Wide-Band E-Shaped Patch Antennas for Wireless

Communications: The E-shaped patch antenna presents a novel single-patch wide-band

microstrip antenna. In this design two parallel slots are incorporated into the patch of a
microstrip antenna to increase its bandwidth. By the behavior of the currents on the patch the
wide-band mechanism is explored in investigating. To achieve a wide bandwidth slot length,
width, and position are optimized. By two examples with 21.2% and 32.3% bandwidths the
existence of the design concept is demonstrated. The shape of the patch shows the letter E,
hence the name E-shaped patch antenna. For controlling the achievable bandwidth slot length,
width, and position are the important parameters. By currents path length the value of L and C
are determined. The middle part of the patch shows the initial LC circuit and resonant at initial
frequency. Most important, the amplitudes of currents around the slots are different at low
resonant frequencies and high resonant frequencies and it means the effects of the slots at these
two resonant frequencies are different. This is the key reason why the slots can extend the
bandwidth. The scattering parameter is measured on an HP-8510 network analyzer. After
simulation and then fabricated measured result, a 30.3% bandwidth E-shaped patch antenna
achieved and applicable to modern wireless communication frequencies of 1.9 to 2.4 GHz, is
designed.

Design of Wideband Circularly Polarized Aperture-Coupled

Microstrip Antennas: In this paper, two variations of a novel feeding technique for a
wideband circularly polarized aperture-coupled microstrip antenna are described. The Prototype
designs for wideband linearly polarized elements are first presented, and then used for circularly
polarired designs. Techniques used for design of the feed network are detailed, for both series
feed and parallel feed versions. The aperture coupled configuration also exhibits very low cross-
polarization levels, making it well suited to circularly polarized antenna designs. A common
technique for producing circular polarization is to excite two orthogonal linearly polarized
elements with a 90 phase difference. This method can be used in aperture coupled by use of two
off center coupling apertures or a crossed slot. A dual-fed linearly polarized element was
constructed on a feed substrate of 0.031-in.-thick Rogers 5880 (r =2.2) with an antenna
substrate of 0.5-cm-thick ROHACELL foam (r = 1.07). The large bandwidth of this antenna can
be explained by the fact that the aperture acts as a second resonator in combination with the
patch element it create a bandwidth of 34 % centered at 5.23 GHz. For this large bandwidth
configuration, the level of back radiation is approximately 10 dB. This lower the level of back
radiation, a second element was designed on a 0.025-in.-thick Rogers 6010 feed substrate (r =
10.2). This lowered the level of back radiation to -15 dB but also lowered the bandwidth. These
two factors combined to lower the bandwidth to 22% centered at 5.84 GHz. A balanced feed
configuration is used for aperture coupling designing but it is difficult to implement so this
problem can be resolved by series feed or parallel feed. Parallel fed is obtained by Wilkinson
power divider. The other possibilities exist for the parallel feed configuration is that Wilkinson
power divider may be replaced by a quadrature hybrid, which still provides isolation between the
two output lines. For a simple uniform linear or planar array, a single 180" hybrid can be used
for the input to an entire feed network for several elements. For a phased array, however, each
element must be fed separately. This would require a ring hybrid for each element in the array,
which most likely would not be feasible because of space limitations. As an alternative in this
case, a half-wavelength section of transmission line can be used to produce the 180' phase shift
needed to drive both ports.
Microstrip Array Antenna With 2-D Steerable Focus in Near-Field
Region: In this paper a microstrip planar array antenna is presented which is designed to have
near-field focused beams, and it is capable of steering its focus on the designed focal plane. This
array is formed by eight series-fed linear arrays, which is in around 10 GHz frequency are able to
scan the focus in H plane where feeding of the linear arrays with different phases is achieved by
E plane focus scan. This arrangement in array is used for near field scanning system. NFF
microstrip array antenna is proposed, which is capable of steering its focus on the designed focal
plane. For this antenna array arrangement is an 88 microstrip antenna array composed of eight
identical series-fed linear arrays. The element spacing in both E-(xoz) and H-(yoz) planes is
0.60 (0 is the free-space wavelength at 10 GHz). Tin patch element and array is made of three
layers and two substrate layer and aluminum board in between. Each feed line can be divided
into eight parts according to the element column. The series feed network is designed to provide
a focused phase distribution and a uniform amplitude tapering. The focus of the proposed array
can be defined and found in two ways. On the one hand, the energy focus M (x p, yp) is defined
as the point with a peak value of electric filed intensity on the focal plane and phase focus of an
NFF array is defined as the point where the EM waves from different elements add in phase, and
an approximated phase center can be found by comparing the proposed NFF array antenna with
an ideal one. The focusing ability degenerates with the increase of the scan angle. The best
energy focus is observed when F = (0, 0, 250 mm). In measured result they are all below 10 dB
over the frequency range of 812 GHz. The focus scanning ability along two directions are
achieved by phase control and frequency shift, respectively, and the focus can be scanned in the
range 150 mm < fx , fy < 150 mm with SLL < 10 dB and scan loss smaller than 4 dB. This
array can be used in near-field fast scanning i.e. microwave imaging system.

A Printed UWB Vivaldi Antenna Using Stepped Connection

Structure Between Slotline and Tapered Patches: A compact planar printed
Vivaldi antenna is designed and fabricated. A new method is proposed in designing compact
planar printed Vivaldi antenna i.e. new stepped connection structure between slot line and
tapered patches .Impedance matching is significantly improved with the introduction of the
stepped connection structure and a wide bandwidth is achieved. In order to illustrate the
effectiveness of this design, a prototype of the modified Vivaldi antenna is fabricated and tested.
It also achieves a gain of more than 5dBi. A planar printed Vivaldi antenna is designed using
FR-4 as its substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.4 and a thickness of 0.8 mm. The slot line is
connected to the two exponential tapered patches. The stepped microstrip-to-slot line transition
structure is used to excite the antenna. A stepped microstrip feeding line is used for good
impedance matching. The width of the microstrip feeding line is fixed to 1.5 mm to achieve 50
characteristic impedance. The slotted line of the microstrip-to-slot line transition structure is
connected to two exponential tapered patches. Measured results shows a gain of 5.1 dBi at 5
GHz, and at 9.2 GHz the gain of 8.2 dBi is in the band from 3 to 15 GHz and a relatively flat
group delay response is achieved in the frequency range of 3to 15 GHz. Simulated and measured
results show that the presented antenna can realize a wide bandwidth with a gain better than 5
dBi. With reference to other techniques, the proposed technique in this paper is very effective
without changing the overall antenna dimensions. And also a relatively flat group delay response
is achieved in the working frequency band.
Bandwidth Enhancement Method for Low Profile E-Shaped
Microstrip Patch Antennas: In this paper enhancement of bandwidth E-shaped
Microstrip patch antenna has been proposed. Bandwidth has been enhanced by decreasing the
thickness of air to 0.0344 0. Various Techniques has been proposed for enhancing the
bandwidth are slot cutting in the radiating patch such as V-Slot loading technique, U- slot, E-
shape radiating patch. With further introduction of air in between the substrate and radiating
patch, Bandwidth has been further enhanced. The patch antenna was designed using the
commercial software Ansoft HFSS, and was fabricated and measured. E-shaped patch antenna
has been designed with substrate of thickness .16cm, dielectric constant of 4.3 and thickness of
air 2cm. impedance bandwidth of 164 MHz has been obtained. With further reduced in air
thickness to 1.2 cm , obtained bandwidth has been reduced to 40MHz and capacitance
introduced by the radiating patch and substrate becomes very large comparable to probe
inductance. Measured results show that there is 9% impedance bandwidth for VSWR less than2.
This E-shape Microstrip antenna has two LC resonant circuits with different resonant
frequencies, and when the two resonant frequencies overlap each other, a wide bandwidth is
obtained. This Proposed antenna has maximum antenna gain of 7 dBi.

Experimental Studies of Printed Wide-Slot Antenna for Wide-Band

Applications: In this paper experiment was performed on printed wide-slot antennas fed by
microstrip lines for wide-band applications. In it two proposed antennas fabricated with FR4
substrate. Antenna 1 has an arc-shape slot (semicircle arc, radius 26.85 mm) and a square-patch
feed with edge length of 15 mm and Antenna 2 has a triangular-shape slot and an equilateral
triangular-patch feed with an edge length of 14 mm. The feeds in both antennas are about one
third of the slot size and their lengths are close to but less than the quarter wavelength measured
at the lower frequency edge. The return loss for antenna 1 and antenna 2 are S11 -10 dB have
very wide bandwidths that is 120% in range of 1.82 to 7.23 GHz and 110% in range of 2.42 to
8.48 GHz. From the experiment of various wide-slot antennas, it is found that there is strong
effect on the antennas impedance bandwidth and radiation patterns by the feed and slot.
Experimental results show that by choosing suitable combinations of feed and slot shapes and by
tuning their dimensions the effective impedance bandwidth and stable radiation patterns can be
obtained. It can be found that the frequency corresponding to the lower edge of the bandwidth is
fairly independent of the feed gap, but the frequency corresponding to the upper edge is heavily
dependent on it. Theses antennas further can be improved and developed for wide band satellite
and communication s applications.