Leticia Van Reek

EDU 202

Artifact 1

October 7th, 2017

1600- The Colonial Period

*Education revolved around religion. Reading, writing and moral development were the goals. Blacks
and Native Americans were denied education. Education was a privilege of the wealthy and for males
only. Girls learned manners, social graces, and the duties of wife and mothers from their mothers at
home. They only attended school for a year to learn to read the bible. The New England Primer was the
first real textbook. Published originally in 1690, it was the only reading text used until about 1800.

*Christopher Lamb, a teacher in New England, was a revolutionary. He was against the rod method. He
provided rewards and punishments instead of hitting the children. He found this to be most effective.

*New England is the cradle of Americas education.

*Dame schools were the homes of mothers who started educating their children at home, and then
converted their home into schools.

*Apprenticeship programs- Boys were sent to live with a master to learn a trade, and manage farms and
shops.

*In 1635 the Puritans established the first Latin grammar school in Boston.

*1636- Harvard College was established specifically to prepare ministers. Harvard was the first college in
America.

*In 1647 Massachusetts passed a law requiring that every town of fifty households must appoint and
pay a teacher of reading and writing, Also, every town of one hundred households must provide a Latin
grammar school to prepare youths for the university. Inflicting a penalty of L5 for failure to do so.

1700- The Revolutionary period

*Private teachers and night schools were established in Philadelphia and New York, teaching accounting,
navigation, French and Spanish. In the middle colonies the booming of commerce and mercantile
demands prompted for the creation of these schools.

*During this century, American education was reconstructed beyond religion.

*1740- South Carolina denies education to blacks. This is the first law prohibiting education of slaves.

*1749- Benjamin Franklin wrote Proposals Relating to the Youth of Pennsylvania, suggesting a new
kind of secondary school to replace the Latin grammar school- the academy.
*1751 The Franklin Academy was established free of religion, and offering math, astronomy, athletics,
navigation, bookkeeping, etc. The Academy accepted boys and girls that could afford tuition. They could
choose some of the courses, setting precedent for todays electives. This academy became the
University of Pennsylvania.

*1785- Land Ordinance Act was passed

*1787 Northwest Ordinance Act was passed. These acts required townships to reserve a section of land
for educational purposes.

1800

*In this century the democratic ideal became popular. Whit Andrew Jackson in power, as of 1828, many
poor white peoples demands for educational access where heard, and the Common School Movement
saw its roots. In the late 1800s women were finally allowed to become teachers and earn a salary. Most
teachers up until then were males, but as education became available to all, the need for cheaper
teachers became a reality and women were accepted, as long as they were not married.

*Horace Mann became the nations leading advocate to establish common schools open to all. He
believed a common school promoting common and humane moral values would reduce social
disharmony, and the gap between the rich and the poor. He also fought for teacher training programs
and stringent teacher licensing procedures. He saw education as a great investment.

*1821- The first tuition free high school was established in Massachusetts; the students were all males.

*1821- Emma Willards Troy Female Seminary opens. First secondary school for girls.

*1822- Sequoyah invented a Cherokee syllabary, allowing books published in their language. Cherokee
schools became bilingual, and they had their own newspaper the Cherokee Phoenix, also bilingual.

*1823- Mississippi passed a law prohibiting six or more Negroes from gathering for educational
purposes.

*1823- First private normal school opens in Vermont.

*1824- The federal government established the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and placed Native
Americans in reservations. Also boarding schools were created to send Indian children to be converted
to the europeans way.

*1827- Massachusetts requires public high schools.

*1830- A law was passed in Louisiana imposing a prison sentence on anyone caught teaching a slave to
read or write. Blacks formed clandestine schools throughout most large cities and towns of the South
regardless.

*1837- Horace Mann becomes the Secretary of the Massachusetts state Board of Education, which he
helped create.
*Noah Webster wrote the American Spelling Book, which replaced the New England Primer. He also
created the American Dictionary.

*1839- First public normal school in Lexington, Massachusetts

*1852- The first tuition free, all girls High School was established in Boston.

*During the last half of this century, the nation became industrial and urban society. Parents started to
see school as a tool to obtain better jobs.

*1855- First Kindergarten (German Language) in US.

*1862 and 1890- Morrill Land Grant College Acts- They established sixty-nine institutions of higher
education in the various states. Public land was donated to establish these colleges.

*1874- In case Kalamazoo, Michigan case, the courts ruled that taxes could be used to support
secondary schools.

*1875- Francis Parker, superintendent of schools in Quincy, Massachusetts, introduced the concepts of
progressivism in his schools, emphasizing a more democratic educational approach, and including health
and vocational concerns to the curriculum.

*1880- Around 10 million Americans were attending elementary school, and public and private
universities were established.

*1892- The National Education Association established Committee of Ten to develop a national policy
for high schools. This committee oversaw the courses taught, and requested progress to be measured
by Carnegie Units to see if students were ready for college.

*1896- Plessy v. Ferguson Supreme Court decision supporting racially separate but equal schools. But
they werent treated as equals. White students were bused, black students had to walk for miles. Blacks
were not provided enough books, seats, equipment, etc. In the North, school assignments were based
both on race, and residence. De facto segregation happened due to discriminatory real estate practices.
De jure segregation was the one dictated by law.

1900-1950

*1909- First Junior High was established in Columbus, Ohio, with grades 7,8, and 9, to cater to the needs
of preadolescents.

*1917- Smith Hughes Act. It provided funds for teacher training and program development in vocational
education at the high school level.

*1918- The National Education Association established a committee to see if high school education was
improving the life of our citizens on a daily basis, in this industrial democracy.

*1919- The Progressive Education Association was formed. During 1920s and 1930s schools began to
challenge traditional education. The progressive education approach soon spread to suburban and city
public school systems across the country. John Dewey was pro progressivism and was the most
influential educator of the 20th century.

*1930- During the great depression, the federal government became involved with education,
constructing schools, providing free lunches for the poor student, instituting part time work programs
for high schools and college students, and offering educational programs to older Americans.

*Americans realized that some educational challenges were beyond the resources of the states.

*1932- New Deal education programs.

*1944- Servicemens Readjustment Act (G I Bill of Rights)- It paid veterans tuition and living expenses
for a specific number of months.

1950- 1999

*1950- First middle school in Bay City, Michigan.

*1954-Political momentum for civil rights reform grew with the participation of African Americans in
WW II, and the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Supreme court decision that outlawed racial
segregation in schools. Yet, a decade after this ruling, almost 91 percent of all African American children
in the South still attended all-black schools.

*1957- The Soviet Union launched Sputnik, and the US needed a more rigorous, science and math
focused curriculum to compete with Russia. So progressivism lost the battle.

*1958- When the Soviets launched Sputnik, the government enlisted the schools in meeting that new
challenge, so Congress passed the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) to enhance the security of the
nation and to develop the mental resources and technical skills of its young men and women. Amongst
other things, the NDEA supported curriculum development, funded teacher training programs, and
provided loans and scholarships for students that allowed them to major in careers deemed important
to the nation defense, such as teaching, science, math, and language programs.

*1960s and 1970s- During these two decades, the Supreme Court attacked de facto segregation from
racially imbalanced neighborhoods.

*1964- President Johnson and Congress aggressively pursued racial desegregation in the nations
schools. The Civil Right Act gave the federal government power to help local school districts desegregate
and even initiate lawsuits or withhold federal funds (title VI).

*1965- Elementary and Secondary Education Act- This law provided financial assistance to school
districts with low income families, to aid instructional materials, and promote educational innovations
and research. In the 70s, this legislation will be expanded to include funding for bilingual and Native
American education, drug education, and school lunch and breakfast programs.

*1964-1965- Project Head-Start- This Act provides medical, social, nutritional, and educational services
for low income children 3 to 6 years of age.

*1968- Bilingual Education Act Provides relevant education to non- English- speaking students.
*1972- Title IX of the Education Amendments- It prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex.
Enforcement has been lax.

*1975,1991,1997,2004- Individuals with Disabilities Education Act- Provides financial assistance to local
school districts to provide free and appropriate education for the nations 8 million children with
disabilities who are between 3 and 21 years of age.

2000

*During this century, we see an increase in focus on standards, testing and accountability in education.

*2001- No Child Left Behind Act Revises the 1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act and calls
for standards and annual testing of math, reading and science. Schools that test poorly might be closed
and teachers fired.

*2011- Present Federal government modifies NCLB, allowing states greater freedom in evaluating
students and teachers.