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4.1 Introduction
The transfer function for power line channel was obtained for defined test
loops in the previous chapter. In this chapter the issue of data rates achievable over
Power line Communication (PLC) for DMT signals in the presence of Additive White
Gaussian Noise (AWGN) is addressed. The received Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
profiles in the presence of AWGN only are presented for typical Power line channels,
since there no significant Near End Cross Talk (NEXT) and Far End Cross Talk
(FEXT) present like in telephone cable bundles. Rate adaptive tone loading using the
SNR profile is obtained.
The dominant sources of impairment in PLC are time varying and frequency
dependent channel attenuation, frequency dependent attenuation and impulse noise.
These phenomenon are unique to PLC environment.The principal problem is
frequency-selective attenuation, with deep notches in the frequency response resulting
in very poor system performance. Hence a variant of Multi Carrier Modulation
(MCM), viz Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) is employed in which a channel is divided
into many independent ISI-free sub channels. Power and bits are allocated adaptively
in the sub channels according to the channel characteristics.
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4.2 Channel Capacity Estimation
To find the rates supported, the SNR for different line topologies is needed.
SNR is computed from the equation (4.1). A bandwidth of up to 30 MHz has been
considered, with transmit signal Power Spectral Density (PSD) as per VDSL2
(G993.2) [49] as shown in the figure 4.2 for upstream and in figure 4.3 for
downstream. Noise spectral density and channel transfer function H(f), which has
been obtained for different test loops in the previous chapter are also considered for
SNR computation .
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US transmitter PSD mask
-30
-40
-50
-60
PSD in dbm
-70
-80
-90
-100
-110
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
tones
-30
-40
-50
-60
PSD in dbm
-70
-80
-90
-100
-110
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
tones
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The SNR [32] at the receiver is given by
TxSignalpo wer
SNR ( f ) = ( H ( f )) 2
Noisepower
(4.1)
H(f) is obtained from equation (3.35) for different power line topologies shown
in figure 3.11.
The Txsignalpower PSD profile is provided for the 30 MHz VDSL2 band in
[49] as shown in figure 4.2 for upstream(US) and figure 4.3 for
downstream(DS). These are non-echo cancelled PSD masks specified in
G993.2. Each frequency is equal to a tone number multiplied with 4.3125 KHz.
The noise power considered is Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) of -
140dbm/Hz across all the tones.
SNR is now an array with elements indexed to tones which can now be
employed in the Shannons theorem.
SNR profiles across tones are obtained using equation (4.1) for the test loops
shown in figure 3.11.
The bits per tone that can be loaded on the ith channel is given by Shannons
theorem [33]
2 ! E 2 (4.2)
Shannon theorem has been modified with the addition of the SNR gap,
which is a function of probability of symbol error and the line encoding system as
given in equation 4.3. For a symbol error probability of 10-7 (for QAM), the SNR gap
is 9.8dB. With a designed SNR margin of 6dB, = (9.8+6) dB is used in this bit
profile calculation.
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,\
2 ! HE
I (4.3)
G
Where SNRi is the SNR of tone i.The bi so obtained is a rational number and needs
to be converted to integers as given in the equation 4.4.
,\
'! HE
I( (4.4)
G
The water filling solution is represented by flowchart given in the figure 4.4
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^EZ /
^EZ
^EZ,
W^
E
" :0! |E
A
d
^ :h^
E
E"
^
Figure 4.4: Flow chart for water filling algorithm with fine gain adjustment
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As seen in the band plan shown in figure 4.5 there are different frequency
bands allocated for the upstream and downstream. Hence the bits are loaded
accordingly in the upstream band by considering the SNR at that tone, and bits are not
loaded in the other frequency bands as specified in ITU 993.2. Similarly bits are
loaded in the downstream band and zero bits are loaded in the other frequency bands.
With the DMT symbol rate 4000 symbols/sec as for DSL the total channel
capacity can now be obtained from the equation (4.5) by summing the bits loaded in
each sub-channel considering the usable frequency bands for up-stream (US) and
down-stream (DS) transmitted signal PSD as specified in the band plan for VDSL in
G993.2 [49] shown below in the figure 4.5. Channel capacity for US and DS is
separately computed.
D,
:::
(4.5)
The channel transfer function is computed using equations (3.8), (3.9) and
(3.10) with the knowledge of channel parameters.
The SNR at the receiver is obtained from the equation (4.1), with the channel
transfer function, noise considered is AWGN and the signal PSD for VDSL2
band.
Bits per tone that can be loaded on the ith channel is obtained by modified
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Shannons theorem as in the equation (4.3).
Simulations results are given below for the test loops shown in figure 3.11 (A,
B, C, D, E & F). SNR profile for upstream and downstream are presented for plain
line with length 600mts, 1200mts and 3000mts in the next section along with line
with one, two, five and ten taps, later the tone loading profiles are presented for the
same test loops for upstream and downstream.
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4.3.2 SNR & Tone-loading profile
Test loop1: plain line with the length of 600mts, 1200mts & 3000mts
The SNR profile of the plain length of line shown in figure 3.11A, loop1 with the
power line lengths 600mts, 1200mts and 3000mts is shown in the figure 4.6 & 4.7 for
upstream and downstream. As seen the SNR decreases as the line length increases. As
the line length doubles the SNR also decreases by two times.
150
PSD
600mt
100 1200mt
3000mt
50
SNR & signal PSD
-50
-100
-150
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Tones
150
PSD
600mt
100 1200mt
3000mt
50
SNR& signal PSD
-50
-100
-150
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Tones
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Bit-loading profile for the testloop1, for the plain length of line of 600mts is shown in
figure 4.8 & 4.9 for up & downstream. Since it is a plain line there are no dips in the
SNR profile, hence there is also not much variation in the bits loaded in the upstream
band. Since there is gradual decrease in the SNR in the downstream bands, there is
also a monotonic decrease in the numbers of bits as the frequency increases. Since a
rounding operation would floor or ceil the bi, the increase or decrease in SNRi for
that tone SNRi would be less than 3db. Hence a constant bit loading pattern is seen
35
30
bit pattern for uploading in bits per tone.
25
20
15
10
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
tones
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30
20
15
10
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
tones
SNR profile for the loop2 and loop3 are plotted in the figure 4.10 & 4.14 for upstream
and in figure4.11 & 4.15 for downstream along with the signal PSD. As observed
from the simulation results, the attenuation is same for the loop2 and loop3 viz due to
the tap in the front end and rear end. A bridge tap causes reflections at the open circuit
end producing dips in the transfer function of the loop to which it is attached. The
bridge tap has an effect on the SNR in downstream due to the change in attenuation
profile.
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150
PSD
SNR
100
-50
-100
-150
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Tones
50
SNR & Signal PSD
-50
-100
-150
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Tones
Bit-loading profile for the test loop 2 & 3, line of 600mts with one tap in the rear and
front end are shown in figure 4.12, 4.13, 4.16 & 4.17. The ripples in the SNR due to
the tap introduces variation in the bits loaded in the two upstream bands, which in turn
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reduces the channel capacity compared to the plain line. The dip in the SNR in the
downstream is coinciding with the second transmit band due to which there is as deep
notch in the second band which significantly reduces the channel capacity in the
downstream.
bit loading pattern for line length 600mts
35
30
bit pattern for uploading in bits per tone.
25
20
15
10
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
tones
30
22
bit pattern fordownloading in bits per tone.
25 20
18
16
20
14
12
15 10
10
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
tones
Figure 4.13: Downstream bit-loading in loop2
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Test loop3: Line with BT at the front end
150
PSD
SNR
100
50
SNR & signal PSD
-50
-100
-150
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Tones
150
PSD
SNR
100
50
SNR & Signal PSD
-50
-100
-150
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Tones
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35
30
20
15
10
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
tones
30
24
22
bit pattern fordownloading in bits per tone.
25 20
18
16
20 14
12
10
15 8
10
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
tones
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Test loop4: Line with two BTs of equal length
SNR profile for the loop 4, with two bridge taps of equal lengths 10mts are shown in
figure 4.18 and 4.19 for up and down stream and with two bridge taps of different
lengths 10 & 20mts are shown in figure 4.22 & 4.23. It is observed that the
attenuation at the dips is increased with two taps compared to the single tap. The
numbers of dips are more with the taps of unequal lengths due to mismatch of
impedance.
150
100
50
SNR & Signal PSD
-50
-100
-150
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Tones
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150
100
50
SNR & Signal PSD
-50
-100
-150
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Tones
Bit-loading profile for the test loop 4, for the line of 600mts with two bridge taps of
equal length(10mts) are shown in the figure 4.20 & 4.21 and two taps of different
lengths(10 & 20mts) are shown in the figure 4.24 & 4.25. Since the ripples in the
SNR is more for the two taps with different lengths, there is reduction in the channel
35
30
bit pattern for uploading in bits per tone.
25
20
15
10
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
tones
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bit loading pattern for downloading for line length 600mts with two taps after 200mts
30 bit loading pattern for downloading for line length 600mts with two taps after 200mts
22
16
14
12
20 10
10
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
tones
Test loop4: Line with two BTs of unequal length (10 & 20mts)
150
100
50
SNR & Signal PSD
-50
-100
-150
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Tones
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DS: line length of 600mts,taps after 200mts
150
100
-50
-100
-150
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Tones
35
30
bit pattern for uploading in bits per tone.
25
20
15
10
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
tones
20mts
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30
23
22
25 20
19
18
17
20
16
15
14
15 13
1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
tones
10
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
tones
Figure 4.25: Downstream bit-loading in loop 4 with tap length of 10 & 20mts
SNR profile of test loop5 with 5taps are shown in figure 4.26 & 4.27for up &
downstream and similarly for loop6 with 10 taps are shown in figure 4.30 & 4.31. The
dips are stronger with 10taps compared to 5 taps, hence the SNR is worse with the
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200
PSD
SNR
100
0
SNR & Signal PSD
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Tones
0
SNR & Signal PSD
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Tones
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Bit-loading profile for the test loops 5, line of length 600mts with five taps are shown
in figure 4.28 & 4.29. & 6, Bit-loading profile for the test loops 6, line of 1000mts
with ten taps are shown in figure 4.32 & 4.33. Since the deep notches are present
along with the ripples in the SNR of the test loops with five and ten taps the channel
35
22
20
30
18
bit pattern for uploading in bits per tone.
16
14
25
12
10
8
20
1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900
tones
15
10
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
tones
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30
20
10
20
5
15 0
1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
tones
10
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
tones
200
PSD
SNR
0
-200
SNR & Signal PSD
-400
-600
-800
-1000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Tones
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200
PSD
SNR
0
-200
SNR & Signal PSD
-400
-600
-800
-1000
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
Tones
35
20
18
30 16
bit pattern for uploading in bits per tone.
14
12
10
25 8
20 2
0
2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800
tones
15
10
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
tones
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30
18
16
12
10
20 8
2
15
0
10
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
tones
Using the tone loading profiles the channel capacities have been computed
from the equation 4.3 and are tabulated in table 4.1. There is a fall in the channel
capacity with increase in line length due to skin effect and bridge taps. However in
actual practice rates required are typically 40Mbps. Hence from the stated full
capacity bit loading profile we need to drawback on bits per tone to realize the lower
required rates. Another observation is that the SNR is high enough to support non
zero bit loading over a portion of the stop bands as observed in SNR profiles of
upstream and downstream. This suggests that we can reduce the transmitting PSD by
a value of 15 dB typically so that the bits in stop band reduce to zero. In any case the
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gain value for the stop band would be set to zero to ensure no energy is transmitted in
that band.
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4.4 Conclusion
In this chapter SNR profile and tone-loading are computed for a line with and
without bridge taps. For SNR computation the Transmit signal power PSD profile
provided for the 30 MHz VDSL2 band specified in G993.2 for upstream and
downstream are utilised which is not found in the literature. The noise power
considered is Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) of -140dbm/Hz across all the
tones. Bits are loaded in each tone depending on the SNR. Finally channel capacity is
obtained by summing up the bits in each tone. According to the simulation results it is
observed that attenuation increases with the increase in the line length and with the
bridge taps. The channel capacity also reduces with the bridge taps. Another
observation is that the SNR is high enough to support non zero bit loading over a
portion of the stop bands. This suggests that the transmitting PSD of ADSL/VDSL2
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