Reverse Outline Chapter 2 (Page 99-128)

Sihui (Livia) Li

The Former Yugoslavia

The Uses and Abuses of Media
Sarajevo Airport
Under control of UNPROFOR
The strip known as Snipers Alley
Environment Situation
None of the building had been spared
Gaping wounds
Bombed into oblivion
Madame Olga
Eight years old widow
Haris Pasovic
Playwright and film direction
Keep city festival alive
Amir Ibrovic
Project director
Family has been chased away
Bullet stuck over his heart

The Rip Tide of Democracy

East European
End of History optimism
NATOFirst genocide since WWII
The USInsisted that Yugoslavia is a problem
Media and war
Vietnam warFirst one being televise
Balkan conflictFirst one being driven by television
Slobodan Milosevic
Strategy to control Yugoslavias mass media
Used it to foment ethnic hatred and war
Media
Tore part the federal republic
Incited ultra nationalism
Provoked ethnic cleansing

A Media Creation
Milosevic
 Born in 1941
Highly dysfunctional family
Mentally ill father suicide
Mother hanged herself from a light fixture
WifeMirjana Markovic
Highly ranking communist family
Worked behind the scene to support her husband
Started as low-level communist party
MiraConspired with a small group of powerful media bosses
Dusan Mitevic and Radomir Vico
Directors of Radio TV of Serbia
Zivorad Minovia
Editor in chief of Politika
Slobodan Jovanovic
Editor of Politika Ekspres
Kemal Kurspahic
Celebrated journalist and author
Analysis on Milosevic
Establish control of the media
The media gave birth to Milosevic
Ivan Stambolic
Milosevics mentor
Got turned by Milosevic, forced to resign as president
1987
Milosevic gain power from Ivan and the media

In Search of a Greater Serbia

Under Titos control
Yugoslavia was a strong federal state
The country was firmly unified under the leadership of the Communist
Party and the national army
Dead in 1980
Nationalist movements began to erode the country
Shared among representatives of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and the
other republics
Kosovo
90 Percent Albanian
Became an autonomous province under the 1974 Yugoslavian
Constitution
April 1987
 The Field of Blackbirds
Media campaign
A model for other televised mass rallies
Thousands of Serb militants were trucked to successive demonstrations
The opportunist
Milosevic had hitched his wagon to the cause of Serb nationalism
Break up the federal government Tito
Anti-Bureau-cratic Revolution
The yogurt Revolution in 1988
Trapped inside
Vojvodina party leaders called to beg the army to intervene
Milosevic watched the drama unfold on television
Submit your resignations
Montenegro was next
Failing to heed the national will
Milosevic succeeded in chasing the Montenegrin regime from
power
Milosevics drive for a Greater Serbia threatened the very existence of
Yugoslavia
In June
Referendum on a new constitution and whether to become a democratic
state
70 thousands people in support of multiparty elections
The referendum passed
Milosevics power increased
No trouble winning the presidential election
Croatia
Had its own multiparty election
Bringing power to the ultranationalist Franjo Tudjman and the HDZ
Every bit as chauvinist as Milosevics Serbia
Ustase had brutalized Serbs
The HDZs victory raised the fear that Tudjman would resurrect the old
Ustase regime

A Language of War
Media
Directed by the nationalists
Giving Serbias leader fresh legitimacy
A language of menacing ultimatums.
Tensions
 Built between Serbia and other Yugoslav republics
The cultural restrictions
May 1989
Milosevics purge of state media went into high gear
Independent radio station called Youth Radio B92
Rhythm of the Heart
The decisive moment
War became inevitable
Large march for press freedom in Belgrade
40 thousand demonstrators faced scores of riot police who
pounded them with water cannons and tear gas
Milosevic telephoned Borisav Jovic
Shaken by the strength of the demonstrations
Replaced Mitevic with another hardliner

A Media War
Serbian media
No attempt to report the news accurately
Croatia
Serb nationalist in Bosnia prepared to fight
War of Transmitters
Seized others in the Bosnian towns of Pljesevica
Achieved exclusive Serbian television coverage
Media
Weapon of the war
Serb television
Radioactive waste
Bosnian mUSLIMS
Violent fundamentalist extremists and exaggerated the extent of
Arabic-speaking volunteers
Provoke BATO intervention
November 1995
Ohio to negotiate an end to the conflict

War Crimes on Trial

UN General Assembly on December 9, 1948
Invoking the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime
of Genocide
The UN Security Council established the International Criminal Tribunal
for the Former Yugoslavia
 Dusko Tadic
The first person to be held accountable
Record the trial
The death of Yugoslavia
Station in Bosnia
Retransmitted our signal for 11 hours a day
Three-month trial for everyone

Rwanda
Radio Genocide
Tutsi monarchy
Ruled Rwanda
Lived in the same communities
Until 1959
No systematic political violence between them
Social Revolution: of 1959 to 1961
October 1, 1990
Refugees living in Uganda formed a rebel army
The Rwandan Patriotic Front
Invasions succeeded
1993, peace agreement brokered in Tanzania Arusha Accords
UN Assistance Mission in Rwanda

Broadcasting Hatred
Establishment of RTML
Highly inflammatory messages against the Tutsis and the moderate
politicians
Took its language and racist ideology from a newspaper called Kangara
1993, 10/21
Tutsi army officers in neighboring Burundi
Similar balance of Hutu and Tutsi
Series of massacres on both sides
RTML propagandists needed to demonize, delegitimize and dehumanize them
first
Mixture of live music and chatty talk radio
Tutsis
Described as collaborators of the RPF and called cockroaches,
dogs..
Calls by Hutu Power extremists for the total extermination of the
inyenzi
 Anti-Tutsi violence was increasing
1994, 1/11
Canadian Lieutenant General Romeo Dallaire sent an urgent fax to the
department of Peacekeeping Operation at UN headquarters in New York
Video tape of killing
So-called CNN Effect
Preparations for mass murder intensified
Rwandan military began to arm local
RTMLs broadcast attacks on the Arusha Accords

One Hundred Days of Hell

April 6
Shot down of presidents plane
Deliberate attempt to exterminate the minority Tutsis and moderate Hutu
population
Prime minister assassinated
Extermination lists had been prepared and army, national police,
and militia members began killing thousands of Tutsis.

Failure to Respond
Report reach Washington
Destroying RTMLs antenna
National security council determined it was too expensive
Local media
International media virtually ignored them
Only two foreign journalists
Explanations for the failure of the international press
Long-term decline of foreign news coverage
No CNN effect
Mid July
Genocide ended when the RPF defeated the Rwandan army
International news media having failed to adequately report the
genocide
A Power to Heal
Paul Kagame
Led the victorious RPF Army
Became President
1994
Rwanda was the only state to vote against the establishment of the
Rwanda war crimes tribunal in the UN
 1997
Starting of the UNs International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
Internews was the only organization prepared to videotape the
proceedings
Kagame remained faithful to his words

The Way Forward

The use of media to incite hatred was similar in both countries
International medias coverage of Yugoslavia consistently and
professionally exposed the atrocities
Rwanda, the international media were largely absent
Genocide in Rwanda
Example of how a governing force can use the media for evil