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What is a load?
TYPES OF LOAD
TYPES OF LOAD
The nature of the loads varies essentially with the architectural design, the materials, and the
location of the structure.
Loading conditions on the same structure may change from time to time, or may change rapidly
with time.
Types of loads
Blast loads
Seismic loads
Loads are classified as static and dynamic . Static loads are independent from time but dynamic
loads are function of time.
Dead loads consist of the weights of the various structural members and the weights of any
objects that are permanently attached to the structure.
Hence, for a building, the dead loads include the weights of the columns, beams, and girders,
the floor slab, roofing, walls, windows, plumbing, electrical fixtures, and other miscellaneous
attachments.
Live Loads (LL)
All the movable objects in a building such as people, desks, cupboards and filing cabinets
produced an imposed load on the structure.
This loading may come and go with the result that its intensity will vary considerably.
Live loads are movable and their values are uncertain , so they can not be calculated directly and
local or international specifications shall be consulted.
Dead loads are calculated easily using structure dimensions and material density .
Dynamic Loads
The other group of loads is the dynamic loads , and the following are types of such loads:
Wind Load
Blast Load
Impact Load
Seismic Load
Flood Load
Wind Load (WL)
Wind loads are maximum forces that may be applied to a building by wind in a mean
recurrence interval, or a set of forces that will produce equivalent stresses.
BLAST LOAD
Blast loads are an increase in atmosphere pressure which make buildings applied to
uniform pressure . Blast pressures increases with increasing TNT weight and vice versa if the
explosion distance is increased.
Impact loads
forces that require a structure or its components to absorb energy in a short interval of
time. An example is the dropping of a heavy weight on a floor slab, or the shock wave from an
explosion striking the walls and roof of a building.
SEISMIC LOADS
All structures must be designed to support their own weight along with any superimposed forces, such
as the dead loads from other materials, live loads, wind pressures, seismic forces, snow and ice loads,
and earth pressures.
-Proper design must consider all possible applied forces along with the interaction of these forces on
the structure.
The most critical effect can occur when one or more of the contributing loads are not acting. All
applicable loads shall be considered, including both earthquake and wind, in accordance with the
specified load combinations.
203.2 Symbols and Notations
D= dead load
L= live load, except roof live load, including any permitted lice load reduction
P= ponding load
T= self- training force and effects arising from contraction or expansion resulting
from temperature change, shringkage, moisture change, creep in component
materials, movement, movement due to differential settlement, or combinations
thereof
203.3 Load Combinations using Strength Design or Load and Resistance Factor Design
Where load and resistance factor design is used, structures and all portions thereof shall resist
the most critical effects from the following combinations of factored loads:
1.4(D+F) (203-1)
1.2(D+F+T)+1.6(L+H)+0.5(Lr or R) (203-2)
1.2D+1.6W+fL+0.5(Lr or R) (203-4)
1.2D+1.0E+fL (203-5)
0.9D+1.6W+1.6H (203-6)
0.9D+1.0W+1.6H (203-7)
Where:
f = 1.0 for floors in the places of public assembly, for live loads in excess of 4.8 kPa, and for
garage live load
Exception:
Where P is to be considered in design, the applicable load shall be added to Section 203.3.1 factored as
1.2P
Where allowable stress design (working stress design) is used, structures and all portions thereof shall
resist the most critical effects resulting from the following combinations of loads:
D+F (203-8)
D+H+F+L+T (203-9)
D+H+F+(Lr or R) (203-10)
No increase in allowable stresses shall be used with these load combinations except as specifically
permitted by Section 203.4.2
203.4.2 Alternate Basic Load Combinations
In lieu of the basic load combinations specified in Section 203.4.1, structures and portions thereof shall
be permitted to be designed for the most critical effects resulting from the following load combinations.
When using these alternate basic load combinations, a one-third increase shall be permitted in
allowable stresses for all combinations, including W or E
0.60D+W+H (203-14)
0.60D+E/1.4+H (203-15)
D+L+Lr(or R) (203-16)
D+L+W (203-17)
D+L+E/1.4 (203-18)
Exception:
Crane hook loads need not be combined with roof live load or with more than one-half of the wind load.
Where P is to be considered in design, each applicable load shall be added to the combination specified
in Sections 203.4.1 and 203.4.2
For both allowable stress design and strength design, the following special load combinations for the
seismic design shall be used as specifically required by Section 208, or by Chapters 3 through 7
1.2D+fL+1.0Em (203-19)
0.9D1.0Em (203-20)
Where:
f = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in excess of 4.8 kPa, and for garage live load
Em = the maximum effect of the horizontal an vertical forces as set forth in Section 208.1.1