted and core-wound; one of the two rotors carries
All the authors are with the Department of Astronautical, Electrical
and Energetic Engineering, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome
the PMs, while the other carries the excitation poles.
Italy (e-mail: gabriele.borocci@uniroma1.it, Such layout implies that the rated flux linkage produced
fabio.giuliicapponi@uniroma1.it, giulio.dedonato@uniroma1.it, by the excitation winding is the same as that due the
federico.caricchi@uniroma1.it).
PMs. On the other hand, it can be useful for a designer to
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978-1-4799-4389-0/14/$31.00 2014 IEEE 2625
a)
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This sets this machine apart from other machines TABLE I: RATED VALUES
presented in [5] and [15], which have similar Rated speed 600 rpm
rotorstructures, but are inherently series HE machines.
Rated torque 127 Nm
From a design perspective, the main advantage of the
MPHE topology is that it is straightforward to choose the Rated power 8 kW
amount of PM excitation versus the amount of wound- Constant power speed range 600-6000 rpm
excitation. A useful hybridisation coefficient, based on
the rotor geometry, can be defined as:
wPM
kw = (1)
wPM + wexc
Number of slots 72
Slot width 6 mm a)
Slot height 13 mm
Magnet thickness 3 mm
Mechanical air-gap 1 mm b)
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Fig. 8. Airgap flux density for rated positive, zero and rated a)
negative excitation mmf
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machine is capable of a 10:1 CPSR. Loss analysis has
shown that in order to improve the efficiency of the
machine at high speeds it is necessary to choose a thinner
stator lamination and use laminated electric steel instead
of pure iron in the rotors. A prototype of the machine is
in the process of being built.
VI. REFERENCES
[1] J.F. Gieras, PM synchronous generators with hybrid excitation
systems and voltage control capabilities: a review, in Proc. of
ICEM 2012, Sep. 2012, pp 2573-2579.
a) [2] S. Hlioui, Y. Amara, E. Hoang, and M. Gabsi, Overview of
hybrid excitation synchronous machines technology, in Proc. of
IEEE ICEESA 2013, Mar. 2013, pp 1-10.
[3] W.R. Powers, Dynamoelectric machine, US Patent No.
2802959, 1957.
[4] T. Mizuno, K. Nagayama, T. Ashikaga, and T. Kobayashi,Basic
principles and characteristics of hybrid excitation synchronous
machine, Electr. Eng. Jpn., vol. 117, no. 5, pp 110-122, 1996.
[5] X. Luo, and T.A. Lipo, A synchronous/permanent magnet hybrid
AC machine, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 15, no. 2, pp
203-210, Jun. 2000.
[6] Z. Zhang, Y. Yan, S. Yang, and Z. Bo, Principle of operation and
feature investigation of a new topology of hybrid excitation
b) synchronous machine IEEE Trans. Mag., vol. 44, no. 9, pp 2174-
2180, Sep. 2008.
[7] X. Liu, Z.Q. Zhu, C. Yang, S. Fang, and J. Guo, A novel dual-
stator hybrid excited synchronous wind generator IEEE Trans.
Ind. Appl., vol. 45, no. 3, pp 947-953, May/Jun. 2009.
[8] I. Boldea, V. Coroban-Schramel, G.-D. Andreescu, F. Blaabjerg,
and S. Scridon, BEGA starter/alternator vector control
implementation and performance for wide speed range at unity
power factor operation IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 46, no. 1, pp
150-158, Jan./Feb. 2010.
[9] E. Spooner, S.A.W. Khatab, and N.G. Nicolau, Hybrid excitation
of AC and DC machines, in Proc. Int. Conf. on Electr. Mach.
and Drives, Sep. 1989, pp 48-52.
[10] P.M. Evans, and R.D. Schultz, Rotating electrical machine with
c) electromagnetic and permanent magnet excitation, US Patent No.
Fig. 11 Losses in the constant power speed range: a) magnetic 5663605, 1997.
losses in the rotors b) magnetic losses in the stator c) excitation [11] D. Fodorean, A. Djerdir, I.-A. Viorel, and A. Miraoui, A double
losses excited synchronous machine for direct drive application-design
and prototype tests, IEEE Trans. On Energy Convers., vol. 22,
steel. These losses are mostly due to the air-gap flux no. 3, pp 656-665, Sep. 2007.
density harmonic components which causes high losses [12] Y. Amara, S. Hlioui, R. Belfkira, G. Barakat, and M. Gabsi,
in the teeth during flux weakening. These losses can be Comparison of open circuit flux control capability of a series
reduced by using thinner lamination grades. Finally, double excitation machine and a parallel double excitation
machine IEEE Trans. On Veh. Technol., vol. 60, no. 9, pp 4194-
fig.11c shows the excitation losses. As expected, these 4207, Nov. 2011.
losses are high only at low speeds, and become negligible [13] K. Kamiev, J. Nerg, J. Pyrhnen, V. Zaboin, V. Hrabovcov, and
as the speed increases. P. Rafajdus, Hybrid excitation synchronous generators for island
Based on the above described design, a prototype is operation, IET Electr. Power Appl., vol. 6 , no. 1, pp 1-11, 2012.
now in the process of being built and experimental tests [14] O. Laldin, S.D. Sudhoff, and S.D. Pekarek, An analytical design
model for hybrid salient-pole machines, in Proc. of IEEE
will be conducted to verify the previous results. IEMDC 2013, May 2013, pp 686-693.
[15] K. Kamiev, J. Pyhronen, J. Nerg, V. Zaboin, and J. Tapia
V. CONCLUSIONS Modeling and testing of an armature-reaction-compensated (PM)
synchronous generator, IEEE Trans. Energy Conv., vol. 28, no.
This paper has presented the concept of a mixed pole- 4, pp 849-859, Dec. 2013
hybrid-excitation machine. Based on the novel layout of [16] R.L. Owen, Z.Q. Zhu, and G.W. Jewel Hybrid-excited flux-
the rotor, a new hybridisation coefficient has been switching permanent-magnet machines with iron flux bridges,
defined that is directly related to the geometry of the IEEE Trans. Mag., vol. 46, no. 6, pp 1726-1729, Jun. 2010.
[17] J.T. Chen, Z.Q. Zhu, S. Iwasaki, and R.P. Deodhar A novel
rotor. The design of axial flux version of this machine
hybrid-excited switched-flux brushless AC machine for EV/HEV
has been presented and FE simulations have been applications, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 60, no. 4, pp 1365-
performed to evaluate the machine both at no load and in 1373, May 2011.
load conditions. It has been shown that due to its parallel [18] Z. Chen, B. Wang, Z. Chen, and Y. Yan, Comparison of flux
hybrid excitation nature, the machine has excellent flux regulation ability of the hybrid excitation doubly salient
machines, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 61, no. 7, pp 3155-
regulation properties. Furthermore, the machine presents 3166, Jul. 2014.
a negligible reluctance torque in rated excitation mmf [19] Y. Wang, and Z. Deng, Hybrid excitation topologies and control
conditions. Time-stepped FE simulations prove that the strategies of stator permanent magnet machines for dc power
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system IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 12, pp 4601- current research interests include digital control of brushless drives and
4616, Dec. 2012. analysis and design of permanent magnet machines.
[20] B. Gaussens, E. Hoang, M. Lcrivain, P. Manf, and M. Gabsi A Prof. De Donato is a member of the IEEE Industry Applications and the
hybrid-excited flux-switching machine for high-speed DC- IEEE Industrial Electronics Societies.
alternator applications, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 61, no. 6, Federico Caricchi received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical
pp 2976-2989, Jun. 2014. engineering from the University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy,
[21] X. Liu, C. Wang, and A. Zeng Operation principle and topology in 1988 and 1994, respectively.
structures of axial flux-switching hybrid excitation synchronous From 1991 to 2010 he was with the Department of Electrical
machine, in Proc. of IEEE ICEMS 2011, Aug. 2011, pp 1-7. Engineering, University of Rome La Sapienza, serving as Head of the
[22] J.S. Hsu, Direct control of air-gap flux in permanent-magnet Department from 2007 to 2010. Since 2010, he has been with the
machines, IEEE Trans. On Energy Convers., vol. 15, no. 2, pp Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energetic Engineering as a
361-365, Dec. 2000. Full Professor. He is author or co-author of more than 100 technical
[23] F. Liang, and J.M. Miller, Permanent magnet electric machine published papers and more than 10 national and international patents.
His research interests include analysis and design of unconventional
with flux control, US Patent No. 6373162, 2002.
electric machines, power electronic equipment, and permanent-magnet
[24] N.L. Brown, and L. Haydock, New brushless synchronous motor drives.
alternator IEE Proc.-Elecr. Power Appl., vol. 150, no. 6, pp 629- Prof. Caricchi is a member of the Italian Association of Electrical and
635, Nov. 2003. Electronic Engineers, the Italian Association for Naval Techniques, and
[25] M. Aydin, S. Huang, and T.A. Lipo, Design, analysis and control the IEEE Industry Applications Society.
of a hybrid field-controlled axial-flux permanent-magnet motor
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 1, pp 78-87, Jan. 2010.
[26] F. Giulii Capponi, G. De Donato, G. Borocci, and F. Caricchi,
Axial-flux hybrid-excitation synchronous machine: analysis,
design and experimental evaluation, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., in
press.
[27] F. Giulii Capponi, G. De Donato, and F. Caricchi, Recent
advances in axial-flux permanent-magnet machine technology,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 48, no. 6, pp 2190-2205, Nov./Dec.
2012.
[28] G. De Donato, F. Giulii Capponi, G.A. Rivellini, and F. Caricchi,
Integral-slot versus fractional-slot concentrated-winding axial-
flux permanent-magnet machines: comparative design, FEA and
experimental tests, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 48, no. 5, pp
1487-1495, Sep./Oct.. 2012.
[29] G. De Donato, F. Giulii Capponi and F. Caricchi, On the use of
magnetic wedges in axial flux permanent magnet machines,
IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 60, no. 11, pp 4831-4840,
Sep./Oct.. 2013.
VII. BIOGRAPHIES
Fabio Giulii Capponi received the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical
engineering from the University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy,
in 1994 and 1998, respectively.
From 1996 to 2010, he was with the Department of Electrical
Engineering, University of Rome La Sapienza, and, since 2010, he
has been with the Department of Astronautical, Electrical and Energetic
Engineering as an Assistant Professor. During 2003 and 2004, he was a
Visiting Scholar at the Wisconsin Electrical Machines and Power
Electronics Consortium (WEMPEC), University of Wisconsin,
Madison. He is author or co-author of more than 60 technical published
papers. His current research interests include permanent magnet motor
drives and digital control systems design for unconventional power
converter topologies.
Prof. Giulii Capponi is a member of the IEEE Industry Applications,
the IEEE Industrial Electronics and the IEEE Power Electronics
Societies. He is currently serving as an Associate Editor for the IEEE
Transactions on Industry Applications.
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