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introduction
Definitions and terminology
Seed treatment can be generally defined as all operations that are executed on seeds after takingthem from mother
plant. These practices are aiming at several targets including facilitating automated planting of some seeds like
tobacco and sugar beet, making improvements in managing pests and diseases like brown rust, and increasing the
productivity, improving sprouting and emergence of buds that are carried out through seed coating, seed treatment
with solution of sea water and lime, and seed priming methods respectively. Several terms are used for seed
treatment including Seed Priming, Seed Treatment, Osmo Priming, and Osmo Condition Matrix proming Matrio
conditioning .Priming is a form of pre-farming treatment in which the seeds are pre-soaked and then left to be dried
fora while during which the sprouting process begins but the roots have not been emerged yet (Murungu
et al.,
2004). Taylor
et al.
(1998) use a more wide termnamely seed enhancement which involves pre-soaking hydration, coating technologies,
and seed
Sowing Of Seed Seed Treatment

Seed treatment: It is a process of application of chemicals or protectants (with

fungicidal, insecticidal, bactericidal or nematocidal properties) to seeds that
prevent the carriage of insect or pathogens in or on the seeds.

Objects of seed treatment: Some seeds need treatment with some specific
objectives before sowing.

1.To control disease: There are some seed borne or soil borne diseases, seeds are
treated with fungicides or organo mercurial compounds like Thirum, captain,
carbendazim, agrosan, cereson, etc. E.g. to control paddy blast, seed is to be
treated with agrosan @ 3 g per kg (3g/kg) of seed).

2.To have convenience in sowing: Difficulties are encountered in sowing certain

crops due to special characteristics of the seed like fuzz of cotton seeds, coriander
seeds, small seeds of chilli, ragi, bajara, etc. E.g.: coriander seed is to be splitted
by rubbing it against hard surface. Seed of chilli, Sesamum, bajara are mixed with
fine sand or soil.

3. To have quick germination: Germination of certain leguminous crops is

delayed due to thick seed coat which restricts water absorption. Such seed coats
are broken to some extent by mixing them with coarse gritty sand & trampling or
pounding it lightly in a morter with a wooden pestle for breaking the thick seed
coat. Sometimes seeds are soaked in water for a specified time. E.g.: cotton seed
or paddy seed is soaked in water before actual sowing. Seed of Lucerne and
Indigo is pounded with pestle
.
4. To increase nitrogen fixation in legumes: Legume seeds are inoculated with a
particular Rhizobium culture. This is mixed with jaggery solution & applied to seed
and dried in shade. It increases nodulation & thereby N fixation.

5. To protect the seed against insect pests: There are some insect pests like ants,
white ants, in the soil which attack on seed and eat. Sometimes, seed may be
picked up by birds after sowing. To avoid this, seed is treated with repellents like
campor, kerosene or soil drenching with insecticides like BHC, heptachlor, etc.
E.g.: the carbofuran treatment in Jowar.

6. To induce earliness (Vernalization treatment): This is an important for

breeding programme by vernalization treatment. As a result of this, life span is
reduced. In this, seed is soaked in water & incipient germination is induced in the
form of awakening of the dormant embryo & commencing the changes favoring
germination in the endosperm. Such seeds are kept in cold storage for a specified
time in which germination power remains intact but the process of germination is
temporarily halted. Thus, the plant spends part of its vegetative period or phrase
in the form of sprouted seed and the seed so treated as a dormant plant. The
period from sowing to flowering is thus greatly reduced & with such adjustment,
a variety which is normally a long duration one, can be made to flower early.

7. To induce variation: Seed is treated to induce variation in its morphological &

general structure by X ray treatment. It changes the genetical make up & helps
in selection of desired types.E.g. Sonora, a wheat variety, is the result of Sonora-
64 treated with gamma rays.

8. To break dormancy: Some crops are having seed dormancy in fresh harvested
produce. Dormancy is the state of rest period of a seed in which it does not
germinate even if all the favorable conditions are available for germination. Due
to dormancy of seed we cannot use the fresh harvested produce for sowing. It is
desirable if the crop get rains at maturity. E.g.: groundnut varieties. This
dormancy is broken by treating seed with chemicals. E.g. Thiourea 1% treatment
to potato tubers.

9. Seed treatment for special purpose: In vegetatively propagated crops, planting

material is treated with growth promoting hormones like colchicines, Gibberellic
acid (GA), Indole acetic acid (IAA), Seradix, sometime cattle urine. These
promotes sprouting & growth of plant. E.g.: onion bulbs or potato tubers are
treated with Malic Hydrazine (MH) for avoiding sprouting and growth of sprouts
and thereby reducing losses due to sprouting.

Seed treatment in important crops:

1) Sorghum: Thirum or 300 mesh sulphur: Seed is coated in seed dressing drum
or earthen pot @ 3.4 g/kg seed against smut disease.
2) Bajara: Brine solution treatment is given @ 20% against eat got and to discard
light & diseased seed.
3) Paddy: Seed is treated with brine solution @ 3% against blast of paddy and to
discard unfilled seed.
4) Cotton: a) Cow dung slurry treatment: Seed is rubbed with cow dung slurry in
1:1 proportion of dung and soil for convenience in sowing or Seed is delinted by
treating the seed with conc. H2SO4 for 2 min. for convenience in sowing. b) Seed
is treated with organo mercurial compound like ceresin, agrosan @ 3 g or Thirum
@ 5g against seed borne disease like anthracnose.
5) Coriander & Garlic: Seed is rubbed to split the seed for even sowing.
6) Small seeded crops like Sesamum, bajara, tobacco, etc: Seed is mixed with fine
sand or soil for even sowing of seed in the field.
7) Potato: a) Seed is dipped in 1% Thiourea solution for breaking the seed
dormancy.
b) Seed is dipped in streptomycin solution @ 200 g in 100 lit. Water for 1 hour
against Ring rots disease.
8) Legume crops like Mung, Udid, Soybean, Etc.
a) Seed is treated with Thirum @ 3 g/kg seed against seed borne disease.
b) Seed is treated with Rhizobium culture @ 250g/10kg seed for N fixation &
better nodulation.
9) Sugarcane: a) Hot water treat (500C) or hot air treat. (540C) is given to sets for
2 hrs. Against grassy shoot & other diseases.
b) Sets are treated with OMC 6% @ 500g in 100 lit. Water by dipping for 5 min.
against smut & increase germination.
Or Bavistin @ 200g in 100 lit. For 5 min.
10) Wheat & Oilseed crops: Seed is coated with Thirum or Bavistin @ 5 g/kg seed
against seed borne diseases.

Current Category Principles of Agronomy

Introduction

The purpose of this project is to introduce our group's two conceptual designs. We have included the following
sketches for each car: 3 dimensional view, elevation, plan, front, rear and interior view. Also, we have included a
discussion of how the designs meet the criteria given in the project outline. The cars could be suitable for short
trips in busy areas.

Introduction B

1.0 Introduction

With the rise in global warming and increasing pollution levels, it is becoming essential to find a viable alternative
to the internal combustion engine petrol powered car.

The aim of this project was to create two designs for a fuel cell powered car, the main criteria being environmental
friendliness in terms of both emissions and materials.

This report presents the designs for two such cars, each of which includes the following components: engine, fuel,
wheels, accessories, safety features and materials. Car A is aimed at the upper end of the market, while Car B is a
mid-range vehicle suitable for family use.

A description of the design and an analysis of operational efficiency for each car are followed by a comparison of
the two designs. Finally, the most cost efficient design is recommended