UnderstandingTransientCombustion

PhenomenainLowNOx GasTurbines

PI:JacquelineOConnor,Ph.D.
CoPI:DomSantavicca,Ph.D.
Graduatestudents:Janith
SamarasingheandWyattCuller

MechanicalandNuclearEngineering
PennsylvaniaStateUniversity
sites.psu.edu/ccpp/

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Overviewofpresentation

Projectobjective
Technicalbackground
Technicalapproach
Projectstructure
Projectbudget
Projectmanagementplanandriskmanagement

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Overviewofpresentation

Projectobjective
Technicalbackground
Technicalapproach
Projectstructure
Projectbudget
Projectmanagementplanandriskmanagement

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In2013,50%ofnewpowergenerationcapabilitycamefrom
naturalgas,whichwasusedingasturbinepowerplants

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Source:eia.gov
Theseadditionsweresplitbetweenpeakingplantsand
combinedcycleplants,bothofwhichusegasturbines

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Source:eia.gov
Gasturbines,particularlypeakingplants,willcontinuetoplay
animportantroleintheenergyproductionmarket

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Source:eia.gov
Objectiveoftheprogramistounderstand, quantify,and
predict combustioninstabilityduringtransient operation

Twomajordeliverablesfortheprogram:

1. Fundamentalunderstandingofflowandflame
behaviorduringcombustiontransientsand
mechanismsfortransitiontoinstability

2. Developmentofastabilitypredictionor
quantificationframework

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Objectiveoftheprogramwillbeachievedthrough
experimentalstudyandclosetieswithindustry

Experimentalprogramthatincludestwoseparate,
complementaryfacilities

Developmentofquantificationandprediction
frameworkswillaidinapplyingtheresultsfromthiswork
tootherfacilities,includingindustrialhardware

CostshareandpartnershipfromGEGlobalResearchwill
provideindustryfeedbackandinternshipopportunitiesfor
studentsonproject

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Overviewofpresentation

Projectobjective
Technicalbackground
Technicalapproach
Projectstructure
Projectbudget
Projectmanagementplanandriskmanagement

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Veryfewstudieshavediscussedtheonsetorcontrolof
instabilitiesduringtransientoperation,butitsacommonissue

TransientoperationofaSiemensSGT200(Bulat etal. 2007)

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Engineloadistypicallyvariedbyeithervaryingfuelstagingor
theequivalenceratioofcertainfuelnozzles

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Source:DavisandBlack,DryLowNOx Combution SystemsforGEHeavyDutyGasTurbines
Instabilitiesmayariseasaresultofchangesinflameshapeand
flameanchoringthatoccurwithvariationinequivalenceratio
=0.60 =0.50 =0.48

PhotographsofmultinozzleflameatU=25m/s,Tin =200C
Astheequivalenceratioisreduced,theflamesgetlongerandmoredistributed
withinthecombustor
At =0.48,themiddleflameliftsoff(pictureonfarright)
Ahysteresisphenomenonisobservedwiththeliftoffofthemiddleflame
U=22.5m/s,Tin =200C,fullypremixed,unforced
=0.65 =0.60 =0.55 =0.50 =0.45
Changesinflamestructureobservedfromphotographsand
chemiluminescenceimagesofmultinozzleflameinclude:
When isreduced,

Theflamelengthincreases

Theouterflamesbecomemorespreadout(movebothfurtherupstreamand
downstream)

Theangleofthemiddleflamereduces(i.e.itbecomesnarrower)and
eventuallyliftsoff

Theinteractionregionlosesitscoherentstructure(squareshape)

TheCH*chemiluminescencebecomesmoredistributed

Itappearsthatamajorityofheatreleasenolongeroccursintheinteraction
region
Flameflameandflamewallregionsareseparatedfromthe
lineofsightimages
Theregionsareseparatedbasedonthelocationsofthecentersoftheouternozzles

Chemiluminescenceemission
fromflameflameinteraction
Middle+2*Outer
Outer Outer region
CH*FF = [+]

Chemiluminescenceemission
fromflamewallinteraction
region
CH*FW =CH*Total CH*FF

Thisyieldsreasonableresultswhichmaybemorephysicallymeaningfulsincewe
areisolatingpartsoftheflamethatarebeingsubjecttoverydifferentphenomena
Comparingthistothesummedheatreleaserateofthesameregionsobtained
froma3Dimageyieldeddifferencesofonly1%
Themajorityofheatreleaserateoccursintheflameflame
interactionregionwhenthemiddleflameisattached

MFL MFA

Asaresultwewouldexpectmechanismsrelatedtoflamewallinteractionto
dominatetheresponseoftheliftedflamesandviceversa
Tofurtherinvestigatethestructureofthemultinozzleflame,
3Dimagesetswereobtainedat =0.60and =0.48
=0.48
=0.48
Aswithprevious
investigations,vertical
andhorizontal2D
slicesofthe3Dflame
imagewillbeanalyzed

Middleflamedoesnot
existinthe=0.48
=0.60 case
Asinglelarge
interactionregionis
=0.60 observeddownstream
Analysis of horizontal slices ( = 0.48)
5mm 10mm 25mm 40mm

55mm 70mm 90mm 110mm

Asymmetriesintheflamestructurearemoreevidentinthiscase
Areasoflargeheatreleaseratenearthewallsatthebaseindicativeofflame
spreadingallthewaydowntothedumpplane
Amajorityoftheheatreleaserateoccursattheflamewallinteractionregions
Analysis of horizontal slices ( = 0.60)
5mm 10mm 25mm 40mm

55mm 70mm 90mm

Amajorityoftheheatreleaserateoccursattheflameflameinteractionregions
Thetransienttimescale,relativetootherkeytimescales,may
resultintriggeringofcombustionoscillation

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KimandHochgreb,2012
Verylimiteddataisavailableonthebehaviorofflamesat
differentfuelsplitsexceptinthecasesofflamepiloting

TransientoperationofaSiemensSGT200
(Bulat etal. 2007)

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Source:DavisandBlack,DryLowNOx Combution SystemsforGEHeavyDutyGasTurbines
Datafromourmultinozzlecombustorshowsthatfuelsplitting
changesflamestructureandoscillationduringinstability
=0.6inallnozzles
Sliceacrosscenterofcombustor Sliceacrossinteractionregions

=0.5inouternozzles, =0.8inmiddlenozzle
Sliceacrosscenterofcombustor Sliceacrossinteractionregions
Thefinalareaofinterestistransientsinfuelcompositionfrom
puremethanetohigherlevelsofpropaneandhydrogen

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Source:DavisandBlack,DryLowNOx Combution SystemsforGEHeavyDutyGasTurbines
Overviewofpresentation

Projectobjective
Technicalbackground
Technicalapproach
Projectstructure
Projectbudget
Projectmanagementplanandriskmanagement

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Threetypesoftransientswillbeconsideredintheprogram
thatmimicthetypesoftransientsusedinoperationalturbines

FuelSplitting EquivalenceRatio FuelComposition

=0.6inallnozzles =0.48 0%H2

=0.5inouternozzles, 50%H2
=0.8inmiddlenozzle

=0.60

Imagesobtainedfromworkdone
byAlexDeRosa(2011)

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Thetransientswillbequantifiedusingthreedifferentmetrics:
amplitude,timescale,anddirection
Amplitude
1
Amplitude 1
Amplitude 2
0.9
Equivalence Ratio

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 26
Time
Thetransientswillbequantifiedusingthreedifferentmetrics:
amplitude,timescale,anddirection
Direction
1
Direction 1
Direction 2
0.9
Equivalence Ratio

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 27
Time
Thetransientswillbequantifiedusingthreedifferentmetrics:
amplitude,timescale,anddirection
Timescale
1
Timescale 1
Timescale 2
0.9
Equivalence Ratio

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 28
Time
Experimentalfacilitiesincludebothasinglenozzleandmulti
nozzlecombustor,fuelsplittingonmultinozzleonly

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Overviewofpresentation

Projectobjective
Technicalbackground
Technicalapproach
Projectstructure
Projectbudget
Projectmanagementplanandriskmanagement

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Projectstructureincludesthreestagesofexperimentation:
mapping,transients,andquantification

Mapping Transients Quantification

=0.65

(t,A)

=0.55

Transferfunction

=0.45
q(t,A)

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KimandHochgreb,2012
 Milestonesaredistributedoverthreeyearswithinternships
forgraduatestudentsatGEGlobalResearchintwosummers
Quarter
Milestones 1 Phase5:Testingoffuelcomposition
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 transients
Phase1:Facilityupgradesanddiagnostic 12.Testingoffuelcomposition
installation transientsinmultinozzlecombustor
completed
1.Updatedfacilitydesigncompleted
13.Testingoffuelcomposition
2.Updatedfacilityinstallation transientsinsinglenozzlecombustor
completed completed

3.Shakedowntestingcompleted 14.Reportoffuelcompositiontransient
resultsfrombothcombustorswith
Phase2:Combustoroperationalmapping comparisonandanalysis
4.Testmatrixdesign Phase6:Developmentofprediction

framework
5.Singlenozzlecombustormap
15.Integrationofsinglenozzleand
completed
multinozzleresultsforthreetransient
6.Multinozzlecombustormap
operationtypestoidentify
completed
commonalitiesinflow/flameresults
Phase3:Testingoffuelsplittingtransients
andprecursorsignals
7.Testingoffuelsplittingtransients
16.Developmentandimplementation
completed
ofsignalprocessingtechniquesfor
8.Reportoffuelsplittingtransient
results
utilizingprecursorsinprediction
methods
Phase4:Testingofequivalenceratio
Phase7(optional):Highpressuretesting
transients
9.Testingofequivalenceratio 17.Transienttestsinhighpressure
transientsinmultinozzlecombustor

facilityatGEGlobalResearch
completed
10.Testingofequivalenceratio 18.Implementationofstability
transientsinsinglenozzlecombustor predictionframeworkinhighpressure
testsusingprecursoranalysismethods
completed
11.Reportofequivalenceratio 19.Comparisonofhighpressureresults
transientresultsfrombothcombustors withresultsfromPennState

withcomparisonandanalysis experiments

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Overviewofpresentation

Projectobjective
Technicalbackground
Technicalapproach
Projectstructure
Projectbudget
Projectmanagementplanandriskmanagement

33
Projectbudget

CATEGORY BudgetPeriod1Costs BudgetPeriod2Costs BudgetPeriod3Costs TotalCosts ProjectCosts%

a.Personnel $94,641 $97,005 $99,436 $291,082 38.9%

b.FringeBenefits $20,281 $20,784 $21,309 $62,373 8.3%

c.Travel $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 $6,000 0.8%

d.Equipment $0 $0 $0 $0 0.0%

e.Supplies $5,000 $2,000 $2,000 $9,000 1.2%

f.Contractual
Subrecipient $0 $0 $0 $0 0.0%

Vendor $0 $0 $0 $0 0.0%

FFRDC $0 $0 $0 $0 0.0%

TotalContractual $0 $0 $0 $0 0.0%
g.Construction $0 $0 $0 $0 0.0%

h.OtherDirectCosts $33,322 $78,886 $80,272 $192,480 25.7%

TotalDirectCosts $155,244 $200,675 $205,017 $560,936 $1

i.IndirectCharges $61,813 $61,748 $63,248 $186,809 25.0%

TotalProjectCosts $217,057 $262,423 $268,265 $747,745 $1

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Overviewofpresentation

Projectobjective
Technicalbackground
Technicalapproach
Projectstructure
Projectbudget
Projectmanagementplanandriskmanagement

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ProjectManagementPlan

Task1 Projectmanagementandplanning
Task2 Modificationofcurrentexperimentalfacilitywithmonitoring
diagnosticsandnewhardwarefortransientcontrol
Task3 Mapcombustortimescalesattargetoperatingpoints
Task4 Designoftransientexperiments
Task5 Fuelsplittransients
Task6 Equivalenceratiotransients
Task7 Fuelcompositiontransients
Task8 Dataanalysisanddeterminationofprediction/quantification
framework 36
RiskManagementPlan

Risk1 Testmatrixrepeatability
Randomizedtestmatrixandbaseliningmethodologies
Risk2 Combustorstabilityandsafety
ClosecoordinationwithPSUsafetyofficeandcombustor
monitoring
Risk3 Flameflashback
CombustormonitoringandtestmatrixdesignforH2 additionin
smallincrements
Risk4 Programmaticrisks
PIcoordinationonsharedresourcesandprojecttimeline
Risk5 Costshareimplementation
ContinualcoordinationwithGEGlobalResearchthroughout
durationofprojectwillkeepworkatPSUtiedtoGE,making
internshipsmorefruitful
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Questions?

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