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ENGINEERING LABORATORY
5.
Lecturer / Instructor
DR. ROSLINDA BINTI SESWOYA
Name
Submission Date
CLO 1: Report/
Presentation/ 20%
Team work
CLO 2: Report/
Marks
Presentation/ 40%
Team work
Bacteria count is to indicate how many microorganisms, such as bacteria and yeast,
are present within all human environments without being conspicuously recognizable to the
naked human eye. Environmental swabs were taken of 11 variable locations, were isolated,
and were then grown over a 48 hour incubation period in agar media for optimum colony
presence. Colonies were gram stained in order to morphologically categorize bacteria by
shape and gram negative or positive status. Bacteria consist of only a single cell which is
amazingly complex and fascinating group of creatures. Bacteria have been found that can
live in temperatures above the boiling point and in cold that would freeze your blood. They
"eat" everything from sugar and starch to sunlight, sulphur and iron.
Total suspended solids are the material residue left after evaporation of a sample and
its subsequent drying in an oven. Some factors that affects the separation of suspended
from dissolved solids are pore size, porosity, particle size and amount of material deposited
on the filter paper. Dissolved solids are solids that passes a 2 while suspended solids is
the portion retained on the filter. According to Total Suspended Solid (TSS) , high
concentration of suspended solids will make the water warmer thus decreasing the ability of
water to hold oxygen and this will also prevent aquatic lives to live in the water.
In this environmental laboratory, all the water samples for all of the experiment are
taken from the FKAAS Lake. By determines the initial and final pH values, conductivity,
temperature, and turbidity, we were able to determine most effective approach to the lake
water treatment.
2.0 SCOPE OF WORK
So, to classify the water sample, there are four parameters that has used during the
laboratory which are Bacteria Count, Total Suspended Solid, Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD) and Jar Test. Before the experiment is carried out by using these parameters, the
correct method of water sampling technique was practiced.
The first parameter is using Bacteria Count which required determining the bacteria
population by using plate count method. Plate counts reflect the number of variable
microbes and assume that each bacterium grows into simple colony. It impossible to say that
each colony is arise from an individual cell and plate counts are jot down as number of
colony forming units instead number of cell. The plate count should be done either pour
plate method or spread plate method.
Next, the parameter used was Total Suspended Solid (TSS). The term total
suspended solids are referred to materials that are not dissolved in water and non-filtrate in
nature. In laboratory works for TSS, it more to turbidity and total solid in water sample.
Other than that, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) also was used to measure the quantity
of oxygen used by microorganisms in the oxidation of organic matter. It means that BOD is
used to measure the dissolved oxygen concentration caused by microorganism as they
degrade organic matter. The water is poor if the BOD is higher.
Turbidity in water was caused by suspended and colloidal matter such as clay, silt,
finely divided organic and inorganic matter, plankton and also others microscopic organism.
Therefore, Jar Test parameters are used to determine the turbidity of water. The particle are
encourage to collide and leading to coalescence of particle to form particle which are bigger
& heavier.
It is important to know how to conduct the experiment in the lab. The procedure is
important as a guideline. Therefore, before we identify the water quality of sedimentation
lake in Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), we are required to identify the
specific lake that needed to be used to take the water sample.
Water quality is refers to the environmental indicator which are divided into physical
indicators, chemical indicators and also biological indicators. For physical indicators, it can
be interpret with our senses such as by our eyes, nose, skin & etc. Next, for chemical
indicators, it indicates the chemical reading of the example such as pH, Biochemical
Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO). Lastly, biological indicators are
index of biological integrity.
So, collect the water sample there is some steps should be follow. Besides, there are
also a few precaution steps should be considered to make sure there is no injury and
accident happens when the process is carried out.
The water sample was collected in 1L laboratory bottle. Then, the bottle should be
clearly labeled by date, time, number of sample, data collected in-situ and the most
important thing is site area. As we all know, water sampling is the first step before testing or
analyzing the data.
Data:
Location: Faculty of Civil and Environment Engineering (FKAAS)
Date: 22/10/2017
Time: 14:25 hours
No Parameter Equipment Reading Unit
1. pH pH meter 6.34 -
2. Turbidity Turbidity meter 33.5 NTU
4.2 MA02 : Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5)
pH of sample : 8.08
Total suspended solid is a materials which are not dissolved in water and non-filterable in
nature. It is defined as residue upon evaporation of non-filterable sample on a filter paper
Calculation:
W1 = 0.094g
W2 = 0.433g
V = 100ml
Weight of residue (g) = W2 W1
= 0.433g 0.094g
= 0.339g
Calculation:
Total bacteria:
= (1.13 x 10) + (0.51 x102 ) + (0.48 x103 ) + (0.45 x104 ) + (0.38 x105 )
= 4.303 x104
Average Colony/Plate:
= (1.13 + 0.51 + 0.48 + 0.45 + 0.38) / 5
= 1.475 CFU / 100ml
4.5 MA05: JAR Test
JAR NO. 1 2 3
Initial pH 5.43 5.27 5.22
o
Initial Temperature ( C) 29.5 29.4 29.4
Initial Turbidity (NTU) 42.5 41.8 42.5
Alum dose (ml) 1.0 2.0 3.0
Agigate (minutes) 11 11 11
Fast (rpm) 100 100 100
Slow (rpm) 30 30 30
Settling Depth (mm) 1.2 0.7 1.0
Final pH 3.67 3.62 3.90
Final Temperature (oC) 27.4 27.2 27.6
Final Turbidity (NTU) 19.39 19.20 20.7
Floc Formation moderate fine moderate
Plot the turbidity values against alum dose. Discuss the results.
22.6
22.4
22.2
22
21.8
21.6
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Alum Dose (ml)
Turbidity is essentially a measure of the cloudiness of the water which indicates the
presence of colloidal particles. The particles should be making sure removed from the water
before for the public use. Very simply, the particles in the colloid range are too small to
settle in a reasonable time period, and too small to be trapped in the pores of a filter. For
colloids to remain stable they must remain small. Most colloids are stable because they
consist a negative charge that repel other colloidal particles before they collide with one
another.
Based on this experiment, the alum doses increased in the containers from no 1 to no
3. For this water, as the dose of alum increased the residual turbidity improved. It is
important to note that the optimum alum dose is the dose which meets the specified turbidity
required on the regulatory permit. The addition of excess alum dose may reduce turbidity
beyond what is required but also could lead to the production of more sludge which would
require disposal.
The most effective dose of alum we get from the Graph turbidity versus alum dose
after the experiment is 2.0 ml.
1. Differentiate the water quality of sample with the quality of similar sample as
measured from previous research (refer to any final year project, conference paper or
journal). What is the similarity or significant changes.
The pH and turbidity of our water sample are 6.34 and 33.5 NTU. In addition, these
concentrations were within standard permissible limits of National Water Quality
Standards, Malaysia (NWQS) for Malaysian rivers and categorized as class II.
2. Compare the observed water quality (from laboratory activities) to Effluent quality
standard. In your opinion, is it possible to discharge the sample used in this
laboratory measurement test to be discharged to the river? Give your reason
From our laboratory activities, the Total Suspended Solid of water sample is 3390
mg/L while the Effluent quality standards states that 50 mg/L (A standard). The pH
value according to the Effluent quality standard in the range 6.0 to 9.0 for A
Standard, our pH value for water sample is 6.34. However, our BOD is 21.37 mg/L
while the Effluent quality standard for A Standard is 20 mg/L.
Its possible to discharge the sample used in the laboratory into the river because the
observed quality of the water sample met the standards. The sample also categorized
as Class II according to NWQS.
Books :
i. Rodger Baird, Roy Keith Smith 2002. Third Century of Biological Oxygen Demand:
Water Environment Federation
ii. Htter, 1994: Wasser und Wasseruntersuchung [Water & Water Investigations], 6th
edition, Otto Salle Verlag Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Internet :
i. https://www.iwk.com.my/do-you-know/effluent-standards
ii. http://nitttrc.ac.in/Four%20quadrant/eel/Quadrant%20-%201/exp15_pdf.pdf
7. APPENDIXES
MA01 Sampling
Figure 7.0: Bottle sampling with label Figure 7.1: FKAAS Sediment Lake
Figure 7.4 : Taking sample BOD of pH reading Figure 7.5 : Our BOD&Blank sample in the incubator
MA03 : Total suspended solid (TSS)
-Figure 7.6 Clean filter membrane - Figure 7.7 The filter paper was filtered
washed with clean water the sample water.
-Figure 7.10 the test tubes is clean before and after use
MA05: JAR Test
Excellent
V.Poor
Good
Poor
Fair
CLO 1: Explain the important of safety in laboratory/chemical handling based on JKKP/OSHA etc. [PLO4, C1,C2]
Total /20
CLO 2: Display high quality of technical and interpretation skills in solving the assign problems. [PLO2, P4]
Assessment Criteria Sub-criteria Level 1 2 3 4 5 Weight Score
Descriptions of the lab work needs P1 2
Perform on-site lab work Correct use of measurement technique and
P2 2
equipment
Report Discussion on the Describe correct and precise data collection P2 2
applications of the lab
work with measurement Analyse and discuss the data trends and
techniques and equations P3 2
patterns using correct graphs
Total /40
CLO 3: Describe the laboratory testing procedures among group members throughout the experiments. [PLO5, A2]
Total (%)
Assessor signature/ date: