NonlinearSeismicGroundResponse

Analysis:ProtocolsandVericaBon
AgainstArrayData
JonathanP.Stewart,Ph.D.,PE
UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles

AnnieO.Kwok,Ph.D.
PraadGeotechnical,LosAngeles,CA
 Contributors
ProjectTeam: YoussefHashash,U.IllinoisUrbanaChampaign
NevenMatasovic,GeosyntecConsultants,
Hun;ngtonBeach,CA
RobertPyke,Consultant,Lafaye@e,CA
ZhiliangWang,GeomatrixConsultants,
Oakland,CA
ZhaohuiYang,URSCorpora;on,Oakland,CA
 Contributors
ProjectAdvisors: YousefBozorgnia,PEER
SusanChang,CityofSea@le
I.M.Idriss,Univ.ofCalifornia,Davis
SteveKramer,Univ.ofWashington
FaizMakdisi,GeomatrixConsult.
GeoMarRn,Univ.SouthernCal.
LelioMejia,URSCorp.
TomShantz,Caltrans,Sacramento
WalterSilva,PacicEngineeringandAnalysis
JosephSun,PacicGasandElectricCo.
 Outline

ProblemdeniBonandobjecBves
ParameterselecBonandcodeusage
protocols
ValidaBonstudies
Equivalentlinear(EL)&nonlinear(NL)
modelcomparisons
 ProblemDeniBon
GroundmoBondeniBoninCh.11ofASCE705
USGSMCEMapsandNEHRPSiteCoecients

Ss,S1,TL Fa,Fv
 ProblemDeniBon
SitespecicanalysisinASCE7
SitespecicPSHA/DSHA Sitespecicground
ReplacesUSGSMaps response
Why? ReplacescodeFaandFv
LocaBonspecic Why?
Improvedtreatmentofsite Codefactorso^en
eects conservaBve
Improveddisagg. Sitespecicsignatureon
groundmoBon
Characterizesubsurface
demand
USGS Map Changes 2002-2007
 Ground Motion Specification

Previous: response spectral

acceleration peak response of sdof
oscillator in one horizontal direction
2010 NEHRP Provisions: peak
response of sdof oscillator in two
horizontal directions
 ProblemDeniBon

HowdoweaccountforsiteeectsonIM?
 ProblemDeniBon

How do we account for site effects on IM?

SitefactorinGMPE
 ProblemDeniBon

How do we account for site effects on IM?

SitefactorinGMPE Output Vs

Sitespecicanalysis G/GMax

Rock Att. Input

 ProblemDeniBon

Howdoweperformsitespecicanalysis?

Equivalentlinear Output Vs

methods(68%of G/GMax

users) D

Nonlinear(32%)

Rock Att. Input

KramerandPaulson,2004
 ProblemDeniBon

Whyisnonlinearnotusedmore?

Poorlydocumentedandunderstood
parameterselecBonprotocols
Eectsofparametricvariabilityunknown
NLbenetsrelaBvetoELareunclear
 ProjectObjecBves

DemysBfytheapplicaBonofNLcodes:
Provideclearandwelldocumentedcode
usageprotocols
ValidateperformanceagainstverBcalarray
data
IdenBfycriBcalsourcesofvariability
ExamineNL/ELdierences
 AlributesofNLCodes

Discretelumped
massesornite
element/di.
MDOFresponse
computedfor
speciedbasemoBon
TimedomainsoluBon
 CodesConsidered

DEEPSOIL(Y.Hashash)
DMOD_2(N.Matasovic)
OpenSees(Z.Yang)
SUMDES(Z.Wang)
TESS(R.Pyke)
 Outline

ProblemdeniBonandobjecBves
ParameterselecBonandcodeusage
protocols
ValidaBonstudies
Equivalentlinear(EL)&nonlinear(NL)
modelcomparisons
 IssuesforCodeApplicaBon

SpecicaBonofinput
moBon
SoilOutcropping
MoBon

RockOutcropping
MoBon

RockWithinMoBon
 IssuesforCodeApplicaBon

SpecicaBonofinput
moBon
Viscousdamping
parameters
 IssuesforCodeApplicaBon

SpecicaBonofinput
moBon
Viscousdamping
parameters
ParameterizaBonof
nonlinearmaterial
behavior
 IssuesforCodeApplicaBon

SpecicaBonofinput
moBon
Viscousdamping
parameters
ParameterizaBonof
nonlinearmaterial
behavior

Backbone curve
 IssuesforCodeApplicaBon

SpecicaBonofinput
moBon
Viscousdamping
parameters
ParameterizaBonof
nonlinearmaterial
behavior

Unload/reload
rules; damping
 InputMoBonSpecicaBon
SoilOutcropping
MoBon

RockOutcropping
MoBon

RockWithinMoBon VsHalfspace=?

QuesBons:
1.ApplyinputmoBonasoutcroppingorwithin?
2.RigidorelasBcbase?
 InputMoBonSpecicaBon

ElasBcSoil
SiteCondiBon
30m Vs=300m/s
D=5%

Halfspace:Vs=600m/s
 InputMoBonSpecicaBon

SiteCondiBon
ElasRcSoil
30m Vs=300m/s
D=5%

Halfspace:Vs=600m/s

FrequencyDomainmethods
provideexactsoluBon
 InputMoBonSpecicaBon

ElasBcSoil
SiteCondiBon
30m Vs=300m/s
D=5%

Control(Outcropping)MoBon Halfspace:Vs=600m/s
InputMoBonSpecicaBon
InputMoBonSpecicaBon
InputMoBonSpecicaBon
InputMoBonSpecicaBon
InputMoBonSpecicaBon
 InputMoBonSpecicaBon

RecommendaRon:
Mo;onrecordedasoutcropping:useasrecorded
outcroppingmoBon+elasBcbase
Mo;onrecordedwithin(baseofver;calarray):
useasrecordedwithinmoBon+rigidbase
 ViscousDampingParameters

Soildamping(D)is
hystereBc
Occursatsmalland
largestrains
 ViscousDampingParameters

Soildamping(D)is
hystereBc
Occursatsmalland
largestrains
Nonlinearmodel
HandleslargestrainD
Dmin=0 Dmin=0
 ViscousDampingParameters

Soildamping(D)is
hystereBc
Occursatsmalland
largestrains
Nonlinearmodel
HandleslargestrainD
Dmin=0 Dmin>0

Challenge:represent
nonzeroDminwith
Raleighdamping
 ViscousDampingParameters

Why needed?

Dmin>0
 Viscous Damping Parameters

Why needed?
Three formulations
 Viscous Damping Parameters

Why needed?
Three formulations
Issues:
Which formulation?
 Viscous Damping Parameters

Why needed?
Three formulations
Issues:
Which formulation?
Target damping?
 Viscous Damping Parameters

Why needed?
Three formulations
Issues:
Which formulation?
Target damping?
Matching
frequencies?
 Viscous Damping Parameters

Approach: ?
FD provides exact
soln for linear
case
Find parameters
that optimize
match of NL to FD
Broadband synthetic input;
Range of site conditions
 ViscousDampingParameters

Approach:
FD provides exact
soln for linear
case
Find parameters
that optimize
match of NL to EL
 ViscousDampingParameters

Approach:
FD provides exact
soln for linear
case
Find parameters
that optimize
match of NL to EL
 ViscousDampingParameters

Approach:
FDprovidesexact
solnforlinearcase
Findparametersthat
opBmizematchofNL
toEL
RecommendaRons:
1. FullRDpreferredtosimpliedRD
2. Target=smallstraindamping
3. IteratetoopBmizematchingfrequencies,or
4.f1=fsite;f2=5fsite
 NonlinearMaterialBehavior

Backboneparameters
Gmaxok
 NonlinearMaterialBehavior

Backboneparameters
Gmax
lim;o^enunavailable,notin
equaBon
 NonlinearMaterialBehavior

Backboneparameters
Gmax
lim
r:pseudoreferencestrain
(empirical)

Truereferencestrain,ref=/
Gmax
=shearstrength
 NonlinearMaterialBehavior

Backboneparameters
Gmax
lim
r
a,:empirical
 NonlinearMaterialBehavior

Backboneparameters
Empiricalmodel
validfor<0.5%

Darendeli(2001)
ZhangAndrusJuang(2005)
 NonlinearMaterialBehavior

Backboneparameters
Empiricalmodel
validfor<0.5%
r=f(,PI,OCR)
xedvaluesofa, r

Darendeli(2001)
ZhangAndrusJuang(2005)
 NonlinearMaterialBehavior

Backboneparameters
Empiricalmodel
Biasatlargestrainwithr
 NonlinearMaterialBehavior

Backboneparameters
Empiricalmodel
Biasatlargestrainwithr

for r=ref=ff/Gmax (true ref. strain)

ff at large strain
 NonlinearMaterialBehavior

Backboneparameters
Empiricalmodel
Biasatlargestrainwithr
Biasatsmallstrainwithref
 NonlinearMaterialBehavior
G/Gmaxmatch
Backbonecurveparameters
Empiricalsource match
Biasatlargestrainwithr
Biasatsmallstrainwithref

SoluBon:transiBonfuncBon
 NonlinearMaterialBehavior

Backboneparameters
Empiricalsource
Biasatlargestrainwithgr
Biasatsmallstrainwithgref
SoluBon:transiBonfuncBon
Actualvstarget
 NonlinearMaterialBehavior

Soildamping
ParameterizaBon
Notdirectlyspecied
Productofunload
reloadrules(Masing)
 NonlinearMaterialBehavior

Soildamping
ParameterizaBon
CharacterisBcs
D0atsmallstrain
 NonlinearMaterialBehavior

Soildamping
ParameterizaBon
CharacterisBcs
D0atsmallstrain
Dlargeatlargestrain
 NonlinearMaterialBehavior

Soildamping
ParameterizaBon
CharacterisBcs
Issues
Labastarget?
Importanceofmist
 NonlinearMaterialBehavior

Soildamping
ParameterizaBon
CharacterisBcs
Issues
Strategiesformanaging
mist
Matchbackboneandaccept
mist
 NonlinearMaterialBehavior

Soildamping
ParameterizaBon
CharacterisBcs
Issues
Strategiesformanaging
mist
Matchbackboneandaccept
mist
OpBmizeG/GmaxandDcurve
ts
 NonlinearMaterialBehavior

Soildamping
ParameterizaBon
CharacterisBcs
Issues
Strategiesformanaging
mist
Matchbackboneandaccept
mist
OpBmizeG/GmaxandDcurve
ts
ModifyMasingtomatchboth
 NonlinearMaterialBehavior

Soil damping
Parameterization
Characteristics
Issues
Strategies for
managing misfit
Significant?
 NonlinearMaterialBehavior

Soildamping
ParameterizaBon
CharacterisBcs
Issues
Strategiesformanaging
mist
Signicant?
 NonlinearMaterialBehavior

Recap:
Targetbackbonecurve
Considershearstrengthforlargestrain
problems
Retainsmallerstrainalributes
Targetdampingcurve
ModulusreducBon&dampingmatch
strategies
 Outline

ProblemdeniBonandobjecBves
ParameterselecBonandcodeusage
protocols
ValidaBonstudies
Equivalentlinear(EL)&nonlinear(NL)
modelcomparisons
 ValidaBon

ObjecBves:testNLcodesimplemented
withusageprotocols
VerBcalarraysitesconsidered:
TurkeyFlat,CA
LaCienega,CA
Kiknet,Japan(SiteKGWH02)
Lotung,Taiwan
 ValidaBonOverview

SHAKE04 Predicted
BaselineGeotech.Model DEEPSOIL SoilMoBons
(Bestest.Vsprole, DMOD_2
Materialcurves, OPENSEES
UnitWeight) SUMDES Residualsby
TESS Comparing
Recorded toData
Downhole
MoBon VariabilityDuetoModels
 ValidaBonOverview

SHAKE04 Predicted
AlternaBveGeotech. DEEPSOIL SoilMoBons
Models DMOD_2
(Unc.inVsprole& OPENSEES
materialcurves) SUMDES Residualsby
TESS Comparing
Recorded toData
Downhole
MoBon VariabilityDueto
MaterialProperBes
 BaselineVsfrom
measurements
BaselineG/GmaxandD
curvesfrommaterial
speciclabtesBng
 StandarddeviaBons
Vs:Toro(1997)
G/GmaxandD:
Darendeli(2001)
FOSM
LaCienegaResults

Baseline conditions
 LaCienegaResults

Baseline conditions
 LaCienegaResults

Analysisofvariability
Codetocode
Velocity
Materialcurves
Overall(uncorrelated
errors)
 OtherSites/InterpretaBon

MedianResults:
ModestunderpredicBonatshortperiods
for3of4sites
Noresultsforhighlynonlinearsoil(yet)
 OtherSites/InterpretaBon

MaterialCurvesG
Variability:
G:relatedto
soildepth;lowT
only
 OtherSites/InterpretaBon

Variability:
G:relatedto
soildepth;lowT Vsprolev
only
V:importantat
T1ifI.C.
 OtherSites/InterpretaBon

Variability:
G:relatedto
soildepth;lowT
only
V:importantat
T1ifI.C. ComputaBonalModelm
m:importantat
lowT
 Outline

ProblemdeniBonandobjecBves
ParameterselecBonandcodeusage
protocols
ValidaBonstudies
Equivalentlinear(EL)&nonlinear(NL)
modelcomparisons
 EL/NLComparison

Largeamplitude
syntheBc
EL:atspectrum
atlowT
NL:realisBcshape
 ConcludingRemarks

Whenusegroundresponseanalysis?

When/whyuseNLgroundresponseanalysis?

ParameterselecBon:principaldierencesfromEL:
Shearstrength
Viscousdamping
 Summary&Conclusions

When/whyuseNL?
Whenlargestrainsresponseexpected
ProducesdierentPGAandspectralshapefromEL(assumedto
bemorerealisBc)
InputmoBon
AsrecordedmoBons(w/compliantbaseifoutcropping)
Viscousdamping
AvoidsimpliedRD
Target=Dmin
CarefulselecBonofmatchingfrequencies
 Summary&Conclusions

BackbonecurveparameterizaBon
BiggestdierencefromELisconsideraBonof
Rateeectonshearstrength
CyclicdegradaBoneects
Casehistoriesindicatepossibleoverdamping.Cause
unknown.
NLcodesnowpracBcalandconvenientforuse
 ReferencesandAcknowledgements
Stewart,J.P.andKwok,A.O.(2008).Nonlinearseismicgroundresponseanalysis:codeusage
protocolsandvericaBonagainstverBcalarraydata,inGeotechnicalEngineeringandSoil
DynamicsIV,May1822,2008,Sacramento,CA,ASCEGeotechnicalSpecialPublicaBonNo.181,
D.Zeng,M.T.Manzari,andD.R.Hiltunen(eds.),24pages(electronicle).

Stewart,J.P.,Kwok,A.O.,Hashash,Y.M.A.,Matasovic,N.,Pyke,R.,Wang,Z.,andYang,Z.(2008).
Benchmarkingofnonlineargeotechnicalgroundresponseanalysisprocedures,ReportPEER
2008/04,PacicEarthquakeEngineeringResearchCenter,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.

Kwok,A.O.,Stewart,J.P.,Hashash,Y.M.A.,Matasovic,N.,Pyke,R.,Wang,Z.,andYang,Z.(2007).
UseofexactsoluBonsofwavepropagaBonproblemstoguideimplementaBonofnonlinear
seismicgroundresponseanalysisprocedures,J.Geotech.&Geoenv.Engrg.,ASCE,133(11),
13851398.