Prediction of Effective Acid Penetration
and Acid Volume for Matrix Acidizing
Treatments in Naturally Fractured
Carbonates
Hongjie Xiong, SPE, SA Holditch and Assocs. Inc.
Summary
This paper discusses a new method and a corresponding computer
model developed to investigate matrix acidizing in naturally frac-
tured carbonates. With this method, the effective acid penetration
distance and acid volume needed for acid treatments in naturally
fractured carbonates can be predicted. The new model simulates
acid flowing in the natural fracture network and the acid/rock reac-
tion. During the simulation, the model considers the influence of
formation temperature, reaction heat, and common ion effect on
acid penetration. A set of graphs showing the relationship between
acid penetration and the acid volume needed in different formations
was developed from numerical simulation results. From these plots,
the acid volume that should be used to remove the formation dam-
age can be determined easily when the formation temperature and
the damage radius are known or can be estimated.
Introduction
Naturally fractured carbonate formations are easily damaged during
drilling, completion, or even workovers owing to fluid invasion into
natural fractures. To remove near-wellbore damage and improve
well productivity, we often use matrix acidizing. Matrix acidizing
can be effective in sandstones where significant acid penetration is
possible, but the depth of acid penetration in carbonates is often ex-
tremely limited because acid is consumed rapidly owing to the
greater solubility of carbonates in acid. To be an effective treatment,
the acid penetration must be greater than the radius of damage;
therefore, it is necessary to predict the acid penetration to determine
the acid volume that should be pumped into the damaged formation.
When injected into a formation, acid flows along the fractures in
naturally fractured carbonates. The farther the acid flows and the
more fractures it passes, the slower the flowing velocity and the
acid/rock reaction rate will be. At the same time, acid flows into the
matrix blocks from natural fractures. The pressure in matrix blocks
rises with time, so the flow rate decreases in the fractures. Accord-
ingly, the acid/rock reaction (while acid is flowing in a fractured car-
bonate) is unsteady-state and is quite difficult to describe and solve
for mathematically. By using a steady-state successive replacement
method, however, we can study this sophisticated flow-reaction
problem.
Over several decades, many authors l -4 have studied the acid/rock
reaction when acid is flowing in a single fracture induced by hydrau-
lic pressure. Others 5-8 have studied wormhole growth in carbonate
matrix acidizing. When acid is injected into a carbonate, the acid
flows preferentially into the highest-permeability regions-the
large pores, vugs, or natural fractures. The rapid dissolution of the
matrix material enlarges these initial flow paths, so the acid soon
forms large, highly conductive flow channels called wormholes.
Little information has been published, however, about acid pe-
netration in naturally fractured carbonates, where the main flow
channels for the acid are natural fractures. The flow pattern will be
different from that in unfractured carbonates (or those with almost
Copyright 1994 Society of Petroleum Engineers
Original SPE manuscript received for review March 21. 1993. Revised manuscript received
March 11. 1994. Paper accepted for publication Oct. 27.1993. Paper (SPE 25410) first pre-
sented at the 1993 SPE Production Operations Symposium held in Oklahoma City. March
21-23.
188
no natural fractures). Especially in places with wide natural frac-
tures, the fluid flow will be similar to that in artificial fractures in-
duced by hydraulic pressure. Little has been written about the acid/
rock reaction when acid is flowing in naturally fractured carbonate
reservoirs. Xiong and Ren9 developed a method to simulate the
acid/rock reaction for this situation, but they did not provide solu-
tions for their equations.
This study improves Xiong and Ren's9 method and solves the
equations that can be used to predict the acid penetration distance
in a naturally fractured carbonate reservoir. To predict acid penetra-
tion, we have considered the influence of the common ion effect,
formation temperature, and the heat generated by the acid/rock reac-
tion. We have combined three models: (l) an acid-flow-velocity dis-
tribution model in the naturally fractured carbonate, (2) an acid/rock
reaction model, and (3) temperature-distribution models both in the
wellbore and in a fracture during injection.
A set of graphs shows the relationships among acid volume, acid
injection rate, and acid penetration distance, which can be used in
practical treatment designs. Included in the study is the influence of
several factors on acid penetration, including acid injection rate,
acid volume, acid concentration, natural fracture width, and natural
fracture frequency (defined as the number of natural fractures per
unit thickness of formation). From the simulation results, a few use-
ful recommendations are derived for the practical design of matrix
acid treatments in naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs. Finally,
use of the new graphs is demonstrated with an example.
Mathematical Modeling
Fracture distribution is irregular in a naturally fractured carbonate
reservoir; however, we can use a network model lO to simplify the
natural fracture distribution (Fig. 1). When designing an acid treat-
ment, we do not (in fact, we need not) know the concentration dis-
tribution in every fracture. What we are concerned with is the acid
penetration distance from the wellbore. In other words, we want to
know the effective acid penetration radially from the wellbore.
To estimate the acid penetration distance, we assume that a frac-
ture stretches from the wellbore to the formation. We have to solve
for only the concentration distribution in the fracture, from which
we can estimate the effective acid penetration distance. Therefore,
if we know the acid velocity in the fracture, we can estimate the ef-
fective acid penetration in the fracture with the aid of the acid con-
centration profile.
Acid Velocity Distribution in a Naturally
Fractured Reservoir
As discussed above, we can use a network model to represent the
arbitrarily distributed fractures in a naturally fractured reservoir. In
this situation, the following equations can be used to describe the
state of the fluid (acid) that is flowing in a naturally fractured reser-
voir. 10
.............. (1)
SPE Production & Facilities. August 1994
 UI
y
ct
Fig. 1-Simplified model of a naturally fractured formation.
VI
The initial condition is
Fig. 2-Model of acid/rock reaction in a fracture.
t = O,p(r,O) = Pi' .............................. (2)
at To, which depends on both the acid and the rock; To is the labora-
The boundary condition in an injection well can be written as
tory temperature where Deo or ko are measured (To for Deo and ko
may not be the same); and a and b are experimental parameters for
.................. (3) the common ion effect, which depends on the fresh acid concentra-
tion.
For a naturally fractured reservoir, we can assume the following. The velocity terms in Eq. 6 can be written as

1. k2=0. In the model shown in Fig. 1, we can eliminate the flow

in a matrix system because the permeability of the fractures is much
larger than that of the matrix blocks.
2. I=O. In a dual-porosity model, the volume occupied by the
fractures is much less than that occupied by the matrix blocks.
Therefore, we can eliminate the mass change induced by the com- _ 3 2Y ) .
1 3 ( ~ _- w
pressibility of the fluid in the fractures; it is very small compared fl(~) - 2~ - 2~' . .................... (8)
with the mass change produced by the fluid flowing through the ma-
trix. Based on the above assumptions and Eqs. I through 3, we can To estimate the acid leakoffrate, VI, we divide the assumed frac-
predict fluid velocity in the reservoir by9 ture into many segments with length LI (see Fig. 2). Then, we as-
sume that the density of acid flowing into the segment is PI, and the
'" density of acid flowing out the segment is P2. If the segment is small
VD = r~ - f J1(SrD)( 1 enough, the acid density in the segment of the fracture can be
approximated by the average of PI and P2; therefore, we have the
o following equation based on mass conservation,
....................... (4)

where P1V1wh - P2 V 2Wh = 2V 1L 1h(Pl ; P2). (9)

r fa 2:n: h{t ,{rj Thus, the average leakoff rate in the segment will be
rD = ,(rj,fD = Yi' VD = --q-' .................. (5)

Acid Concentration in a Fracture

Once we know the acid velocity profile in a fracture, we can esti- where the acid density is a function of the acid concentration, and
mate the acid penetration in the fracture. Many studies 2-4 have VI and V2 can be obtained from VD in Eq. 4.
shown that we can use the following equation group to simulate the
acid/rock reaction when acid is flowing along a fracture in a carbon- Temperature Distribution
ate formation, as Fig. 2 shows: The acid/rock reaction rate increases as temperature increases in the
fracture. The temperature distribution in a fracture is dependent on
v dC dC
dX + V ay = l...(D
dy e dC)
dy
the temperature at the fracture entry in the well bore and the forma-
tion temperature. The bottomhole temperature (BHT) depends on
x = O,C = Co the injection rate, surface temperature, and formation temperature.
During matrix acidizing, the temperature distribution is unsteady,
y = O,dCjdy = 0 usually because of a short period of injection. In this study, the
Eickmeier and Rameyll and Xiong l2 models are used to estimate
y = I' - De ~; = k~(1 - )...................... (6)
BHT during the injection period, and Xiong's modeI 9 ,12,13 is used
to simulate the temperature distribution in a fracture:
Ren and Xiong4 have shown that both the common ion effect and 'P(g)

temperature significantly affect the acid penetration in a fracture.

Therefore, we should modify the effecti ve mass transfer coefficient,
~ -=- ~: = 1- (1 - 2~:X)2M(l-<P), ............... (11)
De, and the reaction kinetics constant, k, in Eq. 6 as follows:
where
De = DeoaC;exp[El(T - To)/RTTol

k = k oexp[E2(T - To)/RTTol, ..................... (7)

where Deo is the effective mass transfer coefficient for the fresh acid
at the initial temperature, To; ko is the acid-reaction kinetics constant

SPE Production & Facilities, August 1994 189

 0.40

0.35
calculate bottomhole temperature

S 0.30
calculate acid flow rate
1 0.25
"c
calculate temperature in the fracture ~ 0.20
]
< 0.15
calculate acid concentration prolile in
the fracture
0.10

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20

Acid Injection Rate (cu. mlmImin)

Fig. 4-lnfluence of injection rate and acid concentration on acid

penetration.

where

UoX R; 2v l x
R*=-2v' R* =-UoW
Fig. 3-Flow chart showing the calculation method.

Calculation Method V KwC~-I(1 - )

To solve Eq. 4, we can use a numerical integration method. We have
Sc = 15'
e
p = 2D eo .
to be careful, however, because there is a first-order Bessel function Discretizing Eq. 13 with a finite-explicit-difference method, we
h(STD) in Eq. 4. We first find all zero points of Jl(Srv) in [0, 00], di- have
vide [0, 00] into segments based on the zero points, and, finally, inte-
grate Eq. 4 segment by segment until we reach a given accuracy. To
solve Eq. 6, a numerical differential method has been used. We first
introduce the following dimensionless variables. (i = 2, ... ,n,;k = 0,1,2,3, ... ), (14)

where
(12)
C~i = I,(i = 1,2, ... ,n, + 1)
Then, Eq. 6 can be rewritten in a dimensionless form:
k k
= C D2
(
I _.&)* f'(r)oCov + .&* f(r)oco~
R
O
R
O = _1_L(D*oC
R * Sc o~
O)
e o~
C DI

PLl~( C~I+n,r - C~I+n, + C~n, =

I." I."
O. . .......... ,. (15)
V = 0, Co = I
We can solve Eqs. 4, 14, 15, and the temperature distributions, Eq.
."r = 0 , oC
D = 0
11,4.12 simultaneously. The detailed solution method can be found
o~
in Refs. 4 and 12. Because we are concerned with the acid penetra-
tion distance at the end of injection, we use only the acid concentra-
~ = :;: I, O~D = PC~, ............................ (13)
tion at the end of treatment. The overall procedure for determining
the acid penetration distance is as follows (see Fig. 3).

10~--------------------~--~

~
70 'c
15% HC\
1.0m '1m ,tid
I fraCbJre per
meier fonnatioo
DoIomIle

0.1 oI"_ _~
0.1

Acid Injection Rate (cu. mlmlmin) Natural Fracture Width (m)

Fig. 5-Effect of lithology on acid penetration. Fig. 6-lnfluence of fracture width on acid penetration.

190 SPE Production & Facilities. August 1994

 =
T.40 'c, fraclure wldlh 0.5 DUD,
0.16 =-----------------. Umoslooe, fraclure frequeocy=1 #Im

5 ,I ,
oJ~M~D1 t.os
"acid volut:ne =S cu. nVm II
OOOS
0.1
O.2m ImIjD
0.14 10C, Limesloo. ,~

15% HC!, 0.01 cu. mlmlmio

O.OOOS m fraClwe widlb

0.12 .....--....... .................... .~- f-~- .. ..

~.-
----- ---_.
0.10

0.08
....... ~ ~
.J
o
0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
0.1 1 10
Fracture Frequency (111m) Acid Penetration (m)

Fig. 7-lnfluence of natural fracture density on acid penetration. Fig. 8-Acid penetration for limestone at 40C.

1. We divide the assumed fracture, which stretches from the well-
bore into the formation, into many small segments.
2. We calculate BHT.
3. We solve Eq. 4 to obtain fluid velocity distribution in the
formation.
4. At the time when acid injection is finished, we simultaneously
solve the fracture temperature equation (Eq. 11) and the acid con-
centration equations (Eqs. 14 and 15) segment by segment, until the
acid is exhausted or does not flow any more.
Results and Discussion
Using the calculation method described above, we have simulated
many cases of acid penetration in naturally fractured formations,
where we have considered the influence of the common ion effect,
surface temperature, formation temperature, and the heat generated
by the acid/rock reaction. Using the simulation results, we have de-
veloped a set of graphs (Figs. 4 through 14) that can be used to
choose an optimal acid volume and injection rate for a specific
formation. These results show that several factors, such as injection
rate, acid concentration, lithology, natural fracture width, fracture
frequency, formation temperature, and acid volume, will affect acid
penetration dramatically.
Injection Rate. Acid injection rate is the most important factor af-
fecting acid penetration (Figs. 4 through 14). The effective acid pe-
netration will increase significantly as the injection rate increases.
The probable reasons for the increased penetration are that a higher
injection rate can push the acid deeper into the formation in a limited
time and will decrease the BHT and the temperature in the fracture,
The acid/rock reaction is low when the formation temperature is low
(Fig. 4) or the formation rock is dolomite (Fig. 5). Figs. 4 and 5 show
that higher injection rates at lower acid/rock reaction rates will lead
to more acid penetration than in a formation with a higher acid/rock
reaction rate. Because the acid/limestone reaction rate is so fast, the
influence of injection rate on acid penetration in limestone is not as
large as it is in dolomite. Therefore, to improve the effective acid pe-
netration, we should inject acid as fast as possible during matrix aci-
dizing, provided that we keep the treating pressure below fracturing
pressure.
Acid Concentration. As Fig. 4 shows, higher acid concentrations
will improve the acid penetration in a fracture. The amount of acid
concentration represents the H+ mass transfer rate. For fresh Hel,
the H+ mass transfer rate decreases as the acid concentration in-
creases. The acid/rock reaction rate is dramatically affected by the
H+ mass transfer rate. The higher mass transfer rate usually speeds
up the acid/rock reaction.

T=70 'e, fraClure frequency =1#Im, T=IOO'C. fraclure frequency=I#/m

=
Umoslone, fraclure width 0.5 nun Limestone, fracture width=O.5mm

...~ 4 4
g
~ 3 3
~
;

]
<
~
'0
>
2

1 H-~--++/~t- I
oILL~~aV==-3:~g:
:::1:=:I;=---.JI~
Ii bY
0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
Acid Penetration (m) Acid Penetration (m)

Fig. 9-Acid penetration for limestone at 70C. Fig. 10-Acid penetration for limestone at 100C.

SPE Production & Facilities, August 1994 191

 T=40 C, fracture wid!h:{).loun,
T= ISO C, fracture frequency=I.Im, Dolomite, fraCbJre &equency=1 .Im
umestooe, fracture width O.SDDn
5
5
! 10.1 ! ,I I 111111111 ! I/! II
..,]'
0.0005
.005
.Ql U 0.2m /mimi
J 4 roo
!I=O.oool,IE ' I"n
--
0.0 I '.Ql 0.1

t=
4 ....... .... ~~ . g
g
6' 6'
:I: 3
.Q
~ 3 -,,- ............. " -- 1""'" - ,-- .- f- .
~ 3
B
s"
.g
2 i
>
2 1
I
>
-c
'u
<t:
1

o~~~~~--~~--~--~--~
-c
'0
<t:
1 - _.V
~
i II
2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8
0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.01 0.1 1 10
Acid Penetration (m) Acid Penetration (m)

Fig. 11-Acid penetration for limestone at 150C. Fig. 12-Acid penetration for dolomite at 40C.

Lithology. The acid/dolomite reaction rate is much slower than the concentration. The acid/rock reaction releases heat that will also af-
acid/limestone reaction rate because the acid/dolomite reaction is fect the acid/rock reaction rate. 3,4,12 In the calculations given here,
controlled by the acid/rock surface reaction rate and the acid/lime- we have considered the effect of the heat generated by the acid/rock
stone reaction is controlled by the H+ mass transfer rate from the reaction on the actual acid penetration distance.
acid to the rock surface. Fig. 5 shows that acid penetration in dolo-
mite is much higher than in limestone. Acid Volume. For a given formation, the volume of acid injected
has little influence on acid penetration (Figs. 8 through 14) mainly
Natural Fracture Width because the acid/carbonate reaction rate is extremely fast. Increas-
ing the acid volume may increase only the etched fracture width, not
As Fig. 6 shows, acid penetration will increase as the natural fracture
the acid penetration. 4 Therefore, there is an optimal acid volume for
width increases. The wider fracture will decrease the temperature of
a specific formation (Figs. 8 through 14). Keep in mind that the vol-
the acid in the fracture and increase the H+ transfer distance, and
ume of acid injected should be increased if the fracture frequency
acid flow resistance is smaller in the wider fracture, so acid can be increases (Fig. 7).
pushed deeper into the formation.
Example
Fracture Frequency. For a given acid volume, the acid penetration
will decrease as the fracture frequency increases (Fig. 7). Increasing To illustrate how to use the graphs given here, consider the follow-
fracture frequency will decrease the fluid velocity in the fractures. ing example. An engineer is trying to design a matrix acidizing in
The lower fluid velocity results in decreased acid penetration. a naturally fractured dolomite with the parameters in Table 1. The
maximum injection rate (m 3/min), without fracturing, will be 14
Formation Temperature. Acid penetration decreases as formation
temperature increases (Fig. 4). Acid/rock reaction rate increases as
temperature increases. In a low-temperature formation, a high acid qrnax = 3.7702 - 05 [ 3 ] ' ......... (16)
concentration gives much longer acid penetration than a low acid f1 In(re/rw) - 4 + s

T=70 c, fracture width=O.l nun,

DolOmite, fraenue frequency=llllm T=l00 0 C, fracture widlh::O.lmm,
Dolomite, fracture frequency=1 '/m
5
r I I 1111111 Io,OOtI I ~.t I 5

~L
! q = O.ooolm 11m/min
oJ
r I I !!IIll! I I
0.001 : 0.01

g
4 --,- ~- - , -- -- o.u ....

-,-" '"' l' ' ]'

'"
g 4
q = O.ooolm '/mImin
r-- ...
6' 6'
:I:
3 . -- ~ .. -- i'-' ..

lt~:
~
3 . . WYY>
~- ~"'''''o ~ on

B ~

J
'-'

~
-- ... e"
"0
>
2 ~
i- 0
~.".
,~

"0
>
2 .............. - _. .... ~ . --- ,... ........ ...... ....

l/
-c
'0
-< ~
1 -, ........ n ....... .... u ...... .....
<t:
1
~
-
2 4 6 8 2 468 2 4 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 4
0.01 0.1 1 0,01 0.1 1
Acid Penetration (m) Acid Penetration (m)

Fig. 13-Acid penetration for dolomite at 70C. Fig. 14-Acid penetration for dolomite at 100C.

192 SPE Production & Facilities, August 1994

 TABLE 1-DATA FOR THE EXAMPLE Cw = acid concentration at the fracture wall
De = effective mass transfer coefficient of H+
Acid concentration. % 15 Deo = effective mass transfer coefficient of H+ at
Acid type HCI
Acid viscosity. cp 1.05 temperature To
Average permeability. md 50 De * = dimensionless De
Drainage radius. m 200 ' = dimensionless variable
Formation depth. m 2000 1 = activation energy of De
Formation temperature. C 70 2 = reaction activation energy
Formation thickness. m 5
Fracture frequency. no./m 1 il = function
Fracture gradient. atm/m 0.2 h = fracture height, formation thickness
Lithology Dolomite i = variable
Natural fracture width. mm 0.1 JI = the first order Bessel function
Reservoir pressure. atm 200 k = reaction rate constant
Skin factor 10 kl = permeability in fracture system
Wellbore radius. m 0.08
k2 = permeability in matrix system
""m = thermal conductivity of formation
That is, LI = fracture segment length
m = order of surface reaction
qmax = 3.7702 - OS (SO)(S)t020~~(0.2~ - (20)0)]. ns = variable
LOS In 0.08 - 4+ 10 p = pressure
P = dimensionless reaction rate constant
Thus, the maximum injection is about 0.02 m 3/min. If the perme- q = flow rate
ability in the damaged zone,~, is S md, the radius of damage will qo = flow rate in the fracture at the inlet of the segment
be 0.24 m based on the following equation. 14 r = radius
re = drainage radius
rd = rwexPCa/k~ _ I)' ........................ (17) rw = wellbore radius
R' = dimensionless variable
RI* = dimensionless variable
From Fig. 13, we find that the acid volume required to remove the
s = dimensionless variable
damage (0.24 m) at 0.02 m3/min is about the O.S m3/m. Therefore,
S = skin factor
the total volume IS% Hel acid is 2.5 m 3.
Sc = dimensionless variable
t= time
Conclusions
T = temperature
1. This paper provides a method to predict acid penetration dur- 1) = initial formation temperature
ing matrix acidizing in naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs. Tw = temperature at the inlet of the segment
2. A set of graphs (Figs. 4 through 14) showing the relationships To = laboratory temperature to measure a parameter
among acid penetration, acid injection rate, and acid volume needed U = fluid velocity in x direction
in different formations has been developed from numerical simula- Uo = fluid velocity at the entry of a fracture
tion results. Using these graphs, we can easily calculate the acid vol- UI = fluid velocity into a segment
ume that should be used to remove the damage once the formation U2 = fluid velocity out of a segment
temperature, radius of damage, and other formation conditions are VI = fluid leakoff rate
known or estimated. V = fluid velocity
w = average fracture width
Recommendations X= variable

The following recommendations are made for the design and imple- y = variable
mentation of matrix acidizing in naturally fractured carbonate reser- Z' = dimensionless variable
voirs. These suggestions should be useful for designing practical a = escape coefficient
treatment designs. ~ = dimensionless variable
1. Acid injection should be as fast as possible to improve acid pe- 1] = dimensionless variable
netration and to decrease treatment time, within the limitations pro- ~ = viscosity
vided by the maximum allowable surface injection pressure and the v = dimensionless variable
fracturing pressure of the formation. v = kinematic viscosity
2. There is an optimal acid volume for a given formation. Increas- s = dimensionless variable
ing the acid volume may not improve acid penetration. Pj = density of fluid
3. Based on considerations of acid corrosion and effective acid Pm = density of rock
penetration distance, higher-concentration acids should be used in PI = fluid density into a segment
low-temperature formations, while lower-concentration acids P2 = fluid density out of a segment
should be used in high-temperature formations. 1> = porosity
!jf = function
Nomenclature
a = experimental constant Subscripts
A' = dimensionless variable D = dimensionless
b = experimental constant I = fracture system
c = compressibility 2 = matrix system
C = acid concentration
q = specific heat of fluid Acknowledgment
Cm = specific heat of rock My thanks to David Lancaster at S.A. Holditch & Assocs. Inc. for
Co = initial acid concentration his help in editing this manuscript.

SPE Production & Facilities, August 1994 193

Reference. 13. Xiong, H.: "A New Temperature Field Model in a Fracture," J. SWPl
1. Roberts, L.D. and Guin, J.A.: "A New Method for Predicting Acid Pe- (China) (June 1987).
netration Distance," SPEJ (Aug. 1975) 227. 14. Recent Advances in Hydraulic Fracturing. J.L. Gidley et al. (eds).
2. Williams, B.B. and Nierode, D.E.: "Design of Acid Fracturing Treat- Monograph Series. SPE, Richardson, TX (1989).
ment," JPT(July 1972) 849; Trans., AIME, 253.
3. Lee, M.H. and Roberts, L.D.: "The Effect of Heat of Reaction on Tem- 51 Metric Conversion Factors
perature Distribution and Acid Penetration in a Fracture," SPEJ (Dec.
1980) 501.
atm x 1.013 250* E+05= Pa
4. Ren, S. and Xiong, H.: ''The Influence of Temperature Field and Com- bbl x 1.589 873 E-Ol = m3
mon Ion Effects on Acid Penetration in a Fracture," SPEPE(Aug. 1989) cp x 1.0* E+OO = mPa' S
221. ft x 3.048* E-Ol = m
5. Hoefner, M.L. and Fogler H.S.: " Fluid-Velocity and Reaction-Rate Ef- OF (OF-32)/1.8 = C
fects During Carbonate Acidizing: Application of Network Model," gal x 3.785412 E-03 = m3
SPEPE (Feb. 1989) 56. in. x 2.54* E+OO= em
6. Daccord, G., Touboul, E., and Lenormand, R.: "Carbonate Acidizing:
Toward a Quantitative Model of the Wormholing Phenomenon," 'Conversion factor is exact. SPEPF
SPEPE (Feb. 1989) 63; Trans., AIME, 287.
7. Hoefner, M.L. et al.: "Role of Acid Diffusion in Matrix Acidizing of
Carbonates," JPT(Feb . 1987) 203; Trans ., AIME, 283. Hongjie Xiong joined SA Holdltch & Assocs. Inc. in College Sta-
8. Hung. K.M., Hill. A.D . and Sepehmoori, K.: "A Mechanistic Model of tion, TX, after earning a PhD degree in petroleum engineering
Wormhole Growth in Carbonate Matrix Acidizing and Acid Fractur- from Texas A&M U. in 1992. He previously was a lecturer at the
ing," JPT(Jan. 1989) 59; Trans., AIME, 287. Southwest Petroleum Inst. in China, where he earned MS and BS
9. Xiong. H. and Ren. S.: "Study of Velocity Field. Temperature Field. and degrees in petroleum engineering. Xiong 's technical interests
Concentration Distribution When Acid Is Flowing and Reacting in a include well stimulation and artificial Intelligence applications
Fractured Carbonate Formation." paper SPE 16438 available at SPE. in petroleum engineering.
Richardson. TX (1987).
10. Van Golf-Racht, T.D.: Fundamentals of Fractured Reservoir Engineer-
ing. New York City (1982).
11 . Eickrneier, J.R. and Ramey. H.1.: "Wellbore Temperature and Heat
Losses During Production or Injection Operations," paper presented at
the CIM 21 st Annual Technical Conference, Calgary. Alta . May 1970.
12. Xiong, H.: ''The Design Method of Pad-Fluid Acid Fracturing," MS the-
sis. Southwest Petroleum Inst.. Nanchang, China (1985).

194 SPE Production & Facilities, August 1994