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Broken Stones Glossary

Created by Emily Wilson Last Updated: 9/17/17

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Concierge- hotel staff member who handles luggage and mail, makes reservations, and arranges
tours.
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Iraq/Baghdad Museum- National Museum of Iraq, located in Baghdad, hosts relics from ancient
Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and Persia. It was looted during the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, and
reopened in 2015.

The front entrance of the National Museum of Iraq.

Amnesty- the act of an authority such as a government by which pardon is granted to a large
group of individuals.
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Lobbying- to promote something, such as a project or secure the passage of legislation by
influencing public officials.

Reservist- a member of a military organisation composed of citizens of a country who combine a


military role or career with a civilian career. They are not normally kept under arms and their
main role is to be available to fight when a nation mobilizes for total war or to defend against
invasion.

Marine- the United States Marine Corp, is a branch of the U.S. Armed Forces responsible for
operations that take place on both land and water in conjunction with the U.S. Navy
Antiquities- relics, monuments, or matters relating to the life or culture of ancient times.

*Definitions taken from Merriam-Websters Dictionary, Wikipedia, Gotyour6.org, Encyclopedia Britannica,


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Broken Stones Glossary
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Marines in Iraq.

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Equilibrium- a state of adjustment between opposing or divergent influences or elements.

Disequilibrium- a lack or equilibrium.

Prose- a literary medium distinguished from poetry especially by its greater irregularity and
variety of rhythm and its closer correspondence to the patterns of everyday speech.

Gilgamesh- the Epics of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia that is
considered as the earliest surviving work of literature.

Mesopotamia- a historical region situated in between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, what is
now parts of modern-day Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey.
*Definitions taken from Merriam-Websters Dictionary, Wikipedia, Gotyour6.org, Encyclopedia Britannica,
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Broken Stones Glossary
Created by Emily Wilson Last Updated: 9/17/17

A map of Mesopotamia where it would be located in the current-day Middle East.

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Memoir- a narrative composed from personal experience.

Ghostwriter- a writer who is hired to author literary or journalistic works, speeches or other texts
that are officially credited to another person.

Black Ops- a secret operation by a government agency or military organization.


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DEA- Drug Enforcement Agency, a U.S. federal law enforcement agency under the Department
of Justice in charge of combating drug smuggling and use.
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CNN- Cable News Network, the first channel to provide 24-hour news coverage.

al-Jazeera- translates to the island (referring to the Arabian Peninsula) is a Qatar state-funded
Arabic news and current affairs television channel, gained worldwide attention as the only news
station to cover the war in Afghanistan live.

*Definitions taken from Merriam-Websters Dictionary, Wikipedia, Gotyour6.org, Encyclopedia Britannica,


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Broken Stones Glossary
Created by Emily Wilson Last Updated: 9/17/17

BBC- British Broadcasting Corporation, the worlds oldest and largest broadcasting network
based in London. The BBC operates in conjunction with Parliament, under an agreement with
the Secretary of State for Culture, Media, and Sport and is funded by a television license fee
charged to all British households.

Republican Guard- a branch of the Iraqi military during the presidency of Saddam Hussein from
1964-2003. The Guard consisted of the most elite forces of the Iraqi army, most of them were
Sunni Arabs, and they were better trained, equipped, and paid than ordinary Iraqi soldiers. They
were disbanded after the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq.

Members of the Republican Guard during the 2003 invasion.

First Recon- 1st Reconnaissance Battalion of the marines. A reconnaissance is the exploration
outside an area occupied by friendly forces to gain information about natural features and enemy
presence. A battalion is a military unit composed of two or more companies.
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Insurgency- a condition of revolt against a government that is less than an organized revolution
and that is not recognized as belligerency.

Insurgents- a person who revolts against civil authority or an established government.

RPGs- a rocket-propelled grenade.

*Definitions taken from Merriam-Websters Dictionary, Wikipedia, Gotyour6.org, Encyclopedia Britannica,


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Broken Stones Glossary
Created by Emily Wilson Last Updated: 9/17/17

A soldier preparing to use an RPG.

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DA- District Attorney (DA) represents the state government in the prosecution of criminal
offenses, and is the chief law enforcement officer and top prosecutor of that state's jurisdiction.

Wayuu- a Native American ethnic group of the Guajira Peninsula in northern Columbia and
northwest Venezuela.
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Howard Beach- an upper middle class neighborhood in the southwest portion of Queens, New
York.
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Crete- the largest and most populated island of Greece, the fifth-largest island in the
Mediterranean.

Theseus- the founder and king of Athens in Greek mythology who kills Procrustes, a villainous
son of Poseidon, and the Minotaur before defeating the Amazons and marrying their queen.

Labyrinth- a maze (as in a garden) formed by paths separated by high hedges or walls

Minotaur- a monster shaped half like a man and half like a bull, confined in the labyrinth built by
Daedalus, the father of Icarus, for Minos, the first king of Crete, and given a periodic tribute of
youths and maidens as food until slain by Theseus.

*Definitions taken from Merriam-Websters Dictionary, Wikipedia, Gotyour6.org, Encyclopedia Britannica,


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Broken Stones Glossary
Created by Emily Wilson Last Updated: 9/17/17

Theseus faces off against the Minotaur in the labyrinth.

Hero and Leander- the Greek myth telling the story of Hero, a priestess of Aphrodite who lived
in a tower on the European side of the Hellespont (in modern-day Turkey), and Leander, a young
man from Abydos on the opposite side of the strait. Leander fell in love with Hero and would
swim every night across the Hellespont to spend time with her. Hero would light a lamp at the
top of her tower to guide his way. One stormy winter night, the waves tossed Leander in the sea
and the breezes blew out Hero's light; Leander lost his way and drowned. When Hero saw his
dead body, she threw herself over the edge of the tower to her death to be with him.

Ares and Aphrodite- Ares is the Greek god of war, Aphrodite is the Greek god of love and
beauty. Ares and Aphrodite had an affair in her husband, Hephaestus house. Hephaestus was
told of the affair by the sun god Helios, and fashioned a finely-knit net to catch the couple. After
catching the couple in their affair, he invited the gods and goddesses to mock them. Ares and
Aphrodite separated and returned to their homelands due to embarrassment.

Ovid- a Roman poet during the reign of Augustus, often ranked as one of the three major poets of
Latin literature. He enjoyed enormous popularity during his time, but was mysteriously sent into
exile by Augustus where he lived until he died.

Amores- Ovids first completed book of poetry, first published in 16 BC in five books, but Ovid
by his own account later edited it down into the three-book edition that survives today.

Archaeologist- someone who practices the scientific study of material remains (such as fossil
relics, artifacts, and monuments) of past human life and activities.
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Ancient Hellenic- period of ancient Greek and Mediterranean history beginning with the death of
Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the beginning of the Roman Empire in 31 BC.

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*Definitions taken from Merriam-Websters Dictionary, Wikipedia, Gotyour6.org, Encyclopedia Britannica,
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Broken Stones Glossary
Created by Emily Wilson Last Updated: 9/17/17

Umm Qasr- a port city in Southern Iraq, the Battle of Umm Qasr was the first military
confrontation in the Iraq War.

Map of Umm Qasr.

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FBI- Federal Bureau of Investigation, the domestic intelligence and security service of the U.S.,
the FBI is the primary federal law enforcement agency, focusing on counter-terrorism,
counterintelligence, and criminal investigation.

Civilians- a person not on active duty in the armed services or not on a police or firefighting
force.
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Nonconcur- to refuse or fail to act together for a common goal.

WMD- a weapon of mass destruction is a nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological or other


weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number of humans or cause great
damage to human-made or man-made structures.
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Centcom- United States Central Command is a place where important military events occur
under the U.S. Department of Defense. It was established in 1983, and includes countries in the
Middle East, Northern Africa, and Central Asia, most notably Afghanistan and Iraq.

*Definitions taken from Merriam-Websters Dictionary, Wikipedia, Gotyour6.org, Encyclopedia Britannica,


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Broken Stones Glossary
Created by Emily Wilson Last Updated: 9/17/17

Map of countries that are part of Centcom.

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Salaam aleikum- an Arabic greeting meaning peace be unto you, used as the standard
salutation among members of the Nation of Islam.
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Satphone- a satellite telephone, that connects to orbiting satellites instead of individual cell
towers. Satphones operate similarly to regular cell phones and are used primarily during times of
war or disaster when cell towers are unavailable.

A satellite telephone/

Mess canteen- an area where military members eat, socialize, and sometimes live.

*Definitions taken from Merriam-Websters Dictionary, Wikipedia, Gotyour6.org, Encyclopedia Britannica,


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Broken Stones Glossary
Created by Emily Wilson Last Updated: 9/17/17

Henry the Fifth- history play by William Shakespeare that tells the story of King Henry V before
and after the Battle of Agincourt during the Hundred Years War. Before the battle, Henry
inspires his troop with the famous St. Crispins Day Speech (Act IV Scene iii 18-67).
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Saddam Hussein- the fifth President of Iraq from 1979-2003, he was a leading member of the
revolutionary Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, and later, the Baghdad-based Ba'ath Party and its
regional organization the Iraqi Ba'ath Party, which preached Ba'athism, a mix of Arab
nationalism and socialism. Saddam played a key role in the July 17th, 1968 Revolution that
brought the party to power in Iraq. He suppressed several movements, particularly Shi'a and
Kurdish movements, which sought to overthrow the government or gain independence, and
maintained power during the IranIraq War and the Gulf War. In 2003, a coalition led by the
U.S. invaded Iraq to overthrow Saddam, in which U.S. President George W. Bush and British
Prime Minister Tony Blair falsely accused him of possessing weapons of mass destruction and
having ties to al-Qaeda. Saddam's Ba'ath party was disbanded and on November 5th, 2006,
Saddam was convicted of crimes against humanity related to the 1982 killing of 148 Iraqi
Shi'ites, and sentenced to death by hanging. His execution was carried out on December 30th,
2006.

Saddam Hussein in military uniform.

Waleykum Salaam- an Arabic greeting often used by Muslims translating to and unto you
peace equivalent to hello or good day in English. It is the standard response to salaam
aleikum.

*Definitions taken from Merriam-Websters Dictionary, Wikipedia, Gotyour6.org, Encyclopedia Britannica,


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Broken Stones Glossary
Created by Emily Wilson Last Updated: 9/17/17

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Cruise missiles- a guided missile that has a terrain-following radar system and that flies at
moderate speed and low altitude.

Cruise missile in flight.

Baath party- a political party founded in Syria by Michel Aflaq, Salah al-Din al-Bitar, and
associates of Zaki al-Arsuzi. The party preached Ba'athism, which is an ideology mixing Arab
nationalist, pan-Arabism, Arab socialist, and anti-imperialist interests. Ba'athism calls for
unification of the Arab world into a single state. Its motto, "Unity, Liberty, Socialism", refers to
Arab unity, and freedom from non-Arab control and interference. The party was founded by the
merger of the Arab Ba'ath Movement, led by Aflaq and al-Bitar, and the Arab Ba'ath, led by al-
Arsuzi, on April 7th, 1947 as the Arab Ba'ath Party. The party quickly established branches in
other Arab countries, although it would only hold power in Iraq and Syria.

Shia Muslim- a branch of Islam which believes that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated
Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor (known as Imam), Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of
Islam, with almost 20% of all Muslims in the world being Shia Muslims. Modern Shia Islam has
been divided into three main groups: Twelvers, Ismailis and Zaidis, with Twelver Shia being the
largest and most influential group among Shia.

Sunni Muslim- the largest denomination of Islam and the worlds largest religious denomination,
Sunnis believe Muhammad did not clearly designate a successor and the Muslim community
acted according to his sunnah in electing his father-in-law Abu Bakr as the first caliph. There is
a history of political tension between Shia and Sunni Muslims.

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Assyrian- a native or inhabitant of ancient Assyria, a major Mesopotamian kingdom and empire
of the ancient Near East, existing between the 25th century BC to the mid-seventh century AD,
located on the Tigris in Upper Mesopotamia.
*Definitions taken from Merriam-Websters Dictionary, Wikipedia, Gotyour6.org, Encyclopedia Britannica,
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Broken Stones Glossary
Created by Emily Wilson Last Updated: 9/17/17

Map of ancient Assyria.

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Bulwark- a solid wall-like structure raised for defense.

Drawing of a soldier standing behind a bulwark.

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Aqeeq ring- a Chalcedony variant of quartz that has importance to Islam as it is considered
sunnah to wear one as Muhammad wore one set in silver on his right hand, both Sunni and Shia
Muslims believe in this.

*Definitions taken from Merriam-Websters Dictionary, Wikipedia, Gotyour6.org, Encyclopedia Britannica,


Military1.com, National Geographic
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Broken Stones Glossary
Created by Emily Wilson Last Updated: 9/17/17

An Aqeeq ring set in silver.

Sectarian- a member of a sect, or a group of people with somewhat different religious beliefs
from those of a larger group to which they belong. Sunni Muslims are a sect of Muslims.
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Iran- country in southwestern Asia bordering in the north on the Caspian Sea and in the south on
the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; an Islamic republic since 1979, formerly an empire;
capital Tehran, population 75,149,669.

Map of Iran.

*Definitions taken from Merriam-Websters Dictionary, Wikipedia, Gotyour6.org, Encyclopedia Britannica,


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Broken Stones Glossary
Created by Emily Wilson Last Updated: 9/17/17

Theocracy- a system of government in which priests rule in the name of a god.


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Lady of Warka- also known as the Mask of Warka or Lady of Uruk, from 3100 BC, is one of
the earliest representations of the human face. The carved marble female face is probably a
depiction of Inanna, the Sumerian goddess of love and beauty. It is approximately 8 inches tall,
and was probably incorporated in a larger wood cult image, though it is only a presumption that a
deity is represented. It is in the National Museum of Iraq, having been recovered undamaged
after being looted when the United States invaded Iraq in 2003.

A photograph of the Lady of Warka mask.

Bassetki Statue- The Bassetki Statue is a monument from the Akkadian period (23502100 BCE)
in Mesopotamia that was found near the village of Bassetki in northern Iraq. The statue was cast
from pure copper, weighs 330 lb and shows a seated, nude human figure on a round pedestal.
Only the lower part of the figure is preserved. The pedestal contains an inscription in Akkadian
indicating that the statue once stood in the doorway of a palace of the Akkadian ruler Naram-Sin.
The statue was looted from the Iraq Museum during the 2003 invasion of Iraq but subsequently
retrieved and returned to the museum.

*Definitions taken from Merriam-Websters Dictionary, Wikipedia, Gotyour6.org, Encyclopedia Britannica,


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Broken Stones Glossary
Created by Emily Wilson Last Updated: 9/17/17

The Bassetki Statue sitting in the Iraq Museum.

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Elixir- a sweetened liquid usually containing alcohol that is used in medication either for its
medicinal ingredients or as a flavoring.
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Sophocles- one of three ancient Greek playwrights whose works have survived. His first plays
were written later than those of Aeschylus, and earlier than or contemporary with those of
Euripides. He wrote 120 plays during the course of his life, but only seven have survived in a
complete form: Ajax, Antigone, The Women of Trachis, Oedipus Rex, Electra, Philoctetes and
Oedipus at Colonus. For almost 50 years, Sophocles was the most celebrated playwright in the
dramatic competitions of the city-state of Athens that took place during the religious festivals of
the Lenaea and the Dionysia. He competed in 30 competitions, won 24, and was never judged
lower than second place.

Bust of Sophocles.

*Definitions taken from Merriam-Websters Dictionary, Wikipedia, Gotyour6.org, Encyclopedia Britannica,


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Created by Emily Wilson Last Updated: 9/17/17

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Foreign Liaison- a person who communicates and coordinates activities between two
organizations or countries. In the military, liaison officers may coordinate activities to protect
units from collateral damage. They also work to achieve mutual understanding or unity of effort
among disparate groups. For incidence or disaster management, liaison officers serve as the
primary contact for agencies responding to the situation.

Sanctions- an economic or military coercive measure adopted usually by several nations in


agreement for forcing a nation violating international law to desist or yield to judicial settlement.

Marcus Aurelius- Emperor of Rome from 161 to 180. He ruled with Lucius Verus as co-
emperor from 161 until Verus' death in 169. Marcus Aurelius was the last of the so-called Five
Good Emperors. He was a practitioner of Stoicism, and his untitled writing, commonly known
as Meditations, is a significant source of the modern understanding of ancient Stoic philosophy,
and is considered by many commentators to be one of the greatest works of philosophy.

Bust of Marcus Aurelius.

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Ctesiphon- Ctesiphon was an ancient city located on the eastern bank of Tigris, and about 35
kilometres southeast of present-day Baghdad

Three Kings- a 1999 American satirical black comedy war film written and directed by David
O. Russell from a story by John Ridley. The film stars George Clooney, Mark Wahlberg, Ice

*Definitions taken from Merriam-Websters Dictionary, Wikipedia, Gotyour6.org, Encyclopedia Britannica,


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Broken Stones Glossary
Created by Emily Wilson Last Updated: 9/17/17

Cube, and Spike Jonze as four U.S. soldiers on a gold heist that takes place during the 1991
uprisings in Iraq against Saddam Hussein following the end of the Gulf War.

Three Kings DVD cover.

Gulf War- The Gulf War (August 2nd, 1990-February 28th,1991), codenamed Operation Desert
Shield and Operation Desert Storm was a war waged by coalition forces from 35 nations led by
the United States against Iraq in response to Iraq's invasion and annexation of Kuwait.
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Bonanza- a very large amount.

Syria- country in southwestern Asia bordering on the Mediterranean Sea, capital Damascus,
population 21,000,000, ancient Syria covered modern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan.

*Definitions taken from Merriam-Websters Dictionary, Wikipedia, Gotyour6.org, Encyclopedia Britannica,


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Broken Stones Glossary
Created by Emily Wilson Last Updated: 9/17/17

Map of modern-day Syria.

Jordan- officially The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan , is an Arab kingdom in Western Asia, on
the East Bank of the Jordan River. Jordan is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the east and south; Iraq
to the north-east; Syria to the north; Israel, Palestine and the Dead Sea to the west; and the Red
Sea in its extreme south-west. Jordan is strategically located at the crossroads of Asia, Africa and
Europe. The capital, Amman, is Jordan's most populous city as well as the country's economic,
political and cultural center.

Map of Jordan.

*Definitions taken from Merriam-Websters Dictionary, Wikipedia, Gotyour6.org, Encyclopedia Britannica,


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Broken Stones Glossary
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Wacky Races- an American animated television series featuring eleven different cars racing
against each other in various road rallies throughout North America, with each driver hoping to
win the title of the "World's Wackiest Racer."

Casa Nostra- the Sicilian Mafia, a loose association of criminal groups that share a common
organisational structure and code of conduct.

Threshold Guardian- a literary invention of the English mystic and novelist Edward Bulwer-
Lytton, it is a spectral figure and is the abstract of the debit and credit book of the individual.

PAge 57
Opium- a bitter brownish addictive narcotic drug that consists of the dried latex obtained from
immature seed capsules of the opium poppy.
Taliban- a Sunni Islamic fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan currently waging
war (an insurgency, or jihad) within that country.

Militia- a part of the organized armed forces of a country liable to call only in emergency.
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Humvee- the High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV)is a four-wheel drive
military light truck that replaced the Jeep in the U.S. military.

A U.S. military humvee in Iraq.

Cutters- small, but in some cases a medium-sized, watercraft designed for speed rather than for
capacity.

*Definitions taken from Merriam-Websters Dictionary, Wikipedia, Gotyour6.org, Encyclopedia Britannica,


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Broken Stones Glossary
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A U.S. Coast Guard cutter.

C4- a common variety of the plastic explosive called Composition C, made up of explosives,
plastic binder, plasticizer and a marker or odorizing taggant chemical.

Oo-ra- in the U.S. Marines, a term used to respond in the affirmative to a question, acknowledge
an order, or generally to express enthusiasm..

Got your six- in the military, got your six means I've got your back. The saying originated
with World War I fighter pilots referencing the rear of an airplane as the six o'clock position. If
you picture yourself at the center of a clock face, the area directly in front of you is twelve
o'clock, and directly behind you is six oclock.

Fire in the hold- a warning that an explosive detonation in a confined space is imminent. It
originated with miners, who needed to warn their fellows that a charge had been set.
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Hajjis- one who has made a pilgrimage to Mecca.
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Metropolitan Museum- one of the worlds largest fine art museum located in New York City.

Canapes- an appetizer consisting of a piece of bread or toast or a cracker topped with a savory
spread.
PICTURE

Blood antiquities- antiquities illegally stolen and sold to fund criminal efforts.

*Definitions taken from Merriam-Websters Dictionary, Wikipedia, Gotyour6.org, Encyclopedia Britannica,


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Broken Stones Glossary
Created by Emily Wilson Last Updated: 9/17/17

PAge 63
IEDs- improvised explosive device, a simple bomb made and used by unofficial or unauthorized
forces. IEDs were a common weapon in the Iraq War.
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Oliver North- an American political commentator and television host, military historian, New
York Times best-selling author, and former United States Marine Corps Lieutenant Colonel.
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ISIS- the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, is a Salafi jihadist militant group and unrecognised
proto-state that follows a fundamentalist, Wahhabi doctrine of Sunni Islam. ISIS gained global
prominence in early 2014 when it drove Iraqi government forces out of key cities in its Western
Iraq offensive, followed by its capture of Mosul and the Sinjar massacre. This group has been
designated a terrorist organisation by the United Nations and many individual countries.

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Afghanistan- a landlocked country in western Asia east of Iran, capital Kabul, population
22,576,000.
MAP

UFOs- an unidentified flying object


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Getty Villa- one of two locations of the J. Paul Getty Museum located at the east end of the
Malibu coast in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, USA, the Getty
Villa is an educational center and museum dedicated to the study of the arts and cultures of
ancient Greece, Rome, and Etruria.
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Tectonic force- the forces of tectonic plates, the rigid outermost shell of the Earth.
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Kurds- an ethnic group in the Middle East, mostly inhabiting a contiguous area spanning
adjacent parts of southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan), northwestern Iran (Eastern
Kurdistan), northern Iraq (Southern Kurdistan), and northern Syria (Western Kurdistan). The
Kurds are culturally, historically and linguistically classified as belonging to the Iranian peoples
and are the majority population in the autonomous region of Iraqi Kurdistan, and a significant
minority group in the neighboring countries.
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Provenance- the history of ownership of a valued object or work of art or literature.
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Emblematic- of or related to an object or the figure of an object symbolizing and suggesting
another object or an idea.

*Definitions taken from Merriam-Websters Dictionary, Wikipedia, Gotyour6.org, Encyclopedia Britannica,


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Broken Stones Glossary
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Free market- an economy operating by free competition.

Neocon- Neoconservatism, a political movement born in the United States during the 1960s
among conservative-leaning Democrats who became disenchanted with the party's foreign
policy. Many of its adherents became politically famous during the Republican presidential
administrations of the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. Neoconservatives peaked in influence
during the administration of George W. Bush, when they played a major role in promoting and
planning the 2003 invasion of Iraq,

Venality- capable of being bought or obtained for money or other valuable consideration
especially open to corrupt influence and especially bribery.

Chimera- an individual, organ, or part consisting of tissues of diverse genetic constitution.


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Penultimate scene- the next to last scene of a play.
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Lebanese- being from the country Lebanon, a country in southwestern Asia bordering on the
Mediterranean Sea, a republic since 1944, formerly a French mandate, capital Beirut, population
4,100,000.
PICTURE
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Slandering- the utterance of false charges or misrepresentations which defame and damage
another's reputation

*Definitions taken from Merriam-Websters Dictionary, Wikipedia, Gotyour6.org, Encyclopedia Britannica,


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