QUANTITATIVE .

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APTITUDE SHORTCUTS i r e
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AND TRICKS kA FOR www.bankAspire.in

COMPETITIVE an EXAMS
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A handbook for Quantitative aptitude shortcuts and formulas
 QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE SHORTCUTS AND TRICKS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS V.2

Contents
Chapter 1:Basic Math Shortcuts
1. Division-shortcuts
2. Multiplication-shortcuts
3. Square-Shortcut Tricks
4. Cubes-Shortcut
5. Cube root(for perfect cubes only)

Chapter 2:Ratio and Fractions

1. Ratios-Important rules and shortcuts
2. Comparison of ratios and Fractions

Chapter 3.Simple Interest and Compound Interest

1. Simple Interest
2. Compound Interest
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Chapter4:Mixture and Alligation
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1. When Two quantities are mixed

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2. If more than two different commodities are mixed
3. Removal and replacement
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Chapter 5:Work and Time
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Chapter 6.Profit and loss formulas and shortcuts

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Chapter 7:Pipe And Cistern Shortcuts for Bank Exams

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Chapter8:Time distance and speed

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1. Ratio of speed
2. Average speed
3. Points to be noted while doing 'train and time' problems
4. Boat and stream problems
Chapter9:Permutation and combination important formulas and shortcuts
1.Permutation Formulas and shortcuts
2.Combination Important formulas

Chapter10:Probability formulas
1.Some random experiments and their outcomes
2.Probability of occurrence of an Event
3.Important Results on probability

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 QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE SHORTCUTS AND TRICKS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS V.2

Chapter 1:Basic Maths Shortcuts

1. Division-shortcuts
In division instead of direct division, use factoring method
Example:1848/264=(2*3*4*7*11)/(2*3*4*11)=7

2.Multiplication-shortcuts
SUM 10 METHOD:
Example: 78 and 72. These two numbers, if we add the numbers in the unit's
place, the resultant is 10 and the numbers in the ten's place are both the
same. In such cases, we can have a simple solution.
Step1: multiply the numbers in the unit's place and write down the resultant.
(8*2 = 16)
Step2: say, the number in the ten's digit is a, then multi a*(a+1) and write
down the resultant. => (7*(7+1) = 56)
Step3: write the final result: 5616
Example:118*112 follow above steps . in
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8*2 = 16; and 11*(11+1) = 11*12 = 132. And hence e
the result is: 13216.
In short: ab*ac = (a*(a+1))(b*c)
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Base Method:
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numbers are nearer to an
Base numbers, in general, are nothing but multiples of 10. If the given

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base numbers, then you can follow this method to multiply them.
Example: 98*95 =?

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Here 98 is ,2 less than the base number 100 and 95 is ,5 less than 100. We

98 -2
95 -5
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can write them like this:

The first step will be deducting/subtracting the resultant of the diff between
the base number and the given number with the given number in a crossway!
That is, you need to subtract 98 and 5 (which is the resultant of difference
between the base number and 95) or you can also cross-subtract 95 and 2, the
result will be same. This result forms the 1st part of the resultant at the start.
The last part of the resultant will be multiplication of the differences from
base numbers (i.e., 2 * 5 = 10)
98 -2
95 -5
(98 5) (-2 * -5)
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 QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE SHORTCUTS AND TRICKS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS V.2

Hence, the answer will be: 9310

Example: 998*997 =?
998 -2
997 -3
Observe carefully, in the second part, the multiplication of difference yield in
a single digit number, but no. of zeroes in the base number, here 1000, is
three. Hence add two zeroes before the result. Therefore, the answer will be:
(998-3) | (-2 * -3) = 995006
What if the numbers we get are like this? I mean, the base is 50 here. We will
follow the same procedure as above but a small difference that the resultant
in the first part will be halved. And if the base is 200, then the number will be
doubled and so on based on the base number.

Multiplication with 5,25,50 etc...

Substitute 5 by 10/2,25 by 100/4 and 50 by 100/2.
Examples:
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1. 5*18=18*10/2=180/2=90
2. 24*25=24*100/4=2400/4=600 i r e
3. 73*50=73*100/2=7300/2=3650
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Multiplication with 9, 99,999 etc..
Examples:
1. 13*9=13*(10-1)=130-13=117
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2. 26*99=26*(100-1)=2600-26=2574

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3. 350*999=350*(1000-1)=350000-350=349650

3.Square-Shortcut Tricks
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Method1:Apply (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
Example1:182 = (10 + 8)2 = 102 + 82 + 2 10 8 = 100 + 64 + 160 = 324
Example2:1032 = 1002 + 32 + 2 100 3 = 10000 + 9 + 600 = 10609
Example3:562 = 502 + 62+ 2 50 6 = 2500 + 36 + 600 = 3136

Method2:Square of a number ending with 5

(5)2 = ( + 1) 52
Example1:352 = 3 (3 + 1) 52 = 12 25
Example2:652 = 6 (6 + 1) 52 = 42 25
Example3:1152 = 11 (11 + 1) 52= 132 25

Method3:Squares of numbers from 51-59

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 QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE SHORTCUTS AND TRICKS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS V.2

Add 25 to unit digit and square unit digit

Example1:572= 7 + 25 72= 32 49
Example2:532= 3 + 25 32= 28 09
Example3:592 = 9 + 25 92 = 34 81

Method4:square if you know square of previous number

( + 1) 2 = 2 + + ( + 1)
Example1:312 = 302 + 30 + 31 = 961
Example2:262 = 252 + 25 + 26 = 676
Example3:812 = 802 + 80 + 81 = 6561

(Bankaspire special)
Method 5:Square of a number if you know square of any other number.
Let X and Y be two numbers. You know the square of X then you can deduce
square of Y.
2 2 = ( + )( )
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=> 2 = ( + )( ) + 2
Or 2 = 2 ( + )( ) i r e
Example1:1152 =?
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Choose a nearby number whose square is known to you.
Suppose we choose 110 whose square is 12100

=> 12100 + 5 225 = 13225

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1152 = 1102 + (115 110)(115 + 110)

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Example2:482 = 502 [(50 48)(50 + 48)] = 2500 2 98 = 2304

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Example3:272 = 302 [(30 27)(30 + 27)] = 900 3 57 = 729
Example4:432 = 402 + 3 83 = 1849

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4.Cubes-Shortcut
Apply (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2
Example1:153 = (10 + 5) 3 = 103 + 53 + 3 102 5 + 3 10 52 = 1000 +
125 +
1500 + 750 = 3375
Example2:233 = (20 + 3) 3= 203+ 33 + 3 202 3 + 3 20 32 = 8000 + 27
+3600 + 540 = 12167

5.Square roots (applicable only for perfect squares)

Method 1
Example1:Square root of 2704

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 QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE SHORTCUTS AND TRICKS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS V.2

step1:Seperate number into group of two from right to left ie 27 04.

step2:What number can be squared and less than 27=5, with remainder 2
step3:Bringdown the second group of digits next to remainder to get 204
step4:Double first part of answer to get 5*2=10
step5:Find a number X so that 10 X * X= 204, we get X=2
Thus final answer=52

Example2: Example1:Square root of 9604

step1:Seperate number into group of two from right to left ie 96 04.
step2:What number can be squared and less than 96=9, with remainder 15
step3:Bringdown the second group of digits next to remainder to get 1504
step4:Double first part of answer to get 9*2=18
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Thus final answer=98
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step5:Find a number X so that 18 X * X= 1504, we get X=8

98
9 9604 sp
81
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1881504
1504
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0000
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Method2:Square root by prime factorisation.

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Example1: 44100= (2 2 3 3 5 5 7 7) =2*3*5*7=210
Exampl2:254016 = (9 9 8 8 7 7 = 9 8 7) = 504
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6.Cube root(for perfect cubes only)
13 = 1, 23 = 8, 33 = 27, 43 = 64, 53 = 125, 63 = 216, 73 = 343, 83 = 512, 93
= 729,
Memorize this.
Example1:321952
step1: Divide digits into group of three from right to left 21 952
step2: Last digit of rightmost group is 2.That means number ends with 8
step3: Now consider leftmost group 21.Cube of 2=8 and cube of 3=27 ,since
21 is between them we must use smaller one,2. Thus final answer is 28
Example2:332768
step1: Divide digits into group of three from right to left 32 768

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 QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE SHORTCUTS AND TRICKS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS V.2

step2: Last digit of rightmost group is 2.That means number ends with 8
step3: Now consider leftmost group 32. Cube of 3=27 and cube of 4=64,since
32 is between them we must use smaller one,3. Thus final answer is 32.

Chapter 2:Ratio and Fractions

1.Ratios-Important rules and shortcuts
Example:If P:Q=2:3, Q:R=4:5 then P:R=?
P/R=(P/Q)*(Q/R)=2/3*4/5=8/15,thus P:R=8:15
Example:P:Q:R=2:3:4,then P/Q:Q/R:R/P=?
P/Q:Q/R:R/P=2/3:3/4:4/2=8:9:24
Example:If 2P=3Q=4R then P:Q:R=?
Let 2P=3Q=4R=K,
we get P=K/2,Q=K/3,R=K/4
=> P:Q:R=K/2:K/3:K/4=1/2:1/3:1/4=6:4:3
Example:P:Q=1:2,Q:R=4:5,R:S=10:3 then P:Q:R:S=? . in
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Make the Q term in first and second fraction same and make the R term

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similar in second and third fractions as follows

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P:Q:R:S=2:4:5:3/2=4:8:10:3

2.Comparison of ratios and Fractions

Method1:To compare two fractions we can make either denominators same
or numerators same.
Example:2/5 and 3/10
To find out which is greater, make denominators same. We get 4/10 and
3/10.From this we can conclude,2/5>3/10
or make numerator same

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 QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE SHORTCUTS AND TRICKS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS V.2

Fractions will become 6/15 and 6/20,obviously 6/15>6/20.

Method2:This method can be applied if difference between numerator and
denominator is same for all given fractions.
Example:1/2,3/4,7/8. Here 2-1=4-3=8-7=1.In such cases, just look at the
numerator .Smaller the numerator will be smaller fraction.1/2<3/4<7/8.

Method3:this method is applicable for all fractions.

If a/b and c/d are fractions under consideration, cross multiply numerator
and denominator .ie a*d and c*b.
If a*d>b*c, then a/b>c/d
Example:7/11 and 3/5
cross multiply denominator and numerator. We get 7*5 and 11*3

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Since 7*5>11*3 ,7/11>3/5 i r e
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Chapter 3.Simple Interest and Compound Interest
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1.Simple Interest
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Simple interest is given by the formula I= PRT /100
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P=PRINCIPLE R=RATE OF INTEREST per annum T=TIME PERIOD If

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principle doubles in T years,then R=100/T
If principle triples in T years ,then R=200/T

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If principle becomes four times in T years,then R=300/T

2.Compound Interest
Compound interest is given by,

Amount after T years

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 QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE SHORTCUTS AND TRICKS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS V.2

If rate is R1,R2 & R3 for 1st,2nd and 3rd year respectively then amount
is ,

If difference of S.I and C.I is given for 2 years

Eg:Difference between simple interest on certain sum of money for 2 years

at 4% and compound interest for same period at same rate is 200.Find sum
Ans:Principle=difference*(100/2)2=200*100/2*100/2=RS 500000.
If difference of S.I and C.I is given for 3 years
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be replaced by 2T kA
If amount compounded half yearly R will be replaced by R/2 and T will

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If amount compounded quarterly R will be replaced by R/4 and T will
be replaced by 4T
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Eg :Find the compound interest of Rs.10,000 in 9 months at 4%per annum
interest payable quarterly.

Rate=4/4=1%,Time period= 9 months=3 quarter years.

CI=10,000*((1+1/100)3 -1)=303.01.
If an amount A becomes B in T1 years ,then at T2 years

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 QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE SHORTCUTS AND TRICKS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS V.2

Chapter4:Mixture and Alligation

1.When Two quantities are mixed
If two different commodities, one of which is cheaper than the other, are
mixed to obtain a new mixture, Cost Price of unit value of this new mixture is
called mean price.

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Example:A merchant blends two types of rice costing Rs.15 per kg and Rs.20
per kg .In what ratio should these two rice to be mixed so that resulting
mixture may cost Rs.16.50 per kg.
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Note:
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When water is mixed in milk or any liquid in such away that resulting mixture
gives a profit of x% when sold at C.P of milk/liquid. Then ratio of Quantity

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water:Quantity of milk=x:100
Eg: In what ratio should water be mixed in milk so that seller makes a profit
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of 10% when mixture is sold at cost price of milk? Water : milk
=10:100=1:10.

2.If more than two different commodities are mixed

Eg:If A cost 95 per kg,B cost 60 per kg,C cost 90 per kg and D cost 50 per
kg. They are blended in such a way that the cost price of resulting mixture is
80.In what ratio four commodities are mixed?
To solve these kind of problems follow the steps below
Step1: Arrange them in ascending order
50
60
90

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 QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE SHORTCUTS AND TRICKS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS V.2

95
Step2: Make couples ,one is above mean price and other is below mean price

Step3:Now find difference between price and mean price and write it opposite
to the price linked to it.

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Step3: Required ratio Qt of A: Qt of B: Qt of C: Qt of D=15:10:20:30=3:2:4:6

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Note:

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In n equal sized vessels two liquid P and Q are filled in the ratio

When they are mixed,

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p1:q1,p2:q2,p3:q3.. pn:qn respectively

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If vessels are of different quantities say x1,x2,x3.xn.

3.Removal and replacement

A vessel contains x litre of milk. y litre is drawn and replaced by water.Then
again y litre of solution is replaced by water. If this process is repeated n
times,then

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 QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE SHORTCUTS AND TRICKS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS V.2

Eg:9 litre are drawn from a cask full of milk and then filled with water.9 litre
of mixture are drawn and cask is again filled with water.Quantity of milk now
left in the cask is to that of water in at is as 16:9.What is the capacity of cask
in litre?
Ans:let x be the capacity of cask which is=quantity of initial milk,

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Chapter 5:Work and Time
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For solving work and time problems ,first of all work done in 1 day is

one day is 1/Y kA

calculated.If a person X completes a work in Y days,then Work done by X in

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Work done in 1 day =1/Total days taken to complete the work

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and Total days taken to complete the work=1/Work done in 1 day
If A can do a work in X days and B can do the same work in Y days,in how

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many days A and B together can finish the work
Work done by A in one day=1/X
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Work done by B in one day=1/Y
Work done by A and B together in 1 day=1/X+1/Y
Then total days taken to complete the work by A and B together=1/ Work
done by A and B together in 1 day
=1/(1/X+1/Y)
=1/((X+Y)/XY))
=XY/(X+Y)

Example:If A can do a work in 8 days and B can do the same work in days,in
how many days A and B together can finish the work
Ans:Applying above formula
no of days taken to finish the work=8*6/(8+6)

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 QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE SHORTCUTS AND TRICKS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS V.2

Instead of solving this directly take the LCM of 8 and 6

8*6/(8+6)=LCM(8,6)/(LCM(8,6)/8 + LCM(8,6)/6)=24/(3+4)=24/7=3 3/7

Notes:
*If A completes a work in X days and b completes the same work in Y days
then ratio of work done by A and B in one day will be Y:X
*If A can finish the work in X days ,B can finish it in Y days and C finishes it
in Z days, then no of days taken to complete the work if all three work
together=XYZ/(XY+YZ+XZ)
*If A&B together can finish the work in x days, B&C together finishes in y days
and C&A together finishes in z days,
then work done by A,B and C together in 1day=1/2(1/x+1/y+1/z)
*If a man can do x/y of work in 1 hr, then he will take y/x hrs to finish the
Work

Chapter 6.Profit and loss formulas and shortcuts

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Cost price(C.P)is the price at which a particular article is bought.
Selling price(S.P) is that price at which a particular item is sold.
Profit=S.P - C.P
Loss =C.P- S.P sp
Profit%=(profit*100)/C.P
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Loss%=(loss*100)/C.P

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the profit or loss percentage is always calculated based on C.P
b
If P sold an article at a profit R1% to Q.Q sold it to R at a profit of R2%
.
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and R sold it to S at a profit of R3%.Then money spent by S for buying
article C.P of S = C.P of P * (1+ R1/100)(1+ R2/100)(1+R3/100).
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Example:A sells a radio to B at a gain of 10% and B sells to c at a gain of
5%.If C pays Rs.462 for it, what did it cost to A?
C.P of radio to C=C.P of radio to A * (1+10/100)(1+5/100)
=> 462=C.P of radio to A * 110/100 *105/100
=>C.P of radio to A=(462*100*100)/(105*110)
=400
if there are two successive profits (R1% and R2%) obtained on an
article then total profit%=(R1+R2+ R1R2/100).

Example:A dishonest shopkeeper deceives by 15% at the time of purchase

of article and also 15% at the time of sale. Find out the profit percentage
Profit%=15+15+(15*15 / 100)=30 + 225/100 =30+2.25=32.25%.

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 QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE SHORTCUTS AND TRICKS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS V.2

If a seller mark P% above cost price and gives a discount of Q%, the final
Profit/loss %=P-Q-(PQ/100).
Example:A car costs a dealer Rs.50,000.Dealer raised price by Rs.10,000
and then deducted 4% of new price.
What is the profit/loss %?
Ans: Let P be the percentage of price raised=(10000/500000) * 100 =20%
Discount %=4%
profit %=(20-4- 20*4/100 ) =15.2%

Chapter 7:Pipe And Cistern Shortcuts

1.If two pipes A and B
A can fill a tank in x hrs
and B can fill the same tank in y hrs
If both pipes are opened simultaneously ,then time taken to fill the tank is
=xy/(x+y)
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Work done by both pipes together in 1hr=1/x +1/y

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2.If two pipes A and B
A can fill a tank in x hrs sp
kA
and B can empty the same tank in y hrs
If both pipes are opened simultaneously ,then time taken to fill the tank is
=xy/(y-x)
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b
Work done by both pipes together in 1hr=1/x -1/y
.
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3.If three pipes A ,B and C
A can fill a tank in x hrs
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B can fill the same tank in y hr
and C takes z hrs for filling the same tank.
If three pipes are opened simultaneously ,then time taken to fill the tank is
=xyz/(xy+yz+xz)
Work done by three pipes together in 1hr=1/x +1/y +1/z
Example: A can fill the tank in 28hrs
B can fill the tank in 14 hrs
and C takes 7hrs.
If all three pipes are opened simultaneously ,how long it will take to fill the
tank?
Ans:time taken=(28*14*7*)/(28*14 + 14*7 + 28*7)
To solve this quicker find out LCM(28,14,7)

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 QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE SHORTCUTS AND TRICKS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS V.2

we get 28
Time taken =28/(28/28 + 28/14 + 28/7)
=28/(1+2+4)
=28/7
=4

4.If A can fill a tank in x hrs

B can fill the same tank in y hr
and C takes z hrs for emptying the same tank.
If three pipes are opened simultaneously time taken to fill the tank
is=xyz/(yz+xz-xy)
Work done by three pipes together in 1hr=1/x +1/y -1/z
Example: A can empty the tank in 28hrs
B can fill the tank in 14 hrs
and C takes 7hrs for filling.
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If all three pipes are opened simultaneously ,how long it will take to fill the
tank?
i r
Ans:time taken=(28*14*7*)/(28*14 - 14*7 + 28*7)
e
sp
To solve this quicker find out LCM(28,14,7)
we get 28

kA
Time taken =28/(-28/28 +28/14 + 28/7)
=28/(-1+2+4)
=28/5
an
=5.6 hrs
. b
=5hr 36 minutes
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Chapter8:Timewdistance and speed
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speed=distance/time
Unit of speed is km/hr or m/s
If speed is given in km/hr,then inorder to convert it in to m/s multiply
by 5/18
1km/hr=5/18m/s
If speed is given in m/s,then inorder to convert it in to km/hr multiply
by 18/5
1.Ratio of speed
If ratio of speed of two moving object is a:b, then ratio between times
taken for covering same distance is b:a.

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 QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE SHORTCUTS AND TRICKS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS V.2

If two objects A and B moving in opposite direction from two different

places reach at common point in t1 and t2 hrs respectively Then Speed
of A:Speed of B=sqrt(t2/t1)
2.Average speed
average speed=total distance/total time taken.
If a moving object covers a certain distance with a speed of x km/hr and
again covers same distance with a speed of ykm/hr, then average speed
is 2xy/(x+y).
If a moving object covers a certain distance with a speed of x km/hr and
again covers same distance with a speed of ykm/hr and again with
zkm/hr,then average speed is=3xyz/(xy+yz+xz)
3.Points to be noted while doing 'train and time' problems
If two trains are travelling in same direction ,then their relative speed is
equal to difference of their speeds.Then Time taken by the fast train to

their speed . in
cross the slower train is =Sum of lengths of both trains/difference of

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If two trains are travelling in opposite direction ,then their relative
i
sp
speed is equal to sum of their speeds.Then time taken to pass one
another is =Sum of lengths of both trains/sum of their speed.

is equal to its length

kA
when a train is clearing a pole or a point, then distance covered by train

n
When a train is covering a platform or bridge or tunnel ,then distance
a
. b
covered by train is equal to sum of the length of train and the length of
platform/tunnel/bridge.

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When a moving train crosses another train, then distance covered is
equal to sum of lengths of both trains.

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Example: A 480-metre-long train crosses a platform in 140 seconds. What is
the speed of the train?
Ans:Cannot be determined, since length of platform is not given

Example: A train 100m long is running at 21km/hr and another train 150m is
running at 36km/hr in the same direction. how long will the faster train take
to pass the other train?
Sum of length of both train=100+150=250m
difference of their speed is=36-21 km/hr=15km/hr=15*(5/18) m/s=25/6
m/s
Time taken=250/(25/6)=60 seconds.

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 QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE SHORTCUTS AND TRICKS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS V.2

4.Boat and stream problems

If speed of stream=xkm/hr and speed of boat in still water is ykm/hr
then speed of boat in downstream=x+y km/hr
speed of boat in upstream=y-x km/hr
If speed of boat in upstream and speed of boat in down stream is given
then, speed of boat in still water=1/2(speed in upstream+speed in
downstream)
speed of stream=1/2(Speed in downstream - speed in upstream)
Example: A boat is moving at 30 km/hr upstream, when it travels down
stream its speed is 36km/hr.What is the speed of boat in still water and
what is the speed of stream?
Speed of boat in still water=1/2 (30+36)=66/2=33 km/hr.
speed of stream=speed of boat downstream-speed of boat in still water
=36-33=3km/hr
Note:
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A person walks at x kh/hr he reaches destination t1 hrs late,if he walks at y
km/hr,then reaches t2 hrs early
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sp
then distance to the destination =(xy/(y-x)) * (t1+t2)
Example:A person walking at 2km/hr reaches his office 6 minutes late .If he

his house?
kA
walks at 3km/hr he reaches there 6 minute early. How far is the office from

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Distance=(2*3)/(3-2) *((6+6)/60)=6*12/60=1.2 km .
a
. b
Permutation andw
combination important formulas and facts

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Permuation formulas and shortcuts
Factorial:Let n be a positive integer.Then factorial of n denoted by n! is
defined as
n!=1*2*3*..(n-2)*(n-1)*n
Note:0!=1
Permutation: Different arrangement of a given number of things by taking
some or all at a time.
Example:All arrangements made with letters a,b,c by taking two at a time are
ab,ba,bc,cb,ca,ac.
All arrangements made with letters a,b,c by taking all at a time are
abc,bca,cab,cba,acb,bac.

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 QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE SHORTCUTS AND TRICKS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS V.2

Number of permutation:Total number of possible arrangements(permutation)

of n things, taken r at a time, is given by:
nPr =n!/(n-r)!=n(n-1)(n-2).(n-r+1)
Example 1.Arrangement of 3 items taken 2 at atime
3P2=3!/(3-1)!=3*2=6

Example2. Arrangement of 4 items taken all at a time

4P4=4!/(4-4)!=4!/0!=4*3*2*1=24

Permutation :Important point to note

Number of all permutation of n things all at a time is n!

If there are n objects ,m numbers are alike Then number of
permutations of these objects is :n!/(m!)
If there are n objects ,p1 numbers are alike of one kind,p2 objects are
alike of another kind,p3 are alike of third kind and so on and pr are alike

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of rth kind,such that p1+p2+p3+pr=n Then number of

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permutations of these objects is : n!/(p1!.p2!..pr!)

Combination shortcuts and formulas

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Each of different groups or selection which can be formed by taking some or
all of a number of object, is called a combination.

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Suppose we want to select two students from a group of three students

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namely A,B and C.Then, possible selections are AB,BC and CA.
Note AB and BA represents same selection. But in permutation/arrangement

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AB and BA represents two different arrangements.
If we want to select all at a time , then there is only one possibility ABC.

a time is: w
Number of combinations:The number of all combination of n things, taken r at

nCr=n!/((r!)(n-r)!)=[n(n-1)(n-2).upto r factors]/r!
nCr= nC(n-r)
nCn=1
nC0=1

Example: 10C3=10!/(3!)(10-3)!=(10*9*8)/(1*2*3)=120

Probability-Important formulas and facts

Experiment:An operation which can produce some well-defined outcomes is

called an experiment.
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 QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE SHORTCUTS AND TRICKS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS V.2

Random Experiment:An experiment in which all possible outcomes are known

and exact output cannot be predicted in advance is called a random
experiments.For example, rolling a dice,tossing a coin,drawing a card from a
well shuffled pack of cards etc.

Some random experiments and their outcomes

Tossing a coin:

When we toss a coin ,either Head(H) or a Tail(T) appears. If two coins

are tossed simultaneously then possible outcomes are HH,HT,TH and
TT.As number of coins increases possible outcomes also increases.

Rolling a Dice:

a dice possible outcomes are 1,2,3,4,5 and 6. . in
A dice is a solid cube,having 6 faces,marked 1,2,3,4,5 and 6.When we roll

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If we roll two dice simultaneously possible out comes are combination
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of two number (1,1)(1,2)(1,3).(6,6)

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Card is drawn from a pack of cards:

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A pack of card has 52 cards.
It has 13 cards of each suit, namely Spades, Clubs, Hearts and Diamonds.

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Cards of Spade and Club are black.

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Cards of Heart and Diamond are red cards.
There are 4 honours of each suit.These are Aces,Kings,Queens and
w
Jack.These are called face cards.
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Sample space: When we perform an experiment, then the set of all possible
outcomes is called Sample Space.denoted by S.

In tossing a coin S={H,T}

If two coins are tossed S={HH,HT,TH,TT}
In rolling a dice S={1,2,3,4,5,6}

Event:Any subset of Sample Space is called an Event

Probability of occurrence of an Event

Basic formula of probability of occurrence of event is

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 QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE SHORTCUTS AND TRICKS FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS V.2

Let S be the sample space and E be the Event,then probability of occurrence of

E denote by P(E)
P(E)=n(E)/n(S)=Number of favourable outcomes/Number of possible
outcomes

Important Results on probability

P(S)=1
0P(E)1
For any events A and B P(AB)=P(A)+P(B)-
P(AB) =Union,=Intersection
P(A)=1-P(not A)

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