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o Fluid Ounces
Measurement Metric System
o Liters
Fundamental Properties
Mass (kilogram) Length
Length (meter) US System
Time (seconds) o Inches
Temperature (Kelvin) o Feet
o Yards
Derived Quantities o Miles
Density Metric System
Velocity o Meters
Force
Weight/Mass
2 systems of measurement US System
US/Customary System o Ounce
o Has many different unit of measurements o Pounds
o Different names o Tons
o Different conversion factors Metric System
Metric System o Grams
o Has base unit
o Many different prefixes US Conversions
o The Great Medieval Killer Hates Dragons,
Dragons Cry More Musically, Now Peep. Length
1 foot = 12 inches
1 yard = 3 feet
1 mile = 5,280 feet
Volume
1 cup = 8 floz
1 pint = 2 cups
1 quart = 2 pints
1 gallon = 4 quarts
Weight
1 lb= 16 oz
1 ton = 2000 lbs
SIGNIFICANT DIGITS
Indicate the precision of the measuring instrument
Rules
1. All nonzero are significant.
Meters (length) Ex. 1,234 = 4 sig.
Liters (volume/capacity) 2. All zeros between nonzero are significant.
Grams (mass) Ex. 200,010,003,004 = 12 sig.
3. For figures with decimal, zeroes are considered to
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT be significant if there is a presence of nonzero prior
Volume to it.
US System Ex. 1,000,000.000 = 10 sig.
o Cups 000.0001 = 1 sig.
o Pints 0.006000 = 4 sig.
o Quarts
4. If there is no decimal, zeroes on the end are not Compounds
significant. Two or more elements combined together
Ex. 345,000,000 = 3 sig. Elements in a compound has fixed ratio
Describes the substance in general
ADDING OR SUBTRACTING SIGNIFICANT FIGURES Examples:
Consider the least number of numbers after the o NaCl
decimal point. o H2O
Ex. 12.34 + 56.7 = 69.04; 69.0
Molecules
MULTIPLYING OR DIVIDING SIGNIFICANT FIGURES Forms when two or more atoms combine
Consider the least number of significant figures. Describes the smallest particle of the substance
Ex. 987.6 x 54 = 53,330.4; 53,000 Has the same property of the substance
CHEMISTRY Mixture
Study of matter Combination of two or more substance
o Its properties; Can be a mixture of elements and compounds
o Its composition; Can be separated
o Changes it undergoes in everyday life Two kinds of mixture
o Heterogeneous parts of mixture are
Applied chemistry noticeably different from the other
Applying chemistry concepts in fields of: o Homogeneous parts of the mixture are evenly
o Medicine distributed
o Agriculture
o Manufacturing Solution
Mixture that looks like a single substance
5 Major Areas of Chemistry Has same properties throughout
1. Analytical Chem.
Parts of a solution:
o Compositions of substances
o Solute substance that dissolves
2. Inorganic Chem.
o Solvent substance into which the solute
o Deals w/ substances w/o carbon
dissolves
3. Organic Chem.
o Deals w/ substances w/ carbon
Colloids
4. Biochemistry
Mixture that contains both small particles in a
o Chemistry of living things
solution and larger particles in a suspension
5. Physical Chem.
Do not separate into layers
o Describe the behavior of chemicals
Scatter light
MATTER Suspension components are dispersed, large
enough to see and settle out
Anything that has mass and takes up space
Mass the amount of matter in a substance
Elements
Weight a measure of pull of gravity on an object
Cannot be broken down into simpler substances. Density measurement on how much mass of a
Each element is made of atoms of the same type. substance is contained in a given volume
Each has a unique set of physical and chemical Volume amount of space an object takes up
properties.
118 known elements in the universe. CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES
Approximately 92 are found naturally on Earth. Properties that do not change as mass, volume
Six elements that makes up 99% of all living matter and/or shape change
o Sulfur Properties of a substance, not a specific object
o Potassium Examples:
o Oxygen o Hardness
o Nitrogen o pH
o Carbon o Flammability
o Hydrogen o Density
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES o Formation of Precipitate two liquids are
Can be observed without changing the identity of combined and a solid is produced
the substance o Odor production far different from how it
Examples: originally smells
o Viscosity resistance to flow o Change in Temperature
o Conductivity ability to allow the flow of heat Exothermic when energy is released
o Malleability ability to be hammered into thin during chemical change
sheets Endothermic energy is absorbed causing a
o Hardness decrease of temperature from the reactant.
o Magnetism o Formation of Bubbles indicates presence of
o Melting point the range at which the solid gas
turns into liquid
o Boiling point the temperature at which the STATES OF MATTER
liquid form of an element or compound is at Solids have definite shape and volume; particles
equilibrium with the gaseous form are tightly packed
o Density the ratio of the mass to the volume Liquids do not have definite shape but have
o Color definite volume; particles are loosely packed
o Freezing point the temperature in which the Gases do not have definite shape or definite
liquid turns into a solid volume; particles are very far apart
SEPARATION OF MIXTURES
Filtration Solid-Liquid
Distillation Liquid-Liquid with different boiling
points
Evaporation Solid-Liquid (Liquid turns to Gas)
Decantation Solid-Liquid (Solid turns to Gas)
Magnetism Solid-Solid or Solid-Liquid (One solid is
a metal)
Scooping/Floating
Chromatography Paper chrom. (HPLC or High
Performance Liquid Chromatography)
CHEMICAL BONDS
Physical Change Ionic bond
change in appearance without change in the o Metal to nonmetal
composition Covalent bond
can be reversible or irreversible o Nonmetal to nonmetal