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    04 Chapitre 3

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    techanical

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    126 CHAPTER III The Scalar Convection-Diffusion Equation 13 Introduction The scalar convection-diffusion equation (166), with constant convection speed and viscosity, has been studied extensively in the literature, since it represents a simple scalar model for the Navier-Stokes equations of fluid flow: it incorporates both a convection term X- Vu, and a diffusion term Au, which models viscous effects. The equation may be written in conservative form as: Xv. (+A) =0 (165) where F = Xu is the inviscid flux, and F, = —vVu the viscous flux, or in quasilinear form as: ous Gtk Vu=vdu (166) Introducing the non-dimensional cell Peclet number Pe representing the ratio of convection effects over diffusion effects and defined as: ah Pe=—, (167) where h is a characteristic length of the space-discretization, three regimes can be distinguished: Pes the flow is diffusion-dominated; 1 10 the flow is convection-dominated. Pe = 0 corresponds to pure diffusion and Pe = 00 corresponds to pure convection. The Peclet number plays the same role as the Reynolds number in fluid flows. Classically, in the finite volume framework and for Pe > 1, upwind differences are prefered for the discretization of the convective part of the equation, and central differences prefered for the diffusion terms. On unstructured meshes, the latter is equivalent to the Galerkin finite element method, and yields very accurate re- sults for diffusion-dominated (low Peclet number) flows. In the cell-vertex finite volume method of Morton, Crumpton and Mackenzie [MCM93], the viscous flux The Scalar Convection-Diffusion Equation 127 balance is evaluated per cell and distributed along with the inviscid flux balance using a Lax-Wendroff-type scheme, an approach which the authors claim to be more accurate than the Galerkin method and which is consistent with the resid- ual distribution philosophy. In this chapter, both approaches are investigated in the framework of Fluctuation- Splitting schemes using linear triangular elements. The study, which completes and concludes on the work of Boxho and Degrez [BD93] by taking into account the recent developments described in section 9.2, compares the following dis- cretizations: - mixed upwind/central discretization: the convective term is discretized us- ing a linearity preserving convection scheme, and the diffusion term is dis- cretized using the Galerkin finite element method. This has the advantage of being inexpensive and most importantly, of keeping the stencil compact. - residual-based discretization: the diffusion term is treated as a source term, and distributed with coefficients based on the convective term. This requires an extension of the stencil in order to recover the gradients at the nodes or on the edges of the cells, and compute the balance of the viscous fluxes. 14 Discretizations for the convection-diffusion equation 14.1 Mixed upwind/central discretization Classically, for Pe > 1, diffusion terms are discretized using central differences, and convection terms using upwind-biased differences. ‘The same approach is followed here in the framework of Fluctuation-Splitting schemes [TR92]. The convection term is discretized using any one of the (linearity preserving) schemes. discussed in Chapter 1, while the diffusion term is discretized using a finite volume formulation of the integral equation on the dual mesh. Considering for instance the median dual cell S; shown in figure 115, one has: [fjvdudten fe dan = 5 fg Y 0H: de (168) For cach triangle T, the boundary 8S; T is composed of two segments with ontward-pointing normals i!,, and 7i2,,, such that: = 1. ihyy + ey = 5 (169) The Scalar Convection-Diffusion Equation 128 Figure 115: Median dual cell 5; around node i and compact support 9; of triangles meeting in i. Substituting into (168), one has: JE vAud=- 3vu ty (170) 2a? where Vu is constant per triangle and given by Vu = Zoe It is straightfor- ward to show that this discretization is identical to that produced by the Galerkin method. Indeed, the finite element approximation of vAu at node i is obtained by multiplying by the test function w; with compact support 0; and integrating by parts. One has: I f,wwdu dn ha, wet dae ff, So eveen v. “= g [fv -E 5Vu- it. The update scheme for the convection-difasion equation can then be written as: up! = At Tho ¥ v i Haw Da {ar [sri- Vu] +5 vu- a}. (171) Note that for a given triangle T, the contributions to the three vertices due to the Galerkin formulation of the diffusion term cancel out, G0 u- (iy +i; +e) = For pure diffusion, the scheme is positive provided the grid satisfies certain regu- larity conditions (for instance Delaunay triangulation [Bar90]), and the following time-step restriction is made: 4S; 5 prea PSE au) The Scalar Convection-Diffusion Equation 129 Indeed, writing out the scheme explicitely in terms of the values of u in the surrounding nodes, it comes: uta; = Dew! (173) seh ij Law. Thus, the coefficient of uf is given by: Aty ; ag=l- Sa ay el (174) which is positive under the condition (172). The other coefficients cjj4,, are positive for geometric reasons. 14.2 Residual-based approach A residual-based discretization for the convection-diffusion equation (166) is now discussed. The cell residual $7 consists of the convection term ¢° which is eval- uated as usual by assuming linear variations of u over the cell, and the balance of the viscous fluxes ¢? given by: ¢? = - f[vavan = =f vu. dist (175) Assuming a constant gradient over T leads to a vanishing viscous residual $?. Therefore, a higher-order reconstruction and an extension of the computational stencil are necessary to recover Vu on the boundary 87. Two alternatives are considered: (a) Nodal gradients: The gradients are recovered at the nodes, by an area-weighted average over 2, , = Eten, SrVur Vu = (176) Once the value of Vu is known in each vertex, ¢? can be evaluated using the trapezoidal rule (piecewise linear interpolation) as: P= 2 Vu- fi (177) where ii, are the inner normals to the triangle introduced in the first chapter. The Scalar Convection-Diffusion Equation 130 (6) Edge-based gradients: ‘The gradients are recovered at the midpoint of each edge, 1 Vite = 5 (Vur, + Vary) (178) where T; and 7} are the cells on either side of edge e. The diffusion term is then evaluated as 3 @ =v > Vue: Hi (179) = where i is the node opposite edge e as shown in figure 116. Va — Figure 116: Evaluation of ¢° using edge-based gradients. Once ¢ has been evaluated either by (177) or (179), it can be distributed along with ¢° using the residual distribution schemes described in section 12, giving the following update scheme: SA (9° +9". (280) Compared to the Galerkin method described in the previous section, this ap- proach has the disadvantage of requiring a larger stencil, as shown in figure 117. 15 Numerical results 15.1 Shear layer/flat plate interaction The interaction of a shear layer with a flat plate upon which develops a boundary layer is computed. A uniform triangulation of the domain (z,y) € [0, 1]? is used, with equal spacing in both directions, Az = Ay = 4. The grid is shown in figure 118. The advection speed vector \ is uniform, ¢ equal to 27, + I,. The The Scalar Convection-Diffusion Equation 131 Figure 117; Stencils used to estimate: (a) nodal gradients and (b) mid-edge gradients. diffusion coefficient v is taken equal to 10-°, corresponding to a cell Peclet number Pe % 37. The solution is specified on alll the boundaries as: - | aenbmnsaes “ ony=Oand0<2<1 a a phoneaOandO

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