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Prof. univ. dr. Eduard Dinu Asist. univ. drd. Cristina Curea
Academia de Studii Economice din Academia de Studii Economice din
Bucureti, Romnia Bucureti, Romnia
edinu@cig.ase.ro sneagu@ase.ro
Rezumat
Logistica reprezint o activitate de baz n cadrul lanului de creare a valorii finale,
recunoscut de ctre consumatorul final. Crearea avantajului competitiv n domeniul
logisticii se poate realiza fie prin externalizarea operaiilor componente, fie prin
internalizarea acestora. Alegerea formelor i a rutelor adecvate pentru transportul
mrfurilor, proiectarea i exploatarea raional a spaiilor de depozitare, poziionarea
raional a acestora la scara teritoriului deservit, utilizarea mijloacelor moderne de
urmrire a mrfurilor pe fiecare stadiu constituie factorii-cheie de succes n domeniul
logisticii mrfurilor.
Abstract
In the strategic analysis based on value chain concept, logistics represents main
activities. Competing on the global market increase the importance of specific operations
like transport of merchandise, warehouse exploitation, i.e. Creating and sustaining
competitive advantage in the field of logistic activities is achievable through outsourcing or
by in-house strategy. Choosing optimal ways to transport the merchandises, efficient
warehouses design and utilization, adequate positioning oh them on the territory, RFID
monitoring systems are key success factors in logistics.
Introducere Introduction
Dup cum se cunoate, logistica As it is known, the logistics
desemneaz un ansamblu de activiti designates an ensemble of activities that
care asigur accesul produsului de la insure the products access from the
productor la consumator sau la producer to the consumer or the final user.
utilizatorul final. Principalele componente The main components included in the
incluse n termenul generic de logistic generic term of logistics are: the transport
sunt: transportul mrfurilor, stocarea, of the merchandise, stocking,
depozitarea/manipularea i sortarea, storage/manipulation and sorting as well
precum i expediia i recepia mrfurilor. as the delivery and reception of goods.
60 Amfiteatru Economic
The logistics of merchandise AE
160 The dynamics of global maritime merchandise
m
Dinamica traficului maritim global de mrfuri -mil. teu 60
140
40
120
20
100
00
80
0
60
0
40
0
20
0
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010
Graficul 1 Graphic 1
Sursa: International Transport Journal, Global Source: International Transport Journal,
Freight Forwarding (estimri pentru 2007 Global Freight Forwarding (estimations for
2010) 2007 2010)
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Grafic 2 Graphic 2
Sursa: International Transport Journal, Global Source: International Transport Journal,
Freight Forwarding (estimri pentru 2007- Global Freight Forwarding (estimations for
2010) 2007 2010)
62 Amfiteatru Economic
The logistics of merchandise AE
Ca form modern de transport a As a modern form of merchandise
mrfurilor trebuie menionat forma transports we must mentions the container
containerizat care se poate transporta fie form that may be transported single-
unimodal (cu un singur mijloc de modal (by one mean of transport), or
transport), fie multimodal (cu mai multe multi-modal (with several means of
mijloace de transport). transport).
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Graficul 3 Graphic 3
sursa: I.N.S.S.E. date statistice source: I.N.S.S.E. statistical data
64 Amfiteatru Economic
The logistics of merchandise AE
n ceea ce privete structura Concerning the merchandise
transportului de mrfuri pe forme, n transports structure on forms in Romania,
Romnia, la nivelul anului 2006, aceasta in 2006 it presented thus (table 2):
se prezenta astfel (tabel 2):
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
by air
20,000
by sea
10,000
internal fluvial
0
network
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 by road
by railroad
Graficul 4 Graphic 4
Sursa: I.N.S.S.E. date statistice Source: I.N.S.S.E. statistical data
66 Amfiteatru Economic
The logistics of merchandise AE
b) productivitatea fizic a muncii, b)labors physical productivity
exprimat ca raport ntre totalul orelor expressed as a report between the total of
productive i numrul de palei mnuii, productive hours and the number of
indicatorul fiind exprimat n minute ceea handled pallets, the indicator being
ce implic nmulirea cu 60 a raportului expressed in minutes, thing which implies
precedent; the multiplication with 60 of the
c) costul salarial tarifar, precedent report;
determinat prin raportarea cheltuielilor cu c) the tariff salary cost determined
salariile la numrul de ore pltite; by reporting the expenses with salaries to
d) ponderea activitilor administrative the number of paid hours;
n total, obinut prin raportarea d)the total share of administrative
numrului de ore lucrate de ctre activities obtained by reporting the
personalul administrativ la totalul orelor number of hours worked by the
pltite, raport exprimat procentual; administrative personnel to the total of
e) ponderea orelor suplimentare paid hours, report expressed in percents;
n total ore lucrate, exprimat ca raport e) the share of additional hours in
procentual ntre numrul de ore total worked hours expressed as a
suplimentare efectuate i totalul orelor percentage report between the number of
productive; performed additional hours and the total
f) gradul de utilizare a capacitii of productive hours;
de depozitare, obinut ca raport procentual f) the degree of using the
ntre spaiul efectiv ocupat de mrfuri depositing capacity obtained as a
exprimat n metri ptrai i spaiul total de percentage report between the effective
depozitare existent, space occupied by merchandise expressed
g) procentul de reclamaii, in square meters and the total space of
indicator de calitate determinat ca raport depositing existing;
procentual ntre numrul de comenzi cu g)the complaints percentage,
plngeri primite din partea clienilor i quality indicator determined as a
totalul comenzilor. percentage report between the number of
order with complaints received from
clients and the total orders.
Aprecierea performanelor pe baza The appreciation of performances
contului de rezultate implic utilizarea i a based on the results account implies the
datelor cu caracter statistic. Spre use of statistic character data. For
exemplificare, indicatorul marj brut example, the indicator operational gross
operaional n total cifr de afaceri margin in total turnover varies
variaz semnificativ n funcie de forma significantly depending on the forms of
de transport utilizat: transport used:
pentru transportul maritim for the maritime transport the
valorile optimale ale indicatorului se optimal values of the indicator are
situeaz n intervalul 7% - 15%; situated in the interval 7% - 15%;
pentru transportul aerian valorile for the air transport the optimal
optimale sunt cuprinse ntre 15% - 25%; values are included between 15% - 25%;
pentru transportul feroviar for the railroad transport the
intervalul optimal este 1% - 3%; optimal interval is 1% - 3%;
n cazul transportului rutier valoarea in the case of road transport the
optim este cuprins ntre 7% - 12%; optimal value is comprised between 7% - 12%;
68 Amfiteatru Economic
The logistics of merchandise AE
Concluzii Conclusions
Cele dou opiuni strategice majore The two main strategic options
pe baza crora se poate obine based on which one can obtain the
competitivitatea sunt reprezentate fie de competitiveness are represented either by
externalizarea ntregii activiti de the externalization of the entire logistics
logistic, fie de internalizarea acesteia. n activity, or its internalization. Evidently,
mod evident, alegerea strategiei optimale choosing the optimal strategy is based on
se fundamenteaz pe cuantificarea the quantification of the expected effects
efectelor scontate pentru fiecare opiune for each option. Thus, in case the
n parte. Astfel, n cazul n care firma company opts for the externalization of
opteaz pentru externalizarea activitilor the logistics activities, the main
de logistic, principalul avantaj competitive advantage is that it allows it
competitiv este acela c i permite the concentration on the core business in
concentrarea pe activitatea de baz (core which case it disposes of a superior level
business), n cazul creia dispune de un of experience. The main advantage in the
nivel superior de experien. Atuul major case of externalization is related to the
n cazul neexternalizrii este legat de high process coordination between
coordonarea procesual ridicat ntre different phases of the productive
diferitele faze ale proceselor productive, processes, which insures the acceleration
ceea ce asigur accelerarea ciclului de of the production cycle.
fabricaie.
Indiferent de opiunea strategic Regardless of the chosen strategic
aleas operaionalizarea unui set de option the operation of a set of measures
msuri specifice fiecrei operaii n parte specific to each operation is to ensure the
este de natur s asigure crearea i creation and consolidation of an important
consolidarea unui avantaj competitiv competitive advantage under the
important n condiiile n care principala conditions in which the main form of
form de manifestare a rivalitii o manifesting the rivalry is the prices war.
constituie rzboiul preurilor.
References
[1] Dinu E., Strategia firmei: teorie i practic, Editura Economic, Bucureti, 2000
[2] Eurostat, Panorama of transport, 2007
[3] Lazr M. C., Analiza-diagnostic a poziiei financiare, performanelor i fluxurilor de
trezorerie ale ntreprinderilor din domeniul expediiilor de mrfuri tez de doctorat,
A.S.E., 2007, conductor tiinific: prof. dr. V. Robu
[4] Schary B.P., Logistics decisions, The Dryder Press, New York, 1984
[5] www.freightworld.com
[6]www.logisticsonline.com