Theories of Personality

1.Difference between the theory of Adler and Freud are the following, EXCEPT
a. All neurotics use defense strategies for Alder but not for Freud
b. Freuds emphasis of sexual urges than aggression
c. Alders focus on the social relationships than the biological drives
d. Freud has a notion that past motivates ones present. For Adler it is the expectations of the future
that motivate one individual.
2.Seeing deficiencies in others that one unconsciously feels within oneself is an example of which
Freudian defense mechanism?
a. reaction formation
b. undoing
c. projection
d. isolation
3. Both Melanie Klein and Sigmund Freud believe in the superego. Which situation below would MOST
LIKELY determine the development of the superego by Freud?
a. Aldrin is being taught carefully of the dos and donts by his mother.
b. Marko is being neglected by his mother even though he requires something.
c. Lanie is being scolded by his mother because of playing outside the house without permission
d. Karla relaxes in her sleep dreaming of her mother joyfully feeding her.
4. Marla avoids other people because she doesnt want to be tested. She intends to walk longer path in
order to avoid passing through people who would most likely ask for her help. When being confronted by
other people, she does any means to escape the situation. When being compared, she would look into all
possible criticisms into another to make herself look good. MOST LIKELY Marlas behavior can be
explained using
a. Moving away by Melanie Klein
b. Safeguarding tendencies by Alfred Alder
c. Sigmund Freuds neurotic anxiety
d. Karen Horneys neurotic need for recognition and unassailability
Safeguarding tendencies
Adler believed that people create patterns of behavior to protect their exaggerated sense of self-
esteem against public disgrace.
Excuses typically expressed in the Yes, but or If only format. In the Yes, but excuse, people
first state what they claim they would like to dosomething that sounds good to others then they
follow with an excuse.
Aggression - people use aggression to safeguard their exaggerated superiority complex, that is, to
protect their fragile self-esteem.
Depreciation - the tendency to undervalue other peoples achievements and to overvalue ones own.
Accusation - is the tendency to blame others for ones failures and to seek revenge, thereby
safeguarding ones own tenuous self-esteem.
self-accusation - marked by selftorture and guilt. Some people use self-torture, including masochism,
depression, and suicide, as means of hurting people who are close to them.
Withdrawal - safeguarding through distance. Some people unconsciously escape lifes problems by
setting up a distance between themselves and those problems.
Moving backward is the tendency to safeguard ones fictional goal of superiority by psychologically
reverting to a more secure period of life.
Standing still. People who stand still simply do not move in any direction; thus, they avoid all
responsibility by ensuring themselves against any threat of failure.
 Hesitating - Some people hesitate or vacillate when faced with difficult problems. Their
procrastinations eventually give them the excuse Its too late now.
Constructing obstacles - Some people build a straw house to show that they can knock it down.

5. Garry is emotionally affected whenever he and his friend or coworkers talk about their mothers or
anybody elses mother. Jung would say that Garry has
a. Mother complex
b. Manifestation of great mother archetype
c. Influence of the anima
d. Fixated with his mother
6. Which of the following would MOSTLIKELY not be considered as manifestation of the collective
unconscious by Carl Jung?
a. Love at first sight
b. De ja vu experiences
c. Dreams of being pulled out of a tunnel
d. Dreaming of your boss scolding you
7. A part of a researchers task is to collect all information related to a certain research topic and make a
logical conclusion about that information. If you are to choose the personality type that would best fit
this job, who would you choose based on Jungs Typology?
a. An extroverted intuitive individual
b. An introverted sensing type
c. Introverted feeling researcher
d. Extroverted thinking type
Psychological Types
Classification of people based on the two-dimensional scheme of attitudes and functions. The two
attitudes of extraversion and introversion and the four functions of thinking, feeling, sensing, and
intuiting combine to produce eight possible types.
Introversion vs. Extraversion
Introversion
The turning inward of psychic energy with an orientation toward the subjective.
These people perceive the external world, of course, but they do so selectively and with their own
subjective view.

Extraversion
The attitude distinguished by the turning outward of psychic energy so that a person is oriented
toward the objective and away from the subjective.
Extraverts are more influenced by their surroundings than by their inner world. They tend to focus on
the objective attitude while suppressing the subjective.
Thinking
Function that enables them to recognize its meaning. Logical intellectual activity that produces a
chain of ideas.
Extraverted Thinking - people rely heavily on concrete thoughts, but they may also use abstract ideas
if these ideas have been transmitted to them from without, for example, from parents or teachers.
Introverted Thinking - people react to external stimuli, but their interpretation of an event is colored
more by the internal meaning they bring with them than by the objective facts themselves.
Feeling
Function that tells them its value or worth and describe the process of evaluating an idea or event.
 Extraverted Feeling - people use objective data to make evaluations. They are not guided so much by
their subjective opinion, but by external values and widely accepted standards of judgment.
Introverted Feeling - people base their value judgments primarily on subjective perceptions rather
than objective facts.
Sensing
The function that receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual consciousness.
Extraverted Sensing - people perceive external stimuli objectively, in much the same way that these
stimuli exist in reality. Their sensations are not greatly influenced by their subjective attitudes.
Introverted sensing - people are largely influenced by their subjective sensations of sight, sound,
taste, touch, and so forth. They are guided by their interpretation of sense stimuli rather than the
stimuli themselves.
Intuiting
Involves perception beyond the workings of consciousness. Intuiting differs from sensing in that it is
more creative, often adding or subtracting elements from conscious sensation.
Extraverted Intuiting - people are oriented toward facts in the external world. Rather than fully
sensing them, however, they merely perceive them subliminally. Because strong sensory stimuli
interfere with intuition, intuitive people suppress many of their sensations and are guided by
hunches and guesses contrary to sensory data.
Introverted Intuiting - people are guided by unconscious perception of facts that are basically
subjective and have little or no resemblance to external reality. Their subjective intuitive perceptions
are often remarkably strong and capable of motivating decisions of monumental magnitude

8.Julio is a police investigator. He does not rely on testimonies provided by the witnesses but takes them
into account. It is necessary for him to be on the crime scene to see personally what occurred in that
place and gather necessary evidences to solve the crime. He is likely to have
a. Alders striving for superiority
b. Horneys moving against as a neurotic trend
c. Freuds anal character
d. Jungs introverted sensing type
9.Klein called the process in which infants split off unacceptable parts of themselves, project these parts
onto another object, and finally introject these parts back into themselves
a. introjective identification.
b. projective identification.
c. repression.
d. incorporation.
e. regression.
Psychic Life of the Infant
Fantasies (Phantasies)
Psychic representations of unconscious id instincts.
Infants possess an active fantasy life
Most basic fantasies are of what is good and bad (e.g., good and bad breast)
Are shaped by both reality and by inherited predispositions.
Klein would say that infants who fall asleep while sucking on their fingers are phantasizing about
having their mothers good breast inside themselves.
Objects
Drives have an object
Objects are introjected or taken into childs fantasy world and have a life of their own
 In their active fantasy, infants introject, or take into their psychic structure, these external objects,
including their fathers penis, their mothers hands and face, and other body parts
Positions
ways of dealing with both internal and external objects.
Klein chose the term position rather than stage of development to indicate that positions
alternate back and forth; they are not periods of time or phases of development through which a
person passes.
Paranoid-Schizoid Position
Depressive Position
Paranoid-Schizoid Position
Organizing experiences in way that includes both feelings of persecution and splitting of internal and
external objects into the good and the bad
Develops during the 3rd or 4th month of life, during which time the egos perception of the external
world is subjective and fantastic rather than objective and real.
Adopted to control the good breast and to fight off its persecutors.
The persecutory feelings are considered to be paranoid; that is, they are not based on any real or
immediate danger from the outside world.
In the young childs schizoid world, rage and destructive feelings are directed toward the bad breast,
while feelings of love and comfort are associated with the good breast
Most people have both positive and negative feelings toward their loved ones.
Depressive Position
Anxiety over losing a loved object with a sense of guilt for wanting to destroy loved object.
At that time, the infant develops a more realistic picture of the mother and recognizes that she is an
independent person who can be both good and bad.
Beginning at about the 5th or 6th month, an infant begins to view external objects as whole and to
see that good and bad can exist in the same person.
Children in the depressive position recognize that the loved object and the hated object are now one
and the same.
Psychic Defense Mechanisms
Used for protecting their ego against the anxiety aroused by their own destructive fantasies.
Introjection - infants fantasize taking into their body those perceptions and experiences that they
have had with the external object, originally the mothers breast.
When dangerous objects are introjected, they become internal persecutors, capable of terrifying the
infant and leaving frightening residues
Introjected objects are not accurate representations of the real objects but are colored by childrens
fantasies.
Projection - the fantasy that ones own feelings and impulses actually reside in another person and
not within ones body.
Children project both bad and good images onto external objects, especially their parents.
Splitting - A psychic defense mechanism in which the child subjectively separates incompatible
aspects of an object.
In moderation, people see the postive and negative aspect of themselves.
Excessive and inflexible splitting can lead to pathological repression.
Projective Identification - psychic defense mechanism in which infants split off unacceptable parts of
themselves, project them into another object, and finally introject them back into themselves in a
changed or distorted form.
For example, a husband with strong but unwanted tendencies to dominate others will project those
feelings into his wife, whom he then sees as domineering. The man subtly tries to get his wife to
 become domineering. He behaves with excessive submissiveness in an attempt to force his wife to
display the very tendencies that he has deposited in her.

10.Theory of Bowlby assumes that

a. the relationship between infant and caregiver becomes a model for future interpersonal relations.
b. the bonding relationship between infant and caregiver leads to infantile narcissism.
c. the bonding relationship between infant and caregiver results in a neurotic symbiotic relationship.
d. the infant need not be responsive to the caregiver, because a devoted caregiver will satisfy the needs
of the infant unconditionally.

11. Marco suggested that criminals have poor childhood experience. This means that he complies with
which view of humanity?
a. Causality
b. Determination
c. free choice
d. teleological approach

12. Certain political and religious leaders rely on charisma and verbal persuasions to influence multitudes
of people. Jung would say that the spell these individuals cast over others might be due to the ______
archetype within people.
a. animus
b. shadow
c. wise old man
d. persona
Psychodynamics of Analytical Psychology
1.Principle of Contrast
it is the opposition that creates the power (or libido) of the psyche. It is like the two poles of a
battery, or the splitting of an atom. It is the contrast that gives energy, so that a strong contrast gives
strong energy, and a weak contrast gives weak energy.
2. Principle of equivalence
The energy created from the opposition is "given" to both sides equally.
3. Principle of entropy
This is the tendency for oppositions to come together, and so for energy to decrease, over a person's
lifetime.
Levels of the Psyche
Archetypes and Complexes
Archetypes are ancient or archaic images that derive from the collective unconscious
Archetypes and Instincts
An instinct is an unconscious physical impulse toward action
Archetypes

13. Adler held that children who received love and affection from their parents typically develop
a. strong social interest.
b. a pampered style of life.
c. neglected style of life.
d. a variety of safeguarding tendencies.
e. a parasitic style of life.
External Factors in Maladjustment
 (1) exaggerated physical deficiencies, which do not by themselves cause abnormal development, but
which may contribute to it by generating subjective and exaggerated feelings of inferiority;
.
External Factors in Maladjustment
Exaggerated Physical Deficiencies
People with exaggerated physical deficiencies sometimes develop exaggerated feelings of inferiority
because they overcompensate for their inadequacy.
Most will go through life with a strong sense of inferiority; a few will overcompensate with a
superiority complex.
Only with the encouragement of loved ones will some of these truly compensate.
Pampered Style of Life
A pampered style of life lies at the heart of most neuroses. Pampered people have weak social
interest but a strong desire to perpetuate the pampered, parasitic relationship they originally had
with one or both of their parents.
Fault in Pampering
They do not learn to do for themselves, and discover later that they are truly inferior
They do not learn any other way to deal with others than the giving of commands.
And society responds to pampered people in only one way: hatred.
Neglected Style of Life
Abused and mistreated children develop little social interest and tend to create a neglected style of
life. They have little confidence in themselves and tend to overestimate difficulties connected with
lifes major problems.
A child who is neglected or abused learns what the pampered child learns, but learns it in a far more
direct manner:
They learn inferiority because they are told and shown every day tat they are of no value;
They learn selfishness because they are taught to trust no one.

14. According to Horney, normal and neurotic individuals differ in their use of the three basic styles of
relating to people in that
a. neurotics use deceit to relate to others.
b. normals only use one mode of relating to others.
c. neurotics only use one mode of relating to others.
d. neurotics use the three basic styles, but normals do not.

15. Horney believed that children develop __________ as a reaction to unfilled needs for love and
affection.
a. basic hostility toward their parents
b. codependence with their parents
c. independence from their parents
d. an Oedipus complex
Basic Hostility and Basic Anxiety
Basic hostility
Arise when parents do not satisfy childs needs for safety and satisfaction
Basic anxiety
Repressed hostility leads to feelings of insecurity and apprehension
People can protect themselves from basic anxiety through a number of protective devices, including
(1) affection, (2) submissiveness, (3) power, prestige, or possession, and (4) withdrawal. Normal
 people have the flexibility to use any or all of these approaches, but neurotics are compelled to rely
rigidly on only one.
Compulsive Drives
Neurotics are frequently trapped in a vicious circle in which their compulsive need to reduce basic
anxiety leads to a variety of self-defeating behaviors; these behaviors then produce more basic
anxiety, and the cycle continues.

16. Phrenology believes that pattern of indentations of the skull is related to behavior. Clearly, if Gall, the
theorist develops phrenology views personality in ________ perspective.
a. Causal
b. Teleological
c. Social
d. Biological

17. Leo strongly believes that people should not treat him equally. He believes that people should treat
him with utmost respect. He expects that whenever he gives command, it should be the top priority of
others. Horney would have suggested that Leo is showing ___________.
a. Neurotic pride
b. Inflated self esteem
c. Neurotic claims
d. Neurotic need for perfection
Intrapsychic Conflicts by Horney
Idealized self-image - an attempt to solve conflicts by painting a godlike picture of oneself.
I. neurotic search for glory - comprehensive drive toward actualizing the ideal self.
A. need for perfection refers to the drive to mold the whole personality into the idealized self. tyranny
of the should
B. Neurotic ambition - that is, the compulsive drive toward superiority.
Although desire to excel at everything, often channeled into area most likely to succeed
C. need for a vindictive triumph - may be disguised as a drive for achievement or success, but its chief
aim is to put others to shame or defeat them through ones very success; or to attain the power . . .
to inflict suffering on themmostly of a humiliating kind
II. neurotic claims - Unrealistic demands and expectations of neurotics to be entitled to special privilege.
III. neurotic pride - A false pride based on ones idealized image of self.
Intrapsychic Conflicts by Horney
Self-hatred - an interrelated yet equally irrational and powerful tendency to despise ones real self.
relentless demands on the self
merciless self-accusation
self-contempt
self-frustration
self-torment
self-destructive actions and impulses

18. Mel has uncontrollable desire to be in command, control others, be recognized of his achievements,
and admired by others. Horney would say that he has _____________.
a. unsatisfied needs for safety and satisfaction at an early stage.
b. a healthy and balanced life.
c. characteristics of an individual who has genes of an overly competitive parents.
d. sublimated sexual drive.
Neurotic Trends and Needs

1. The Neurotic Need for Affection and Approval

This needs include the desires to be liked, to please other people, and meet the expectations of
others. People with this type of need are extremely sensitive to rejection and criticism and fear the
anger or hostility of others.

2. The Neurotic Need for a Partner Who Will Take Over Ones Life
These involve the need to be centered on a partner.
People with this need suffer extreme fear of being abandoned by their partner. Oftentimes, these
individuals place an exaggerated importance on love and believe that having a partner will resolve all
of lifes troubles.

3. The Neurotic Need to Restrict Ones Life Within Narrow Borders

Individuals with this need prefer to remain inconspicuous and unnoticed. They are undemanding and
content with little. They avoid wishing for material things, often making their own needs secondary
and undervaluing their own talents and abilities.

4. The Neurotic Need for Power

Individuals with this need seek power for its own sake. They usually praise strength, despise
weakness, and will exploit or dominate other people. These people fear personal limitations,
helplessness, and uncontrollable situations.

5. The Neurotic Need to Exploit Others

These individuals view others in terms of what can be gained through association with them. People
with this need generally pride themselves in their ability to exploit other people and are often
focused on manipulating others to obtain desired objectives, including such things as ideas, power,
money, or sex.

6. The Neurotic Need for Prestige

Individuals with a need for prestige value themselves in terms of public recognition and acclaim.
Material possessions, personality characteristics, professional accomplishments, and loved ones are
evaluated based upon prestige value. These individuals often fear public embarrassment and loss of
social status.

7. The Neurotic Need for Personal Admiration

Individuals with a neurotic need for personal admiration are narcissistic and have an exaggerated
self-perception. They want to be admired based on this imagined self-view, not upon how they really
are.

8. The Neurotic Need for Personal Achievement

According to Horney, people push themselves to achieve greater and greater things as a result of
basic insecurity. These individuals fear failure and feel a constant need to accomplish more than
other people and to top even their own earlier successes.

9. The Neurotic Need for Self-Sufficiency and Independence

These individuals exhibit a loner mentality, distancing themselves from others in order to avoid
being tied down or dependent upon other people.
 10. The Neurotic Need for Perfection and Unassailability
These individuals constantly strive for complete infallibility. A common feature of this neurotic need
is searching for personal flaws in order to quickly change or cover up these perceived imperfections.

19 Which is not a type of anxiety according to Sigmund Freud?

a. Realistic Anxiety
b. Unrealistic Anxiety
c. Moral Anxiety
d. Neurotic Anxiety

20. According to Adler, which factor does NOT describe maladjusted people?
a. a dogmatic style of life
b. a high level of social interest
c. exaggerated goals
d. a private world of experience

21. Adler refers to the overemphasis on the importance of being manly as the
a. masculine protest.
b. sexist imperative.
c. sexual safeguarding tendency.
d. gender excuse.
Abnormal Development by Adler
Creative power is not limited to healthy people; unhealthy individuals also create their own
personalities. Thus, each of us is free to choose either a useful or a useless style of life.
Lack of social interest.
People with a useless style of life tend to
(1) set their goals too high
(2) have a dogmatic style of life, and
(3) live in their own private world.
Neurosis
Adler: all neurosis is a matter of insufficient social interest.
Three types can be distinguished:.
The first is the ruling type.
The second is the getting type.
The third type is the avoiding type.

The Ruling Type

From childhood on, they are characterized by a tendency to be rather aggressive and dominant over
others.
The strength of their striving after personal power is so great that they tend to push over anything or
anybody who gets in their way.
The most energetic of them are bullies and sadists; somewhat less energetic ones hurt others by
hurting themselves, and include alcoholics, drug addicts, and suicides.
The getting type
They are relatively passive make little effort to solve their own problems
Instead, they rely on others to take care of them
Frequently use charm to persuade others to help them
The avoiding type
 These have the lowest levels of energy and only survive by essentially avoiding life -- especially other
people.
When pushed to the limits, they tend to become psychotic, retreating finally into their own personal
worlds.

22. In Jungian psychology, introverted feeling types

a. follow traditional beliefs.
b. rely primarily on objective facts.
c. are relatively indifferent to the opinions of others.
d. value highly the opinion of others.

23. Which is not part of Freuds concept of anal triad?

a. Orderliness
b. Stinginess
c. Obstinancy
d. Disorderliness

24. Nelly greatly admires his English teacher and tries to copy his way of speaking and words used. This is
an example of which Freudian defense mechanism?
a. introjection
b. fixation
c. learning
d. sublimation

25. An example of Freuds notion of projection might be

a. Things will be better tomorrow.
b. The only reason I failed is because I had a headache.
c. I like him fine, but for some reason he hates me.
d. I didnt really want that job anyway.

26. Madison is frequently berated by his domineering employer. Madison is too timid to confront his
employer, but he takes out his frustration by mistreating his dog, children, and wife. According to Freud,
this is an example of
a. reaction formation.
b. identification.
c. projection.
d. displacement.
e. regression.

27. Louie is a person that can easily criticize himself. His nanny can recall that when he was still an infant
and breastfed, there were time that he was not fed for hours since his mother was preoccupied in their
business. Clearly, Louie incorporates to his identity his experiences with his mother. Klein would explain
this situation as ________________.
a. Loiue has introjected bad breast that now criticizes himself.
b. This is an example of splitting of bad me and good me.
c. Projective identification served as the cause of over self criticism.
d. Loiue was fixated at an earlier level of development.
28. Baby Angela sometimes consider herself as good Angela or bad Angela. This separation of identity is,
according to the theory of Klein is a product of __________.
a. a defense against anxiety created by her own fantasies
b. a defense against anxiety becuase of unwanted experiences with the caregiver
c. a developmental stage to which a person is fixated
d. the superego using defenses to protect the self from anxiety

29. Firstborn children, according to Adler, are likely to

a. suffer from organ inferiorities.
b. communicate in organ dialect more than secondborn children do.
c. have intensified feelings of power and superiority.
d. have very little anxiety.

30. Adler referred to ideas that have no real existence yet influence people as if they really existed as
a. delusions.
b. hallucinations.
c. fictions.
d. hypothetical constructs.
Subjective Perceptions
People's subjective view of the world-not reality-shapes their behavior.
A. Fictionalism
Fictions are people's expectations of the future. Adler held that fictions guide behavior, because
people act as if these fictions are true. Adler emphasized teleology over causality, or explanations of
behavior in terms of future goals rather than past causes.
Fictions partial truths because of the belief that ultimate truth would always be beyond us.
A belief or expectation of the future that serves to motivate present behavior. The truthfulness of a
fictional idea is immaterial, because the person acts as if the idea were true.
B. Organ Inferiorities
Adler believed that all humans are "blessed" with organ inferiorities, which stimulate subjective
feelings of inferiority and move people toward perfection or completion.
VI. Unity and Self-Consistency of Personality
Adler believed that all behaviors are directed toward a single purpose. When seen in the light of that
sole purpose, seemingly contradictory behaviors can be seen as operating in a self-consistent
manner.
A. Organ Dialect
People often use a physical disorder to express style of life, a condition Adler called organ dialect.
B. Conscious and Unconscious
Conscious and unconscious processes are unified and operate to achieve a single goal. The part of
our goal that we do not clearly understood is unconscious; the part of our goal that we fail to fully
comprehend is conscious.
VII. Social Interest
Human behavior has value to the extent that it is motivated by social interest, that is, a feeling of
oneness with all of humanity.
A. Origins of Social Interest
Although social interest exists as potentiality in all people, it must be fostered in a social
environment. Adler believed that the parent-child relationship can be so strong that it negates the
effects of heredity.
B. Importance of Social Interest
 According to Adler, social interest is "the sole criterion of human values," and the worthiness of all
one's actions must be seen by this standard. Without social interest, societies could not exist;
individuals in antiquity could not have survived without cooperating with others to protect
themselves from danger. Even today, an infant's helplessness predisposes it toward a nurturing
person.
VIII. Style of Life
The manner of a person's striving is called style of life, a pattern that is relatively well set by 4 or 5
years of age. However, Adler believed that healthy individuals are marked by flexible behavior and
that they have some limited ability to change their style of life.
IX. Creative Power
Style of life is partially a product of heredity and environment-the building blocks of personality-but
ultimately style of life is shaped by people's creative power, that is, by their ability to freely choose a
course of action.

31. Steve admits to himself, but not to others, that he is not good in Business English. Whenever he
needs to write a written communication, he asks his staff to write it for him. Nonetheless, his staff
complains that before an output is released, he will ask them to repeat and recheck it many times. If you
are a follower of Horney, you would tell that he has ____________.
a. Neurotic need for perfection and unassailability
b. Neurotic need for power
c. Neurotic need for affection and approval
d. Neurotic need for prestige

32. Which individual MOST LIKELY has a neurotic trend to move toward people?
a. Irvin, a man pleaser
b. Joshua, manipulates others around him
c. the know it all Mark
d. Peter, a playboy who has a new girlfriend for every two weeks

33. According to Horney, the principal difference between a psychologically healthy person and a
neurotic person is the degree of _______ with which each moves toward, against, or away from people.
a. force
b. basic hostility
c. compulsivity
d. aggression

34. Which of the following individual has productive manifestation of the existential needs by Fromm?
a. Berto follows the demands of others to avoid conflicts.
b. Alyana maintains specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound objectives.
c. Carrie wants to be the best in the group that she throws negative comments regarding other people.
d. Pedro has a pattern of giving strategic and efficient commands to others.

35. This character orientation are guided by the motto I am as you desire me, according to Erich
Fromm.
a. Exploitative
b. Hoarding
c. Receptive
d. Marketing
 Character Orientations
Relatively Permanent Ways of Relating to the World
People relate to the world by acquiring and using things (assimilation) and by relating to self and
others (socialization), and they can do so either nonproductively or productively.
The nonproductive strategies are those that fail to move people closer to positive freedom and self-
realization.
Receptive
People who rely on the receptive orientation believe that the source of all good lies outside
themselves and that the only way they can relate to the world is to receive things, including love,
knowledge, and material objects.
Positive qualities include loyalty and trust; negative ones are passivity and submissiveness.
Exploitative
People with an exploitative orientation also believe that the source of good lies outside themselves,
but they aggressively take what they want rather than passively receiving it.
Positive qualities of exploitative people include pride and self-confidence; negative ones are
arrogance and conceit.
Hoarding
Hoarding characters try to save what they have already obtained, including their opinions, feelings,
and material possessions.
Positive qualities include loyalty, negative ones are obsessiveness and possessiveness.
Marketing
People with a marketing orientation see themselves as commodities and value themselves against
the criterion of their ability to sell themselves.
They have fewer positive qualities than the other orientations, because they are essentially empty.
However, they can be open-minded and adaptable, as well as opportunistic and wasteful.

36. Maslows Jonah complex is characterized by

a. the fear of being ones best.
b. self-love and narcissism.
c. many peak experiences.
d. an exaggerated striving for superiority.
e. an insatiable desire for seafood.

37. Lorilee, a college junior, is extremely dependent on her mother to make both major and minor
decisions for her. According to Fromm, Lorilees behavior is characterized by
a. necrophilia.
b. moral hypochondriasis.
c. incestuous symbiosis.
d. the syndrome of decay.
e. symbiotic nurturing
Personality Disorders
Disturbed Individuals Are Incapable of Love and Fail to Establish Union with Others
Necrophilia
Necrophilic personalities hate humanity; they are racist, warmongers, and bullies; they love
bloodshed, destruction, terror, and torture; and they delight in destroying life. They are strong
advocates of law & order; love to talk about sickness, death, and burials; and they are fascinated by
dirt, decay, corpses, and feces. They prefer night to day and love to operate in darkness and shadow.
 All people behave aggressively and destructively at times, but, the entire lifestyle of the necrophilous
person revolves around death, destruction, disease, and decay
Malignant Narcissism
Belief that everything one owns is of great value while anything belonging to others is worthless
Preoccupation with the body can lead to hypochondriasis
Or can lead to moral hypochondriasis when the preoccupation is with guilt
Their sense of self worth depends on their narcissistic self-image and not on achievements. When
their efforts are criticized by other, they react with anger and rage, frequently striking out against
their critics, trying to destroy them. If the criticism is overwhelming, they may be unable to destroy it,
and turn the rage inward resulting in depression and feelings of worthlessness.
Incestuous Symbiosis
Extreme dependence on ones mother to the extent that ones personality is blended with that of the
host person. Exaggerated form of mother fixation
Can be an exaggerated form of mother fixation
They are inseparable from the host person; are blended together
These individuals feel frightened and anxious when the relationship is threatened
syndrome of decay - The attraction to death, taking pleasure by destroying others, and neurotic
symbiosis with mother figures form what is called the
syndrome of growth composed of biophilia, love, and positive freedom comprise the.

38. Sullivan believed that people develop their personality

a. independent of environmental influences.
b. through the clash of unconscious motives.
c. through the actualization of innate biological drives.
d. only within the context of the family.
e. None of the above is correct.

39. 15-year-old Carter has strong sexual feelings for Lynne, who does not return his interest. Sullivan
would say that the term best describing Carters feelings for Lynne is
a. love.
b. agape.
c. intimacy.
d. None of the above is correct.

40. Maslow claimed that self-actualizers ability to detach from their surroundings and to transcend any
particular society is characteristic of their
a. resistance to enculturation.
b. metapathology.
c. peak experiences.
d. philosophical sense of humor.

41. Paul has two his closest friends, Julia and Gary. According to Sullivans theory, he would experience
his very first feelings of intimacy to
a. Julia
b. Gary
c. Both Julia and Gary
d. Jasper a playmate
Stages of Development by Sullivan
 Sullivan saw interpersonal development as taking place over seven stages, from infancy to mature
adulthood. Personality changes can take place at any time but are more likely to occur during
transitions between stages.
A. Infancy
The period from birth until the emergence of syntaxic language is called infancy, a time when the
child receives tenderness from the mothering one while also learning anxiety through an empathic
linkage with the mother. Anxiety may increase to the point of terror, but such terror is controlled by
the built-in protections of apathy and somnolent detachment that allow the baby to go to sleep.
During infancy children use autistic language, which takes place on a prototaxic or parataxic level.
B. Childhood
The stage that lasts from the beginning of syntaxic language until the need for playmates of equal
status is called childhood. The child's primary interpersonal relationship continues to be with the
mother, who is now differentiated from other persons who nurture the child.
C. Juvenile Era
The juvenile stage begins with the need for peers of equal status and continues until the child
develops a need for an intimate relationship with a chum. At this time, children should learn how to
compete, to compromise, and to cooperate. These three abilities, as well as an orientation toward
living, help a child develop intimacy, the chief dynamism of the next developmental stage.
D. Preadolescence
Perhaps the most crucial stage is preadolescence, because mistakes made earlier can be corrected
during preadolescence, but errors made during preadolescence are nearly impossible to overcome in
later life. Preadolescence spans the time from the need for a single best friend until puberty. Children
who do not learn intimacy during preadolescence have added difficulties relating to potential sexual
partners during later stages.
E. Early Adolescence
With puberty comes the lust dynamism and the beginning of early adolescence. Development during
this stage is ordinarily marked by a coexistence of intimacy with a single friend of the same gender
and sexual interest in many persons of the opposite gender. However, if children have no preexisting
capacity for intimacy, they may confuse lust with love and develop sexual relationships that are
devoid of true intimacy.
F. Late Adolescence
Chronologically, late adolescence may start at any time after about age 16, but psychologically, it
begins when a person is able to feel both intimacy and lust toward the same person. Late
adolescence is characterized by a stable pattern of sexual activity and the growth of the syntaxic
mode, as young people learn how to live in the adult world.
G. Adulthood
Late adolescence flows into adulthood, a time when a person establishes a stable relationship with a
significant other person and develops a consistent pattern of viewing the world.

42. According to Maslow, the humor of self-actualizers is

a. Intrinsic to the situation.
b. well planned.
c. hostile.
d. All the above are correct.
e. Only a and c are correct.
43. A Sullivanian dynamism that tends to evoke loving reactions from others and that decreases
loneliness is
a. intimacy.
b. tenderness.
c. lust.
d. malevolence.
e. dissociation.

44. When words and concepts begin having the same meaning for a child that they do for others, the
childs primary mode of cognition, according to Sullivan, is
a. prototaxic.
b. parataxic.
c. syntaxic.
d. None of the above is correct.

45. During transitional periods between Sullivanian stages of development, previously dissociated or
selectively inattended experiences
a. are consensually validated with peers.
b. lead to the malevolent transformation.
c. result in completely new not-me or bad-me personifications.
d. may be permitted into the self-system.

46. Maslow held that a self-actualizing person is likely to

a. feel comfortable when alone.
b. demand complexity and variety in life.
c. depend on others for the satisfaction of esteem needs.
d. value means rather than ends.

47. According to Fromms theory human beings are Freaks of the Universe because
a. We kill other human being other than survival.
b. We have an imagined feeling of loneliness, isolation, and homelessness.
c. We lack animal instinct but have rational thought.
d. We are so much influenced by our past experiences even though it has no power against us.

48. Jessie wakes up and started to continue finishing his sculpture. He enjoys this because according to
him, it completes his identity as a person doing arts. His desire to finish his sculpture is an example of
Fromms
a. Human dilemma
b. Projected form of incestuous symbiosis
c. Human needs in the form of transcendence
d. Need to achieve sense of identity
Human Needs
have emerged during the evolution of human culture, growing out of their attempts to find an
answer to their existence and to avoid becoming insane.
Our human dilemma cannot be solved by satisfying our animal needs, but it can only be addressed by
fulfilling our human needs, which would move us toward a reunification with the natural world.
Fromm also referred to these distinctively human needs as existential needs.
Human/Existential Needs
 Relatedness - the drive for union with another person or other persons
Three basic ways
Submission (search for a domineering partner)
Power (search for a submissive partner)
Love (the only route to become united with the world and help the person achieve individuality &
integrity)
The four basic elements of genuine love are care, responsibility, respect and knowledge
Transcendence - defined as the urge to rise above a passive and accidental existence and into the
realm of purposefulness and freedom
creating life or by destroying it.
malignant aggression - to kill for reasons other than survival.
Human/Existential Needs
Rootedness - the need to establish roots or to feel at home again in the world.
Productive: Rootedness other than the mother
Non Productive: Fixation - The nonproductive form marked by a reluctance to grow beyond the
security provided by ones mother.
Sense of Identity - the capacity to be aware of ourselves as a separate entity. The distinctively human
need to develop a feeling of I.
Frame of Orientation - The need for humans to develop a unifying philosophy or consistent way of
looking at things.
Human/Existential Needs

49. An individual who is not under the supervision of one person, free from the security of the mother,
and separated from their roots may experience basic anxiety in context explained by
a. Erich Fromm
b. Rollo May
c. Carl Rogers
d. Harry Stack Sullivan

50. Which of the following was NOT used by Maslow as a criterion for self-actualization?
a. absence of psychopathology
b. freedom from personal problems
c. gratification of lower level needs
d. acceptance of the B-values

51. According to Maslow, ______ behavior is usually unlearned, spontaneous, and determined by forces
within the person rather than by the environment.
a. Expressive
b. Neurotic
c. Coping
d. Actualizing

52. Mary is an excellent student. She tops all her quizzes. She also won gold medals during athletic
competitions. She also leads students to in participation to humanistic efforts in helping the marginalized
people. When her mother was asked regarding Mary, she told the interviewer that it is expected of her
since her sisters are also achievers. As a follower of Rogers, how would you analyze the performance of
Mary?
a. She is self actualized and reached her potentials.
b. She has covered her anxieties well by doing excellent performances.
c. Her mother has created conditions of worth which may conceal the true identity of Mary
d. Her mother created basic hostility by imposing demands to Mary.

53. Martyrs who sacrifice physical needs and personal safety for their beliefs, and heroes who risk their
lives to save others illustrate Maslows notion of
a. B-values.
b. metamotivation.
c. reversed order of needs.
d. self-actualization.
e. neurotic needs.

54. May believed that within the boundaries of our destiny,

a. we have no choices.
b. all behavior is predetermined.
c. individuals are not responsible for their actions.
d. we have the power to choose.
e. anything we choose can be achieved.

55. A persons inner abilities to solve problems, alter self-concept, and become more self-directed reflect
Rogerss concept of
a. the formative tendency.
b. the actualizing tendency.
c. genuineness.
d. the ideal self.

56. What condition did Rogers believe must be present in a relationship that leads to psychological
growth?
a. genuineness
b. unconditional acceptance
c. empathy
d. All the above are correct.
e. Only a and c are correct.

57. According to May, freedom comes from understanding our

a. destiny.
b. intentionality.
c. ontology.
d. essence.

58. Laura has just complimented Mitzi for her cooking. Mitzi regards herself as a very mediocre cook.
According to Rogerian theory, Lauras remarks will
a. be easily accepted into Mitzis self-concept.
b. alter Mitzis organismic self.
c. be distorted by Mitzi.
d. allow Mitzi to experience some congruence.
e. be repressed by Mitzi.
59. Lander boasts during the clinical interview that he engages in many sexual relationships simply
because it satisfies his manly urges. He even persuades the psychologist that he should also try such
promiscuity. May would discuss the manner of which Lander relates to the world as
a. Umwelt
b. Mitwelt
c. Lust dynamism
d. Eros type of love

60. Julia loves being praised by other people. She exerts effort in exchange of others appreciation. On
one hand, even though she is over indulged about herself, she frets about her misdemeanor against
other people. According to Fromm, her trouble is likely coming out from her
a. Relatedness as an existential need
b. Narcissistic traits
c. Her moral hypochondriac characteristics

61. Fromm argued that basic anxiety arise because of the separation of modern day people from the
natural world. Evaluate which among the statements is false:
a. Self-awareness contributes to feelings of loneliness, isolation, and homelessness.
b. People from rural area would experience more happiness compared to people of an urban area.
c. Our rationality makes us unique yet allows us to unite naturally with nature.
d. Separation from nature is a natural tendency for human beings because of our capacities such as
reasoning, foresight, and imagination.

62. Which dialogue can be a good source to conditions of worth?

a. Julia, I like exactly the way you are.
b. I like your diligence; it is like Marcos attitude.
c. I have confidence in your skills, Paulo.
d. Tell me what you feel.

63. Martha shows off her new bracelet to her friends. Her friends started to criticize the bracelet she was
showing off. Martha could not help herself but to say to curse her friends and told them that they were
envious of her new bracelet. The sequence of needs of Martha is
a. Exhibition, Rejection, Aggression
b. Exposition, Succorance, Rejection
c. Exhibition, Infavoidance, Aggression
d. Play, Sentience, Nurturance, Dominance

64. Denial as a defense by Freud and Rogers is

a. different in such a way that denial of Freud block anxiety provoking experiences while denial of
Rogers block those that results to realization of the self.
b. the same in such a way that they are both used by neurotic individuals
c. different in such a way that psychoanalysis view denial is a form of blocking an information while
person centered view denial as a from of forgetting.
d. the same in such a way that both leads to repression of the unwanted material.
65. Laila was praised by his professor for doing a project artistically. Eventhough Laila has an innate
interest and skill with arts, she disregarded what she heard because her parents wanted her to finish
Medicine rather than Arts course. Laila is doing what Rogers called as ________.
a. Denial
b. Distortion
c. Vunerability
d. Incongruence

66. Maslow found that self-actualizers were characterized by

a. limited but intense close friendships.
b. extensive but superficial friendships.
c. a great number of deep, intimate relationships.
d. extensive personal friendships with neurotic individuals.

67. Rogerss basic assumption in therapy was that

a. people will move toward self-actualization when they understand the reasons for their behavior.
b. people become psychologically adjusted when they solve their sexual conflicts.
c. psychological growth is enhanced when clients receive empathy and unconditional positive regard
from a congruent therapist.
d. anxiety and threat must be extinguished before psychological growth can take place.

68. Geraldine is a close friend of Kara. Although Kara is found to be addicted with illegal drugs, Geraldine
maintains the relationship with her. If you are Sullivan, you explain the situation by saying the Geraldine
a. wishes to use drugs as well later on.
b. has awareness of the tensions of using drugs.
c. selectively attends to the friendship she has with Kara to avoid anxiety
d. uses prototaxic level of cognition in relating with Kara that is why she does not understand Karas
behavior

69. A follower of May would help a person suffering from stage 4 cancer by
a. Initially removing pain from the patients body through analgesic treatments
b. Allow the patient to accept that life has an end
c. Create a warm relations with the patients by providing unconditional positive regards
d. Help the person make see the bright side of dying in his given context

70. Sullivans self system dynamism although perceived as a protector of the self against anxiety, it can
also be viewed as somewhat detrimental because
a. it prevents personality change when needed
b. it is a product of physiological need
c. it is a product of anxiety itself
d. it is related to weak interpersonal relations

71. Rebecca suddenly broke up with Onet because of character mismatching. Onet, on the other hand,
believes that their personality matches together. Onet could not think of any reason why Rebecca left
him. May would suggests that Onet will
a. turn into myths to explain Rebeccas action.
b. engage in non being behaviors as form of punishment to the self.
c. allow Rebecca to find herself.
d. Talk to her friend Luigi about the event.

72. According to May, when human being fail to achieve dasein, they would
a. Turn to myths
b. Experience ontological guilt
c. Develop psychopathology immediately
d. Fear death or any concept related to it
Basic Concept: Being-in-the-world
Dasein, means to exist in the world; Many people suffer from anxiety and despair brought on by
their alienation from themselves or from their world.
Alienation is the illness of our time, and it manifests itself in three areas:
(1) separation from nature,
(2) lack of meaningful interpersonal relations, and
(3) alienation from ones authentic self.
Modes of Being-in-the-world
Umwelt, or the environment around us;
It is the world of nature and natural law and includes biological drives, such as hunger and sleep, and
such natural phenomena as birth and death.
Mitwelt, or our relations with other people;
We must relate to people as people, not as things. If we treat people as objects, then we are living
solely in Umwelt.
Eigenwelt, or our relationship with our self.
means to be aware of oneself as a human being and to grasp who we are as we relate to the world of
things and to the world of people
Healthy people live in Umwelt, Mitwelt, and Eigenwelt simultaneously. They adapt to the natural
world, relate to others as humans, and have a keen awareness of what all these experiences mean to
them.
Guilt
An ontological characteristic of human existence arising from our separation from the natural world
(Umwelt), from other people (Mitwelt), or from oneself (Eigenwelt).
Guilt Arises when:
People deny their potentialities
Fail to accurately perceive the needs of others
Remain oblivious to their dependence on the natural world
Anxiety and Guilt are Ontological (they refer to the nature of being and not to feelings arising from
specific situations or transgressions)
Basic Concept: NonBeing
The awareness of the possibility of ones not being, through death or loss of awareness.
Death is not the only avenue of nonbeing, but it is the most obvious one.
Our nonbeing can also be expressed as blind conformity to societys expectations or as generalized
hostility that pervades our relations to others.
The fear of death or nonbeing often provokes us to live defensively and to receive less from life than
if we would confront the issue of our nonexistence.
Anxiety
The experience of the threat of forthcoming nonbeing
People experience anxiety when they become aware that their existence or some value identified
with it might be destroyed.
Anxiety arises when people are faced with the problem of fulfilling their potentialities.
 May claimed that much of human behavior is motivated by an underlying sense of dread and anxiety.
Normal Anxiety
That which is proportionate to the threat, does not involve repression, and can be confronted
constructively on the conscious level (May, 1967)
Neurotic Anxiety
a reaction which is disproportionate to the threat, involves repression and other forms of
intrapsychic conflict, and is managed by various kinds of blocking-off of activity and awareness
(May, 1967)

73. According to Murrays theory, which of the following needs is not part of the affection domain?
a. Rejection
b. Succorance
c. Deference
d. Affiliation
e. None of the above

74. According to Murrays theory, which does not belong to the group?
a. Dominance
b. Abasement
c. Nurturance
d. Autonomy
Viscerogenic or Psychogenic
1. VISCEROGENIC-internal sources
A. Lacks (leading to intakes)
Inspiration (of oxygen)
Water
Food
Sentience (sensuous impressions)

B. Distensions (leading to outputs)

Sex
Lactation
Expiration
Urination
Defecation
C. Harms (leading to retractions)
Noxavoidance (internal source)
Heat avoidance
Cold avoidance
Harmavoidance (external source)
2. PSYCHOGENIC NEEDS- stimulated by external sources--press
2. Overt or Covert
Overt needs manifest needs
Covert needs latent needs
3. Focal or Diffused
Focal needs linked to specific classes of environmental objects
Diffused needs so generalized that they apply to almost every environmental setting.
4. Proactive or Reactive
 Proactive needs are those from within as a result of something in the person
Reactive needs are activated as a result of some environmental event
5. Modal and Effect
Modal need involve doing something with a certain degree of excellence or quality.
Effect needs are those that lead to a desired state or end.

75. Each ascending step in Maslows hierarchy of needs represents

a. a lower need, but one less basic to survival.
b. a higher need, but one more basic to survival.
c. a lower need, but one more basic to survival .
d. a higher need, but one less basic to survival.

76. For Rogers, the source of peoples positive self-regard is

a. other peoples positive regard toward them.
b. outstanding personal achievements.
c. the conditions of worth they receive from others.
d. a pattern of successfully responding to others criticisms.

77. In Rogerss theory, self-actualization is

a. synonymous with the actualizing tendency.
b. synonymous with the formative tendency.
c. a subsystem of the actualizing tendency.
d. the tendency to actualize the perceived self.
e. c and d.

78. Gerry, a taxi driver, ran over a pedestrian and accidentally killing him. Although there was no
evidence or witness regarding the crime he surrenders himself to the police. Gerry has needs for
a. Deference
b. Abasement
c. Infavoidance
d. Succorance

79. Typhoon, crime, food are examples of Murrays

a. Alpha press
b. Primary needs
c. Thema
d. Beta press

80. Juno has deep and intimate or close relationship with Evan. They are preoccupied with their
relationship as best friend that they do not care with Martha and Charlene around them even though
other Carlo, an older child, see these girls pretty and sexually interesting. Sullivan would agree with you if
you say that Juno and Evan might be in _____ stage, while Carlo is in _____ stage.
a. Pre adolescence; Early Adolescence
b. Childhood; Puberty
c. Early adolescence; Late adolescence
d. Juvenile Era; Early adolescence

81. Lily easily adapts to the trend of her generation. She buys anything that others have. She follows
anywhere her friends have decided to go. According to Murray, she has what kind of need?
a. Deference
b. Succorance
c. Play
d. Affection

82. Juliet is a conscientious engineering major. The following week is their board examination. Her friend
invited her to join the party to be held tomorrow. If you are a believer of Mischel, then you would expect
that Juliet
a. Will take the board examination next week
b. May or may not join the party depending on her perception of the party and her readiness for the
board examination.
c. Will join the party because the situation and the person variables suggest so.
d. Will not join the party because her trait of being conscientious will make her study more.

83. Kelly, a psychology major student, has a low level of self efficacy. Which factors below would not
enhance her level of self esteem?
a. Marcelo, her close friend, who believes in her capacity
b. Kelly tries to master the bahavior her self
c. Louie who gives her challenging tasks
d. Jonathan, to whom she copies the behavior

84. While Bandura believes that when we cooperate with other individuals to survive in the form of
proxy agency, Buss would say that it is due to
a. Agreeableness
b. Surgency
c. Extraversion
d. Neuroticism

85. Romeo, a policeman, accidentally killed a drug pusher during their raid. He confessed to their
superintendent that he feels too much guilt of the event. If the superintendent is a believer of Bandura,
he would try to break the relationship between his subordinate and the consequence of his actions by
a. Suggesting that if he did not kill the pusher, many lives would be destroyed
b. Persuade that its their fault by doing a crime and bring disorder to the society
c. Tell the police officer that there are many more deaths in the operations, it is nothing important
d. Suggest that others even kill innocent men by accident but his kill was of a criminal

86. Charlotte stole P10 from his mothers wallet. She claims to herself that this is nothing as compared to
his brother who stole P1000 from their mothers wallet. Bandura would say that
a. Charlotte learned the bahavior of his brother by means of enactive learning
b. Their mother is mostly disoriented that she doesnt know she is being stolen from
c. Charlotte is using advantageous comparisons not to feel the guilt
d. His brother might have modelled the behavior perceived as high status

87. Lester is perceived by most of his friends as an outstanding basketball player. Using Banduras
outcome expectation theory, he would not pursue a basketball career because
a. He has not competed yet in a national level
b. He has other career in mind
c. He believes that basketball is not compensating enough
d. He is far from becoming a basketball player

88. What is not part of the three components of reciprocal determinism according to Bandura?
a. Behavior
b. Cognition
c. Environment
d. Model

89. Chance encounters fall under

a. Cognition
b. Behavior
c. Fortuitous events
d. Environment

90. Within the context of Rotters concept of behavior prediction, a behavior with high score in behavior
potential means
a. It has high needs potential as well
b. There is a high likelihood that the bahvior will occur
c. The person is considering other behaviors with better potentials
d. All of the above

91. Carlo strongly believes that he can get the latinhonor in his graduation. However, he is an orphan as
considers that the award is not valuable because he has none to offer the award. Thus, he is less likely
performing on his examination this day based on his capability. In Rotters theory, it would be explained
as
a. Carlo having high expectations but low in reinforcement value
b. Carlo having barriers is realizing his potentials
c. Carlo has negative view of his future
d. Caro has high internal locus of control

92. A consequence of ones behavior is not necessarily the same from one person to another, this is due
to what Rotter calls as
a. Internal Reinforcement
b. Reinforcement value
c. Generalized expectancy
d. Psychological situation

93. Allports notion that people are capable of consciously acting upon their environment in new and
innovative ways that permit psychological growth is illustrated by
a. proactive behavior.
b. reactive behavior.
c. causality.
d. determinism.
e. neurosis.

94. According to Eysenck, high P scorers are

a. punctual and precise.
b. caring and cooperative.
c. social and agreeable.
d. impulsive and hostile.

95. In Eysencks theory of personality, individuals who tend to be empathetic, caring, cooperative, and
highly socialized score
a. low on neuroticism.
b. high on introversion.
c. low on psychoticism.
d. high on extraversion.

96. A rapist excuses his violent assault on his victim by claiming the she provoked the attack by dressing
provocatively. According to Bandura, this technique of disengagement is
a. minimizing consequences.
b. ignoring consequences.
c. moral justification.
d. dehumanizing the victim.
e. blaming the victim.

97. For David Buss, the behaviorists approach in personality that suggests that changes in ones behavior
is due to rewards and punishment committed an error called
a. Fundamental Situational Error
b. Fundamental Attribution Error
c. Fundamental Environmental Error
d. Fundamental Adaptive Error

98. For Buss this trait signals to others whom we can trust with tasks and responsibilities and whom we
can depend on.
a. Agreeableness
b. Conscientiousness
c. Intellect
d. Extraversion

99. Use of chopsticks in Japan and China, use of Forks and Knife in Europe, use of spoon and fork in
America, and use of hands in the Philippines while eating is an example of
a. Adaptations
b. Noise
c. By-Products
d. Evolved Mechanisms

100. According to Buss, these are the main problems of life

a. Survival
b. Reproduction
c. Relatedness
d. Both a and b