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Mechanical Friction
Motion between engine
components, highly
magnified to show the
surface roughness
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Mechanical Friction
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Engine Friction
fp = ip bp
Further, mechanical efficiency can be
defined as
bp bmep
m = =
ip imep
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As engines of varying sizes can operate at
different speed levels, the most meaningful way
of classifying and comparing friction and engine
losses is the mean effective pressure (mep). In
some analyses, mep concept is expanded it
include all work and power inputs/outputs of an
engine.
fmep = imep bmep amep cmep + tmep (1)
where,
fmep = work lost to internal friction
imep = net work generated in the combustion chamber
bmep = work available at the crankshaft
amep = work required to drive auxiliaries
cmep = work required to drive supercharger/turbocharger
tmep= work recovered from the exhaust gas in a turbocharger turbine
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fmep = imep bmep amep cmep + tmep (1)
When
amep = 0
and cmep = tmep
the expression (1) reduces to
fmep = imep bmep
Remark: The magnitude of friction mean effective pressure
(or friction power, or friction work) is of the order of 10 % of
net indicated mean effective pressure at wide open
throttle. This increases to 100 % at idle, when no brake
power is taken off the crankshaft. A turbocharged engine
has a lower amount of friction loss. This is due to the
greater brake output, while absolute friction remains the
same. Most power lost to friction usually ends up heating
the lubricating oil and coolant.
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It is much difficult (and less accurate) to divide
total friction into parts. One way is to motor the
engine. When an engine is motored, the ignition
is turned off and no combustion takes place.
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Motoring Method
In this method, initially the engine is run in a
normal fire mode. When the engine reaches a
steady-state condition with all temperatures, is
is turned-off and immediately tested using an
electric motor.
For a brief period of time, the engine
temperatures will be almost same as with a
fired engine. This will quickly change because
no combustion is occurring, and the engine
starts cooling-off.
Hot combustion products that make up the
exhaust flow in a fired engine are
approximated with much cooler air in a
motored engine.
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Friction losses for
various engine
components as
measured by
motoring of the
engine.
Figure gives
typical results for
the percentage of
friction contributed
by various engine
components.
dt
Fr = force of the connecting rod
P = pressure in the combustion chamber
B =bore
Ff = friction force between the piston
and cylinder walls
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The sign of friction force (Ff)
term depends upon the
crank angle .
when 00 < < 1800
+ when 1800 < < 3600
There is no motion in
Y direction, so a force
balance gives
F y = 0 = Fr sin Ft (3)
Combining (2) and (3), the side
thrust force on the piston becomes
dU p 2
Ft = m + P B F f tan (4)
dt 4
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Forces on a piston
To reduce friction, modern engines use
pistons that have less mass and shorter skirts.
Less mass lowers the piston inertia and
reduces the acceleration term (equation 4).
Shorter piston skirts reduce rubbing friction
because of smaller surface area contact.
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Effect of Variables on Friction
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Effect of Variables on Friction
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Conclusions
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References
1. Crouse WH, and Anglin DL, DL (1985), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Eastop TD, and McConkey A, (1993), Applied Thermodynamics for Engg.
Technologists, Addison Wisley.
3. Fergusan CR, and Kirkpatrick AT, (2001), Internal Combustion Engines, John
Wiley & Sons.
4. Ganesan V, (2003), Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Gill PW, Smith JH, and Ziurys EJ, (1959), Fundamentals of I. C. Engines, Oxford
and IBH Pub Ltd.
6. Heisler H, (1999), Vehicle and Engine Technology, Arnold Publishers.
7. Heywood JB, (1989), Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill.
8. Heywood JB, and Sher E, (1999), The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine, Taylor & Francis.
9. Joel R, (1996), Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison-Wesley.
10. Mathur ML, and Sharma RP, (1994), A Course in Internal Combustion Engines,
Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi.
11. Pulkrabek WW, (1997), Engineering Fundamentals of the I. C. Engine, Prentice Hall.
12. Rogers GFC, and Mayhew YR, YR (1992), Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison
Wisley.
13. Srinivasan S, (2001), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
14. Stone R, (1992), Internal Combustion Engines, The Macmillan Press Limited, London.
15. Taylor CF, (1985), The Internal-Combustion Engine in Theory and Practice, Vol. 1 & 2,
The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Web Resources
1. http://www.mne.psu.edu/simpson/courses
2. http://me.queensu.ca/courses
3. http://www.eng.fsu.edu
4. http://www.personal.utulsa.edu
5. http://www.glenroseffa.org/
6. http://www.howstuffworks.com
7. http://www.me.psu.edu
8. http://www.uic.edu/classes/me/ me429/lecture-air-cyc-web%5B1%5D.ppt
9. http://www.osti.gov/fcvt/HETE2004/Stable.pdf
10. http://www.rmi.org/sitepages/pid457.php
11. http://www.tpub.com/content/engine/14081/css
12. http://webpages.csus.edu
13. http://www.nebo.edu/misc/learning_resources/ ppt/6-12
14. http://netlogo.modelingcomplexity.org/Small_engines.ppt
15. http://www.ku.edu/~kunrotc/academics/180/Lesson%2008%20Diesel.ppt
16. http://navsci.berkeley.edu/NS10/PPT/
17. http://www.career-center.org/ secondary/powerpoint/sge-parts.ppt
18. http://mcdetflw.tecom.usmc.mil
19. http://ferl.becta.org.uk/display.cfm
20. http://www.eng.fsu.edu/ME_senior_design/2002/folder14/ccd/Combustion
21. http://www.me.udel.edu
22. http://online.physics.uiuc.edu/courses/phys140
23. http://widget.ecn.purdue.edu/~yanchen/ME200/ME200-8.ppt -
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