Case Analysis on the Burial of Former Pres.

Ferdinand Edralin Marcos

LUISSE ZANTHER T. CARREOS: Kasalukuyang mag-aaral sa

Pamantasang Normal ng Pilipinas- Fakulti ng Pangkaasalan at
Panlipunang Agham. Kumukuha ng kursong Batsilyer sa Sekundaryang
Edukasyon, nagpapakadalubhasa sa Agham Panlipunan. Ang kanyang
pokus ay magiging Kasaysayan, Development, at Pananaliksik.

1. Kindly make a position paper (make a stand) about Ferdinand Marcos' burial at Libingan ng

mga Bayani.

"Kung gusto mong ilibing siya (Ferdinand Marcos) doon (Libingan ng mga Bayani),

PWEDE, pero remember iba ang PWEDE sa DAPAT" just resigned Dr. Maria Serena I. Diokno

iterated at the Anti- Marcos protest on November 30.

There are many reasons why I dissent and in a way condemn, the desicion or the

ruling of the Supreme Court to allow the burial of former Pres. Ferdinand Edralin Marcos at the

Libingan ng mga Bayani here are only some of the reasons why I choose to be against the

aforementioned;

1. According to the National Historical Commision of the Philippines in their

research study entitled "Why Ferdinand Marcos should not be buried at the Libingan ng mga

Bayani" his medals of valor (awards given to honorary soldiers of the World War) and his said

military records were obtained and "fraught with myths, factual inconsistencies, and lies." as the

Commissions'' research were bound by factual findings on fraudulences of the records

exemplifying the "Silver Star" medal which was inexistent when it was "said" to be awarded to

Major Marcos at that time because only the "Philippine Gold Cross" could equivalent to the

caption given to his said Silver Star award, also among all the declared 33 medals which Major

Philippine Normal University

o
The National Center for Teacher Education Nurturing Innovative Teachers
Taft Avenue, Manila
 Case Analysis on the Burial of Former Pres. Ferdinand Edralin Marcos

Marcos reported he was awarded with, only two medals were existent and could be given at the

time, the former Philippine Gold Cross and the US Distinguished Service Cross.

2. According to the Presidential Commission on Good Governance which was

instated by Former President Corazon C. Aquino, Former Pres. Marcos stole staggering amounts

of monetary accounts such as 10 Billion US Dollars, and estimated PHP 167,500,000,000 of

unrecovered wealth (ill- gotten), and 8 Million US Dollars worth of Jewelry hoard collectives.

3. Professor Emeritus of the University of the Philippines Diliman at the School

Economics and renowned TV personality Prof. Winnie Monsod, analyzed the lies and debunked

the myths of the wide spreading "Marcos years was the Golden Age of the Philippines' Economic

History" that the growth rate of the Philippines before Marcos was 4.3% but when he stepped as

president it downed to 3.8% which posits a large difference, the wage rate of the Filipino Citizens

who are workers were before Marcos Years at an index of 100 but in 1974 downed to the index of

53.4, Another is income inequality where 60% of the people share 25% of the country's income

while the top 10% of the people had 41.4% of the whole country's income.

4. The UP School of Economics together with head researcher Prof. Winnie Monsod

also pointed out the Economic Crises of 1983 when the foreign debt of the Philippines ballooned

so large that it took 14 years after the Marcos dictatorship to pay back. She said that the legacy of

the Marcoses especially of Imelda, resulted to large debts of the country which we are still paying

at this point in time as each Filipino has a debt to the World Financial Institutions of an estimated

PHP 600.00 per Filipino Citizen or more. All the infrastructures which are said to be Marcos

Legacy were deemed National Debt (most of which mainly instigated by Former First Lady

Imelda Romualdez- Marcos assumed as nearing paradise using--- the true, the good, and the

beautiful) namely;

Philippine Normal University

o
The National Center for Teacher Education Nurturing Innovative Teachers
Taft Avenue, Manila
 Case Analysis on the Burial of Former Pres. Ferdinand Edralin Marcos

a. The Cultural Centre of the Philippines- instigated by Former First Lady Imelda Marcos

and opened in 1969.

b. The Tanghalang Francisco Balagtas much known as the Folk Arts Theatre opened in

1974 famous to house so many illustrious beauty pageants back then.

c. Philippine International Convention Centre (PICC) which opened in 1976.

d. Makiling Centre of the Arts (National Arts Centre) opened in 1976 as well.

e. Nayong Pilipino at Pasay in 1969.

f. People's Park in the Sky in 1981.

g. Hospitals: Philippine Heart Centre, Lung Centre of the Philippines, and the National

Kidney and Transplant Institute respectively.

h. Manila Light Rail Transit or LRT 1 (functioning even today).

i. A world renowned attraction, San Juanico Bridge.

5. According to the Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines, there are

about 3,257 Filipino Citizens who were intentionally killed including Former Senator and threat to

the presidency Sen. Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino during the reign of Marcos and 737 official citizens

listed who disappeared during the regime called as "Desaparesidos".

6. The Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines emphasized greatly on

Marcos toppling over and condemning his former precedents legacy of Democracy as he

instigated Dictatorship as he lasted 20 years (electoral fraud also depicted) in office and his 9

years of dictator rule under the Proclamation 1081 which he instated on September 21, 1972

declaring Martial Law vested in him by the power of the 1935 Constitution which was rather

abusive of power and a metaphorical murder of Democracy.

Philippine Normal University

o
The National Center for Teacher Education Nurturing Innovative Teachers
Taft Avenue, Manila
 Case Analysis on the Burial of Former Pres. Ferdinand Edralin Marcos

7. Truth was silenced as the Official Gazette of the Philippines narrates the story of

the regime closing down "292 Radio Stations, 66, Community Newspapers, 7 Major Daily

Newspapers, and 7 important TV Stations." This maybe the major reason why many people still

today were blinded of the said "Golden Years during the Marcos Era" because Pres. Marcos had

his own crew which regulated as he manipulated the contents of Mass Media showing only the

good points and achievements of the regime and manipulating in way of controlling or

brainwashing minds of Filipino Citizens to support him and his government. A very famous usage

of Anti- Marcos is Voltes V which was banned by Marcos because of its "threatening" contents

because apparently, the protagonists or the heroes in the show are toppling down villains which

he said may initiate a revolution if watched by the Citizens which was for him a cause to ban it

nationwide. All these restrictions caused uproar among other Filipino Citizens who were not in

content with the government's interference with media and their interference to deliver true news

to the people.

8. Greatest of all reasons why I dissent the Marcos Burial is due to the violation of

Human Rights, National Freedom, and Independence/ Sovereignty. Considering myself to be an

advocate of Human Rights studying focuses on Social Science, I look to this point as horrid,

terrible, and inhuman.

According to the Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines there were listed

officially "75, 730 Victims of Human Rights Violations, 70, 000 Unwarranted Arrests (primarily due

to the Suspension of Habeas Corpus during Martial Law), and 34, 000 cases of torture." which

was a very dark part of the History of the Philippines as it was considered by many Political

Scientists as the age of Philippine Genocide.

Referring mainly to prominent DLSU Historian Michael Charleston "Xiao" Chua's

thesis titled TORTYUR: Human Rights Violations During the Marcos Regime, it is a clear

Philippine Normal University

o
The National Center for Teacher Education Nurturing Innovative Teachers
Taft Avenue, Manila
 Case Analysis on the Burial of Former Pres. Ferdinand Edralin Marcos

historical research of the crimes committed during the Marcos Era, citing most of the gruesome

and inhuman crimes of physical tortures said;

1. Electric Shock- electric wires attached to arms, fingers, legs, head, and commonly to

the genitalia of the victims as they were electrocuted

2. San Juanico Bridge- a torture title of the process of placing the body between to beds,

and if the body falls between, the victim would be beaten using clubs, wood, and other available

instruments for torture.

3. Truth Serum- which is adminstered at medical centres were injectibles used to make

the victim talk as if he/ she was drunk.

4. Russian Roulette- a famous form of torture which is making the victim aim a gun at his/

her won head and pull the trigger to threaten. (may also fall on being an exemplification of mental

torture)

5. Beating- almost always used, punching, slapping, kicking, karate chops, fist blows, and

other methods though about as well as using torture instruments such as clubs, wood with nails,

dos por dos, steel, bamboo, and more.

6. Pistol whipping- being hit by the butts and the parts of guns most notably of rifles.

7. Water cure- personal favorites of most torture executors which primarily involves

forcive amounts of water pushed inside the victim's mouth and beating to be applied afterwards to

get the water out.

8. Strangulation- strangling by the wall done by hand or constricted by wired of electricity

applied to the neck of the victims.

9. Cigar and Flat Iron burns- applied to lengthen the suffering of the victims using heat.

Philippine Normal University

o
The National Center for Teacher Education Nurturing Innovative Teachers
Taft Avenue, Manila
 Case Analysis on the Burial of Former Pres. Ferdinand Edralin Marcos

10. Pepper torture- concentrated large amounts of pepper to be placed in victims mouth

or genitalia

11. Animal treatment- the placing of the victims often blindfolded into cages complete with

metal leashes and/ or manacles (handcuffs) for long periods of time, because they were

handcuffed, they were forced to eat like dogs smothering food in their faces as the food were

placed in the iron grills of the cages, not knowing what they were eating because there were no

lights, not knowing as well, if they eat their own feces/ waste as it was mixed in with the food

because they were inside a cage.

12. Special Case of Military brutality- Peter Villaseor was brought to a camp in Bataan

where he was tortured for nine nights and nine days. While he was hung naked from the ceiling,

soldiers would flick his genitals and walis tambo was inserted into his urinary tract. Thumbtacks

were also inserted into his fingertips. Bayonets were placed in his elbows and his mouth. Naked,

he was made to sit on three blocks of ice. Electric shock was applied to his toe and his genitalia.

A stone was knocked repeatedly on his knees. While his head and stomach were beaten, water

drops were forced into his nose (Magsaysay, 1999).

Referring to psychological tortures, I think Ninoy Aquino's world famous published

Testaments from a prison cell would suffice, quoting;

They placed me in a box. I had only my brief and my t-shirt. I refused to eat

because I thought they were poisoning me. There was nothing in the room, barely

nothing. And I had nothing to do but twiddle my thumb, and for the first time in

my life I heard the ticking of every second, and I was counting every second into

minutes, and as the minutes marched into hours, and hours into days and days into

Philippine Normal University

o
The National Center for Teacher Education Nurturing Innovative Teachers
Taft Avenue, Manila
 Case Analysis on the Burial of Former Pres. Ferdinand Edralin Marcos

weeks, I knew what loneliness meant.

Sexual tortures were heavily carried at that time and were also quite widespread

which caused heavy blows of pain for victims who suffered it. Selected examples from the book of

Magsaysay would be;

Etta Rosales, a teacher at the Jos Rizal College, was brought to a safe house in

Pasig where she was tortured. She was stripped naked when she suffered the Russian Roulette,

electric shocks, strangulation, and candle burns. His torturers only stopped when she pretended

to be dying. Years later, one of her torturers, Lt. Rodolfo Aguinaldo, even became her colleague

at the House of Representatives (Magsaysay, 1999).

Hilda Narciso was placed in a small room where she was raped. She was fed soup

of worms and rotten fish. She would be awoken right after falling asleep in order to be tortured

once more.Yung torture, mental torture, ang sakit. Tapos yung sexual abuse, mas lalo na,

dagdag yun. Physical torture baka sabihin ko pang mabuti pang pinukpok na ako ng pinukpok

kaysa nirapeako e. Currently, she was the executive director Claimants 1081, a group that filed

human rights violations against the Marcoses (Magsaysay, 1999).

Lastly, I would like to depict serious cases that resulted to murder much called

genocide which are celebrated as heinous and inhuman in today's contemporary Philippines.

Liliosa Hilao, a writer of the student movement at the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng

Maynila. In 1973, she was arrested, sexually molested and died in Camp Crame under

constabulary custody. The military claimed she committed suicide by drinking muriatic acid in a

mens bathroom. But the autopsy said otherwise. Her mouth became an ashtray full of cigarette

wounds. Her mother recounted how much Lilys body was maltreated: They cut her body up with

a saw up to her vagina, and they also cut her head. They took out her brain and stomach, tore

Philippine Normal University

o
The National Center for Teacher Education Nurturing Innovative Teachers
Taft Avenue, Manila
 Case Analysis on the Burial of Former Pres. Ferdinand Edralin Marcos

them into pieces like dinuguan, soaked them in muriatic acid and placed them in a pale and was

brought to the wake in that manner. During her funeral, there was heavy military presence. She

was 23, the first case of death under detention during Martial Law (Gualberto, 2007).

Dr. Juan "Johnny" Escandor is a cancer doctor from the University of the

Philippines Manila-Philippine General Hospital who organized the protest movement in Sorsogon

and joined the New Peoples Army. In 1983, the military claimed that they killed him in an

encounter in Bohol Ave. and Bayudan St. in Quezon City. But the residents said they did not hear

a single shot fired that night. He was last seen with Yolanda Gordula, who disappeared without a

trace. 52-days after burial, he was exhumed to be re-autopsied and the fact-finding team said he

was shot at closerange and not in a shoot-out and there was evidence of torture: They found his

skull filled with dirty rags, socks, briefs and plastic bags! His brains and other organs were all

placed inside his stomach! One of his eyes was missing, his head and bones severely broken,

and his body was filled with black marks of hematoma. Because of his commitment to the people,

he was hailed as a doctor of the masses. (Escandor, 2007).

In a BBC documentary, Sen. Pepe Diokno used the story of a young girl and

depicted raids that had happened in her village. Her mother covered her to protect her but when

the shooting stopped she was covered with her mothers blood and brains. She saw how her

brother was cut in half, another boy climbed a coconut tree when the raid happened and from it

he saw how her father was stopped by soldiers, they tied to his feet, and his head turned

sideways. Then they cut his head, played with it and pushed it with a stick to a coconut tree and

covered it with leaves. The boy wanted to avenge his fathers death, he said Even a small chick

can grow into a fighting rooster. This incident was known as the Las Navas Incident.

These teleserye- like events that are happening in contemporary society is really

something tainted with the dirty side of politics considering Duterte's own brand of justice which is

Philippine Normal University

o
The National Center for Teacher Education Nurturing Innovative Teachers
Taft Avenue, Manila
 Case Analysis on the Burial of Former Pres. Ferdinand Edralin Marcos

not universal in most ways but only concedes to his individual interest and recognition. It is

saddening to know that the Filipino Citizenry voted for a man who only sees himself as superior

deeming of course, to those who he has close ties with, pertaining especially to Sen. Bongbong

Marcos where he is like a sidekick, just following his orders and giving him all benefits because

Sen. Marcos was according to Duterte, the lead contributor for his success to grab the

Presidency.

I would not be surprised if Martial Law would be reinstated, observing the recent

phenomenon which is happening especially something called "Social Media Wars" where

intellectuals and so called 'trolls' argue over certain topics quite contemptuously as possible

because the trolls have their own understanding of societal events and concedes to everything

that Duterte says even if it violates morality.

History often connotes appreciation, but I would like appreciation to grow into

application, the future is in the hands of the moulder, fortunately, I would be one of those who

would shape students, to surely convey truth and uphold the voices of those who needs to be

heard. Now, as a future educator as well as hoping to be an "Alagad ng Kasaysayan", I would like

to narrate the stories of the Human Rights Victims back then in the Marcos Regime and the

horrible effects of declaring Martial Law. I would like to present, because I was not yet alive in the

time of Martial Law (quite a familiar statement used by trolls nationwide), I would like to gather

and collect the first- hand stories of the experiences, the primary sources, of the people who lived

at that time, especially those who were victimized under the Marcos Dictatorship so that even so,

their stories would reach the future generations to come, for them wto hopefully learn to value the

most important thing, human life, for them to make correct and wise decisions especially when

election nears, for them to appreciate and apply the course of History so that they may not be

doomed to repeat dark history all over again, for them to develop Historical Thinking Skills, for

them to know when, where, and how to fight for what they might believe in, and lastly, for them to

Philippine Normal University

o
The National Center for Teacher Education Nurturing Innovative Teachers
Taft Avenue, Manila
 Case Analysis on the Burial of Former Pres. Ferdinand Edralin Marcos

be better citizens of the Philippines to promote development and progress of the entire country

through means of nation- building and love by speaking the truth and fighting for profound justice!

#NoToHistoricalRevisionism

2. What do you think would be the impact on Philippines' development?

I would like first to cite Paragraph 5 of Sec. 27 of Republic Act 10368 AN ACT

PROVIDING FOR REPARATION AND RECOGNITION OF VICTIMS OF HUMAN RIGHTS

VIOLATIONS DURING THE MARCOS REGIME, DOCUMENTATION OF SAID VIOLATIONS,

APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.

The Commission shall also coordinate and collaborate with the DepED and the

CHED to ensure that the teaching of Martial Law atrocities, the lives and sacrifices

of HRVVs in our history are included in the basic, secondary and tertiary education

curricula.

Citing this provision, supports that Martial Law during the Marcos regime should be

taught and studied among institutions of learning, considering primarily the relevance of

Education in the lenses of History, but the teacher must also be filled with facts and realities as

the teacher should have conducted "research" and equipped Historical Thinking Skills to teach

Martial Law effectively, truthfully, and justly.

The impact here, where I believe most matter is in Education, because it is a basic

building block of life, where the students learn things and ideas mostly from the significant

person- - Teacher and prolong or sustain the knowledge gained and carry out the knowledge the

rest of his/ her life because it is the lesson of the teacher. If the student develops a wrong notion

of History, he may be doomed to repeat it, or worse, influence others to develop the wrong notion

Philippine Normal University

o
The National Center for Teacher Education Nurturing Innovative Teachers
Taft Avenue, Manila
 Case Analysis on the Burial of Former Pres. Ferdinand Edralin Marcos

using ways that we could not even imagine, as one wrong lesson in History, the future may be at

stake.

(The Butterfly Effect- where one small cause could produce massive effects

e.g. a flap of a butterfly's wings could cause a large hurricane)

If, Education would fail, the next target on impact would be the economy. The

Marcos Era shown lots of failure in economic policy and a low score on GDP- GNP rates, there

was a national recession for almost two decades, (Philippine Statistical Association) but since the

Marcoses controlled the television and mass media sources, this was not known to many. The

Philippines was called the sick man of Asia, as the Philippines' neighbouring countries are

undergoing its climactic economic boom, the Philippines was stagnant, the economy did not

develop especially because of ballooning foreign debt aforesaid. Lastly, although jobs were

increasing because of the many illustrious and extravagant buildings that Former First Lady

Imelda Marcos instigated, wages were not sufficient, and income inequality was also widespread.

The last target on impact would be politics. Politicking in the Philippines is very

evident in today's administration as what was further discussed to be Sen. Bongbong Marcos'

affiliation towards Rodrigo Duterte and their indirect opposition to topple down the current Vice

President Leni Robredo who receives mixed reviews as of today. Politicking was observed in the

last 2016 elections in a way that Duterte symbolizes a misogynistic, authoritarian, and a dictator-

look and appeals especially on what he says or does. Politicking was observed as well, in the

indirect campaigning of Duterte- Marcos. And lastly, politicking was now greatly observed and

seemingly opposed with the latest issue of Duterte allowing Ferdinand Marcos to be buried at the

Libingan ng mga Bayani complete with flower delivery, military rights, and offense to the people

of the Philippines especially to the Human Rights Victims of the Martial Law Era.

Philippine Normal University

o
The National Center for Teacher Education Nurturing Innovative Teachers
Taft Avenue, Manila
 Case Analysis on the Burial of Former Pres. Ferdinand Edralin Marcos

Was there really development during the Martial Law Era under the Marcos Regime?

I hope to get a resounding NO! from my future students.

3. Make a comment on the Supreme Court's ruling. Cite applicable laws if there's any. Will you

oppose or justify the said ruling? Explain.

"National healing cannot simply come when the President pronounces it, It can only

come through a process that leads to social justice. Justice does not come with just forgetting."

quoting Associate Justice Marvic Leonen.

I would like to use 3 provisions to support my stance on why I would dissent or

disagree with the Supreme Court ruling using also of course, laws as well cited by the 5

Dissenting Supreme Court Judges against the Burial of Former President Ferdinand Marcos at

the Libingan ng mga Bayani.

I would like to cite Section 1 of Republic Act 289 AN ACT PROVIDING FOR THE

CONSTRUCTION OF A NATIONAL PANTHEON FOR PRESIDENTS OF THE PHILIPPINES,

NATIONAL HEROES AND PATRIOTS OF THE COUNTRY.

To perpetuate the memory of all the Presidents of the Philippines, national heroes

and patriots for the inspiration and emulation of this generation and of generations

still unborn, there shall be constructed a National Pantheon which shall be the burial

place of their mortal remains.

Citing this provision, I would likely emphasize the underlined clause, which although

this law was the basis of the Libingan ng mga Bayani's construction, it clearly provides on the

underlined clause that those who are to be buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani must be an

inspiration and emulation for the generation today, as well as future generations to come. My

Philippine Normal University

o
The National Center for Teacher Education Nurturing Innovative Teachers
Taft Avenue, Manila
 Case Analysis on the Burial of Former Pres. Ferdinand Edralin Marcos

previous answers for the first 2 questions, I think would suffice as explanations on why the

Former President Marcos could not be a source of inspiration or emulation of the Filipino

Citizenry.

Secondly, I would cite Section 7 from Republic Act 10368 AN ACT PROVIDING

FOR REPARATION AND RECOGNITION OF VICTIMS OF HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS

DURING THE MARCOS REGIME, DOCUMENTATION OF SAID VIOLATIONS,

APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.

The amount of Ten billion pesos (P10,000,000,000.00) plus accrued interest which

form part of the funds transferred to the government of the Republic of the

Philippines by virtue of the December 10, 1997 Order of the Swiss Federal Supreme

Court, adjudged by the Supreme Court of the Philippines as final and executory in

Republic vs. Sandiganbayan on July 15, 2003 (G.R. No. 152154) as Marcos

ill-gotten wealth and forfeited in favor of the Republic of the Philippines, shall be the

principal source funds for the implementation of this Act.

Firstly, considering that a RA 10368 was approved, the law recognizes that heinous

crimes and terrible atrocities were made during the Marcos regime which states the fact criminal

cases were applied, but a loophole to this maybe that Pres. Marcos was not the one who

committed the crimes directly because he only ordered the Philippine Constabulary or other

Military forces to commit the crimes for him.

Secondly, amount of 10 Billion pesos was stated in law as ill- gotten which is quite

questionable on why the former president according to law, did not commit any criminal or

derogatory offenses provided thereby the penal code, even if the law already stated that the

wealth was ill- gotten.

Philippine Normal University

o
The National Center for Teacher Education Nurturing Innovative Teachers
Taft Avenue, Manila
 Case Analysis on the Burial of Former Pres. Ferdinand Edralin Marcos

Lastly, I would cite last paragraph from AFP Regulations G 161- 375 CATEGORIES

OF DECEASED PERSONS ENTITLED TO BE BURIED AT THE LIBINGAN NG MGA BAYANI.

In the AFP Regulations, these two categories are not qualified to be interred at the

Libingan ng mga Bayani: Personnel who were dishonorably separated/ reverted/

discharged from the service; and authorized personnel who were convicted by final

judgment of an offense involving moral turpitude.

Associate Justice Marvic Leonen pointed out that Ferdinand Marcos fits the 2

disqualifications of a person to be buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani, which I also believe--

Ferdinand Marcos was dishonourably discharged by the people of the Philippines during the

succesful 1986 People Power revolution led by his ouster Former President Corazon C. Aquino

and-- as Republic Act 10368 was made into law, he reiterated according to the aforecited "moral

and legal obligation of the state to recognize the sufferings of the human rights victims." and so,

inflicting that Pres. Marcos offended involving moral turpitude as he ordered murder and

countless Human Rights Violations during his regime.

Philippine Normal University

o
The National Center for Teacher Education Nurturing Innovative Teachers
Taft Avenue, Manila
 Case Analysis on the Burial of Former Pres. Ferdinand Edralin Marcos

Bibliography:

Aquino, Benigno S. (1984). Testaments from a prison cell. Makati City, Philippines: Benigno

S. Aquino Jr. Foundation Inc.

Chua, Michael Charleston Xiao. (2012). TORTYUR: Human Rights Violations During The

Marcos Regime. Retrieved through Academia.edu

Diokno, Jose W. (1983). To sing our own song. British Broadcasting System (BBC)

Diokno, Maria Serena I. (2016). Anti- Marcos Protest of November 30 SPEECH.

Escandor, Alaysa T. (2006). Johnny Escandor. De La Salle University, Manila

Gualberto, Alice H. (2007). Liliosa R. Hilao, her life and martyrdoma potential Philippine

leader

Magsaysay, Jing. (1999). The correspondents. Quezon City, ABS CBN News and Current

Affairs

Monsod, Solita C. (2016). Anti- Marcos Protest of November 14 SPEECH.

National Historical Commission of the Philippines. (2016). Why Ferdinand Marcos should not

be buried at the libingan ng mga bayani. Manila, Philippines, NHCP Archives.

Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines retrieved through www.gov.ph

Presidential Commission on Good Governance retrieved through www.pcgg.gov.ph

Uson, Mocha. (2016). Madaming Nagawa ang mga Marcos. Retrieved through Mocha Uson

Blog at www.facebook.com

Philippine Normal University

o
The National Center for Teacher Education Nurturing Innovative Teachers
Taft Avenue, Manila