Part C.

Earths Geography

a. Seven Continents and four oceans

NORTH AMERICA

North America is cold in the north and warm in the south

Buffalo live in North America
People in North America came here from many other continents
The USA, Mexico, and Canada are the three biggest continent in
North America
24, 370, 000 sq. km.

SOUTH AMERICA

South America is warm continent

People there speak mostly Spanish
The biggest country is Brazil, where people love to play soccer
The Amazon Forest is in South America
17, 890, 000 sq. km.
 EUROPE

There are 47 countries in Europe

People in Europe speak over 50 languages
The weather in Europe is similar to North America, cold in the north
and warm in the south.
9, 850, 000 sq. km.
ASIA

Asia is the biggest continent, and it has the most people- it is very
crowded in some parts of the Asia
China is one very big country in Asia
Giant pandas live in china and eat bamboo
A cool place to visit in Asia is the Great Wall of China- it is the
largest structure ever built by man.
45, 120, 000 sq. km.
 AFRICA

Africa is a very hot continent because the equator runs through the
middle of it.
Lions live in Africa
Most people in Africa have dark skin and hair
The Egyptian pyramid are in Africa
30, 340, 000 sq. km.
ANTARCTICA

Antarctica is the coldest continent

No people live in Antarctica, but some scientist visit to study the
weather or animals there
Many kinds of penguins live in Antarctica
14, 000, 000 sq. km.
 AUSTRALIA

Australia is the smallest by land mass and the second smallest by

population
It is the sixth largest country in the world by land mass
There are approximately twenty three million people living in
Australia
The most populated city in Australia is Sydney, followed closely by
Melbourne.
7, 692, 000 sq. km.
b. MAJOR LANDFORMS

MESA

Definition: Flat-topped mountains with steep sides

Means table in Spanish
Made up of layered rocks
MOUNTAINS

Definition: Highest kind of land

Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world
ELEVATION

Tells you the height above the sea level of a landform

 HILLS

Steep slopes but much smaller than the mountains, tops or

summits are more round
Elevation: 500-2,000 feet
PLAINS

Large areas of flat or gently rolling lands

PLATEUS

Raised plains with steep cliffs on one or more sides with elevation of
at least 2,000 feet. Low relief.
c. EARTHS REFERENCE POINTS

Definition: Reference Point

Points on earths surface used to establish direction.

North & South Geographic poles.
The imaginary line dividing the earth into N&S hemispheres is
equator.

Reference points
EQUATOR- (0 Degree Latitude)
- Imaginary line that circles the earth
- The angular distance north or south of the equator is called
latitude.
- Lines of latitude are parallel with each other.
PRIME MERIDIAN- (0 Degree Latitude)
- Runs from North Pole to the South Pole through Greenwich,
England.
- The angular distance east to west of the prime meridian is
called longitude.
- Longitude lines meet at the poles and runs north and south.
ZENITH
- Point you directly above you in the sky.
CELESTIAL SPHERE
- Imaginary sphere surrounding the earth on which the stars are
located (Stars only appear to be on Celestial Sphere)
CELESTIAL POLES
- Extension of earths Geographic Poles.
 CELESTIAL EQUATOR
- Extension of earths equator
ECLIPTIC
- Apparent path of the sun on the celestial sphere
 Part E. Structure of the Earth

a. LAYERS OF THE EARTH BASED ON CHEMICAL

COMPOSITION

THE CRUST
The earths crust is like the ski of an apple. It is very thin compared
to the other three layers.
The crust makes up 1% of the earth
The Crust of the earth is broken into many pieces called Plates.

- The crust is about 3-5 miles (8 kilometers) thick under the ocean
(oceanic crust) and about 25 miles (32 kilometers) thick under
the continents (continent crust). It contains mostly aluminum, a
lot of silicon and oxygen.

THE MANTLE
The mantle is the layer below the crust
The largest layer of the earth
Divided into two regions: Upper and Lower Region
 THE CORE
OUTER CORE
The core of the earth is like a ball of very hot metals
The outer core is liquid
Made up of Iron, and is very dense

INNER CORE
The inner core of the earth has temperature and pressure so great
that the metals are squezzed.
The inner core is a solid
b. LAYERS OF THE EARTH BASED ON PHYSICAL
STRUCTURE

PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH

LITHOSPHERE- rigid outer layer

ASTHENOSPHERE- solid rocks that flows slowly (like hot
asphalt)

LITHOSPHERE
The lithosphere is the solid part of the earth. It has two parts:
the crust and the upper mantle.
The lithosphere sits on the asthenosphere.
The earths plates are the lithosphere.
It is the rocky, solid portion of the crust.
It made up mostly of the silicon and oxygen
ASTHENOSPHERE
His is the layer below the lithosphere. This layer is plastic-
like.
It is somewhat solid or liquid
You can say that it is malleable
Very important in terms of plate tectonics.