Cover

Editorial Board | International Journal of GEOMATE 12/31/16, 9)53 PM
ISSN:2186-2982 (Print)
International Journal of GEOMATE 2186-2990 (Online)
Geotechnique, Construction Materials and Environment, Tsu, Mie, Japan
Home Aims & Scopes Archives Submission Membership Editorial Board Conferences Contact Us
Editorial Board search...
Publication Ethics
Honorary Editor
Review Policy
E/Prof. Dr. Shoji Inoue,
Mie University, Japan Content List
Discussion
Editor-in-Chief: Download Files
Evaluation Form
Prof. Dr. Zakaria Hossain,
Mie University, Japan
Galley Proof Submission
Impact Factor by SCOPUS
Assistant Chief Editor: Join as Reviewer
Dr. Jim Shiau, Payment

University of Southern Queensland, Australia
Revised Paper Submission
Associate Editors:
Prof. Dr. Fumio Tatsuoka, Tokyo Prof. Dr. Sai Vanapalli, University of Prof. Dr. Ian Jefferson, University
University of Science, Japan Ottawa, Canada of Birmingham, United Kingdom
Prof. Dr. Mounir Bouassida, National Prof. Dr. Bujang B.K. Huat, University Prof. Dr. Nemy Banthia, University
School of Engineering of Tunis Putra Malaysia, Malaysia of British Columbia, Canada
Prof. Dr. A.S.M. Abdul Awal,

Prof. Dr. Toshinori Sakai, Mie Prof. Dr. Jing-Cai Jiang, University
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
University, Japan of Tokushima, Japan
(UTHM), Malaysia
Prof. Dr. Lilia Robles Austriaco, Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ibn Ibrahimy,
Prof. Dr. Shamsul I. Chowdhury,
Angles University Foundation, International Islamic University,
Roosevelt University, USA
Philippines Malaysia
Prof. Dr. Isabel Pinto, University of Prof. Dr. Mark Jaksa, University of Prof. Dr. Kaneco Satoshi, Mie
Coimbra, Portugal Adelaide, Australia University, Japan
Prof. Dr. Mohammad Shariful Prof. Dr. Ranjith Pathegama Prof. Dr. Kingshuk Roy, Nihon
Islam, BUET, Bangladesh Gamage, Monash University, Australia University, Japan
Prof. Dr. Md. Shahin Hossain,

Prof. Dr. Pedro Arrua, Universidad Prof. Dr. Miguel A. Pando,
Islamic University of
Tecnolgica Nacional, Argentina University of North Carolina, USA
Technology, Bangladesh
Prof. Dr. Suksun Prof. Dr. Musharraf Zaman,

Prof. Dr. Rafiqul Tarefder,
Horpibulsuk, Suranaree University of University of Oklahama, USA University of New Mexico, USA
Technology, Thailand
Sub-editors
http://www.geomatejournal.com/editorial-board Page 1 of 2
Editorial Board | International Journal of GEOMATE 12/31/16, 9)53 PM
A/Prof. Dr. Nagaratnam

Dr. Ivan Gratchev, Griffith University, A/Prof. Srimala Sreekantan,
Sivakugan, James Cook University,
Australia University Sains Malaysia
Australia
Prof. Dr. Basuony El-Garhy, A/Prof. Ali Hassan Ali Mahfouz, Dr. Noor Ul Hassan Zardari, Universiti
University of Tabuk, KSA Suez Canal University, Egypt Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia
Dr. Zeki Candan, Istanbul University, A/Prof. Dr. John Victor Smith, RMIT
Dr. Amimul Ahsan, UPM, Malaysia
Turkey University, Australia
Editorial Assistants/Reviewers
Mr. P.L.P. Wasantha, Monash Mr. Mohsen Hajihassani, Universiti Dr. Sanjay Jha, National Taiwan
University, Australia Teknologi Malaysia, Malaysia University
Dr. Navid Khayat, Islamic Azad Mr. Deepak Raj Bhat, Ehime Dr. Richard P. Ray, Steven Szechenyi
University, Iran University, Japan University, Hungary
Mr. Ahmed Hashim, University of Dr. Reza Mohammadpour Ghalati, Dr. Anna Maria Pellegrino, University
Babylon, Iraq Universiti Sains Malaysia of Ferrara, Italy
Dr. Janaka Jagath Kumara, Tokyo Dr. Rusnardi Rahmat, State A/Prof. Dr. Ahmad RIFA'I,
University of Science, Japan University of Padang, Indonesia Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
A/Prof. Engr. Shailesh Kumar

Dr. Aseel Hadi, Universitas Gadjah Dr. Hasibun Naher, BRAC University,
Jha, Indian Institute of Technology,
Mada, Iraq Bangladesh
India
Dr. Bo Zhang, University of Oklahoma, A/Prof. Vo Quang Minh, Can Tho Dr. Mohd Hairy Ibrahim, Sultan Idris
USA. University, Vietnam Education University, Malaysia
Engr. Saeed Nemati, Western Sydney Dr. Mohammad Rezania, University of A/Prof. Yuk Feng Huang, Universiti
University, Australia Nottingham, UK Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia
Engr. Gholamreza Darvishi, Mazandab Dr. Farshad G. Kootenaei, Mazandab Envi. A/Prof. Subramaniam P., VIT
Env. Eng. Res. Center, Iran Eng. Res. Center, Iran University, Chennai, India
DR. Md Fauzi Ahmad, Universiti Tun A/Prof. Abdul Naser Abdul Prof. Dr. Abdelnaser, Universiti Utara
Hussein Onn Malaysia Ghani, Universiti Sains Malaysia Malaysia
Dr. Choo Chung Siung, Swinburne Dr. Mohd Hairy Ibrahim, Sultan Idris Prof. Menani Mohamed Redha,
University of Technology, Malaysia Education Universit, Malaysia University of Batna 2, Algeria
Dr. Paresh Vasantlal Dalal, Shri V. S.

Dr. Yogendra Tandel, GIDC Degree Dr Adnan Zainorabidin, Universiti Tun
Naik Arts, Commerce and Science College,
Engineering College, India Hussein Onn Malaysia
India
A/Prof. Waseim Ragab Azzam, Tanta Dr. Sayang Mohd Deni, Universiti A/Prof. Matallah, University of Tlemcen,
University, Egypt Teknologi MARA, Malaysia Algeria
Dr. Hailei Kou, Nanyang Technological A/Prof. Ali Habeeb, University of Babylon, Engr. Ali, University Malaysia Pahang,
University, Singapore Iraq Malaysia
A/Prof. Bashar Tarawneh, The Prof. Valeriy Perminov, Tomsk Prof. Usman Sumo Friend
University of Jordan Polytechnic University, Russia Tambunan, University of Indonesia
Note : E=Emeritus, A=Associate
2011-2016, The Geomate International Society. Visitor number
http://www.geomatejournal.com/editorial-board Page 2 of 2
Articles | International Journal of GEOMATE 12/31/16, 9)59 PM
ISSN:2186-2982 (Print)
International Journal of GEOMATE 2186-2990 (Online)
Geotechnique, Construction Materials and Environment, Tsu, Mie, Japan
Home Aims & Scopes Archives Submission Membership Editorial Board Conferences Contact Us
Articles (2017 / volume 12 / issue 29) search...
Publication Ethics
1. MECHANISM AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LANDSLIDES IN
Review Policy
BONE BOLANGO REGENCY, GORONTALO PROVINCE, INDONESIA
Indriati Martha Patuti, Ahmad Rifai and Kabul Basah Suryolelono
Content List
Article Type: Research Article View Abstract No of Download = 337 Pages (1-8)
Discussion
Download Files
2. COMPARISON OF BEARING CAPACITY OF FOOTINGS WITH SAME
AREA RESTING ON REINFORCED SAND Evaluation Form
Masoud Makarchian and Ehsan Badakhshan
Galley Proof Submission
Impact Factor by SCOPUS
Join as Reviewer
3. RETENTION STUDIES ON ARSENIC FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS BY
LIME TREATED SEMI ARID SOILS Payment
Arif Ali Baig Moghal, Krishna R Reddy, Syed Abu Sayeed Mohammed, Mosleh Ali Al-Shamrani and Waleed M Zahid
Revised Paper Submission
4. THE GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED CONCRETE

AGGREGATE WITH ADDITION OF RUBBER CHIPS DURING CYCLIC
LOADING
Wojciech Sas, Andrzej Guchowski and Alojzy Szymaski
5. ENHANCING TENSILE STRENGTH IN CLAYS USING

POLYPROPYLENE FIBERS
Muawia A Dafalla, Arif Ali Baig Moghal and Abdul Kareem Al-Obaid
6. PERFORMANCE OF MULTI BLEND CEMENT CONTAINING FLY ASH,

GRANULATED BLAST FURNACE SLAG AND LIMESTONE
S K Chaturvedi and A K Sahu
7. ADSORPTION STUDIES OF LEACHATE ON COCKLE SHELLS

Zawawi Daud, Mahmoud Hijab Abubakar, Aeslina Abdul Kadir, Abdul Aziz Abdul Latiff, Halizah Awang, Azhar Abdul
Halim, Aminaton Marto
http://www.geomatejournal.com/articles/2017/12/29 Page 1 of 4
8. EVALUATION OF FLOW-ABILITY ON FLUIDIZATION TREATED SOILS

BASED ON FLOW ANALYSIS BY MPS METHOD
Shinya Inazumi, Masaki Kaneko, Yoshio Tomoda, Yuji Shigematsu and Ken-ichi Shishido
9. A DEVELOPED PROCEDURE FOR PREDICTING THE RISK OF

LIQUEFACTION: A CASE STUDY OF RASHT CITY
Mehran Naghizadeh rokni, Mohamadreza Hassanlo and Mohamadreza Ramzani
10. AN ALGEBRAIC AND COMBINATORIAL APPROACH TO THE

CONSTRUCTION OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
Julio Romero and Scott H. Murray
11. EFFECT OF NANO SILICA ON CONCRETE BOND STRENGTH MODES

OF FAILURE
Mohamed I.Serag, Ahmed M.Yasien, Muhammad S. El-Feky and Hala Elkady
12. ANALYSIS OF FRACTIONAL FLOW AND RELATIVE PERMEABILITY

OF HEAVY OIL AND KEROSENE DURING RECOVERY IN PETROLEUM
RESERVOIR
Abdul Jamil Nazari and Shigeo Honma
13. SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF A NIGERIAN STANDARD

SAND: IGBOKODA SAND
Oluwapelumi O. Ojuri, Jonas Shai, Abiodun D. Aderibigbe
14. STATE OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN MARRAKECH CITY

(MOROCCO) OVER THE PERIOD 2009 2012
Manal Inchaouh, Mohamed Tahiri, Bouchra El Johra and Rachid Abboubi
15. IDENTIFICATION OF VULNERABLE AREAS TO FLOODS IN

KELANTAN RIVER SUB-BASINS BY USING FLOOD VULNERABILITY
INDEX
Nurul Farahen Ibrahim, Noorul Hassan Zardari, Sharif Moniruzzaman Shirazi, Mohd Ridza Bin Mohd Haniffah,
Shazwin Mat Talib, Zulkifli Yusop and Siti Mariam Akilah Binti Mohd Yusoff
16. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND GEO-ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR OF

SEMI ARID SOILS
Waleed M Zahid, Arif Ali Baig Moghal, Ali Abdul Kareem Obaid, Mosleh Ali Al-Shamrani and Syed Abu Sayeed
Mohammed
17. RANKING OF SKUDAI RIVER SUB-WATERSHEDS FROM

SUSTAINABILITY INDICES APPLICATION OF PROMETHEE
METHOD
Irena Naubi, Noorul Hassan Zardari, Sharif Moniruzzaman Shirazi, Nur Asikin Roslan, Zulkifli Yusop and Mohd Ridza
Bin Mohd Haniffah
18. GENERAL REGRESSION NEURAL NETWORK MODELING OF SOIL

CHARACTERISTICS FROM FIELD TESTS
Dahlia H. Hafez, A.G. Mahgoub and Mostafa A. Abu Kiefa
19. INTRINSIC COMPRESSION CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EXPANSIVE

CLAY FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Farzad Habibbeygi, Hamid Nikraz and Amin Chegenizadeh
20. SCREW-IN SOIL NAIL FOR SLOPE REINFORCEMENT AGAINST SLIP

FAILURE: A LAB-BASED MODEL STUDY
Chee-Ming Chan and Muhammad Halim Ab. Raman
21. DISPERSIVE CLAY STABILISED BY ALUM AND LIME

Mahmoud Hassanlourad, Mehran Naghizadeh rokni, Mohamadreza Hassanlo and Akbar Badrlou
22. ASSESSMENT OF POTASSIUM SILICATE BASED SURFACE

PENETRATION MATERIALS WITH LOW VISCOSITY IN THE REPAIR
OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Shinya Inazumi, Tomohiro Inazawa, Suttisak Soralump, Osamu Saiki and Hikaru Matsumoto
23. ASSESSING EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE FOR GAS DISTRIBUTION

NETWORKS: UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS APPLICATION IN TLEMCEN
(ALGERIA)
Soulimane Ilyas and Zendagui Djawad
24. EVALUATION OF SAFETY ENGINEERING SYSTEM IN OIL AND GAS

CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN UAE
Ghanim Kashwani and Yasemin Nielsen
25. SIMULATION OF CO2 EMISSION AND LAND SUBSIDENCE IN

RECLAIMED TIDAL PEAT SWAMP IN BERBAK DELTA, JAMBI-
INDONESIA
Aswandi, R. H. Susanto, E. Saleh, M. R. Abdillah, and I. Iskandar
26. RESERVOIR EVALUATION OF BAHARIYA FORMATION IN TUT OIL

FIELD, NORTH WESTERN DESERT, EGYPT
Neamat Aboelhassan, Elhamy Tarabees and Mohamed Alaa
27. OVERVIEW OF ROCK BURST RESEARCH IN CHINA AND ITS

APPLICATION IN IVORY COAST
Kouame Arthur Joseph KOUAME, Fuxing Jiang, Sitao Zhu1, Yu Feng
28. THE EFFECT OF LIMESTONE AND REHEATING TEMPERATURE ON

COLD PAVING HOT MIX ASPHALT
Ludfi Djakfar, Hendi Bowoputro, Ricky Akbariawan and Rendi Fadiansyah
2011-2016, The Geomate International Society. Visitor number
International Journal of GEOMATE, Jan., 2017, Vol. 12, Issue 29, pp. 212 - 219
Geotec., Const. Mat. & Env., ISSN: 2186-2990, Japan; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21660/2017.29.77503
THE EFFECT OF LIMESTONE AND REHEATING TEMPERATURE

ON COLD PAVING HOT MIX ASPHALT
*Ludfi Djakfar, Hendi Bowoputro, Ricky Akbariawan and Rendi Fadiansyah
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia
*Corresponding Author, Received: 14 July 2016, Revised: 2 August 2016, Accepted: 8 August 2016
ABSTRACT: The objective of the study is to evaluate the effect of the limestone proportion and reheating
temperature to the Marshall characteristics of the cold paving hot mix asphalt (CPHMA) using a natural
asphalt from Buton, Indonesia. The mix is prepared and mixed in hot temperature like hot mix asphalt, but
laid and compacted at normal temperature. The normal application of this mix is for patchwork, due to its
lower performance. In order to upgrade its performance, the research attempts to add limestone material and
reheat the mix before laying and compacting. As many as 60 Marshall specimens were prepared with varied
asphalt content, percentage of limestone, and reheating temperatures. The specimen were prepared in two
stages: mixing process and compaction process. The mixing process was performed like regular hot mix
asphalt. After the mixing, the specimens were placed in a batch for 24 hours. The mixes were then placed in
the Marshall tube to prepare the Marshall specimens, compacted, and tested. The results showed that heating
the mix to about 42oC significantly improves the mix performance, particularly on its Marshall stability. The
existence of limestone in the mix also improved its performance. Based on the results it can be concluded
that given some treatments, the CPHMA can be used not only as patching material but also as structural layer
material, particularly for low to medium traffic rural road.
Keywords: Buton Natural Asphalt, Cold Mix Asphalt, Cold Paving Hot Mix Asphalt, Marshall
Characteristics
1. INTRODUCTION Government has set a plan to steadily increase the

portion of Asbuton as the asphalt material for road
Asphalt is the main ingredient used by Civil construction in Indonesia. In 2016, the Government
Engineer to build roads. The majority of roads built has set to double the use of Asbuton, totaling 50,000
in recent years are flexible-type of pavement that ton. Table 1 presents the chemical content of
requires asphalt as the main component particularly Asbuton.
to prepare the surface layer. In Indonesia, more than Recently, two forms of Asbuton products have
90% of roads are of flexible pavement type. Every been launched to the market: Hot Mix Lawele
year the Government of Indonesia requires about 1.2 Granular Asphalt (LGA) and Ready Mix Asphalt-
million ton of asphalt either for new road Lawele (RMA-Lawele), as shown in Figure 2. LGA
construction or for the maintenance of the existing is prepared like regular hot mix asphalt, while RMA-
ones. About half of it (600,000 ton) is imported from Lawele is a product mixed in high temperature and
overseas, while the rest is provided from domestic laid in normal/cold temperature, known as Cold
production, with natural asphalt (known in Indonesia Paving Hot Mix Asphalt (CPHMA).
as Asbuton) about 25,000 ton [1]. While in other
countries the use of recycled has been common [2],
this kind of materials have not been popular in Table 1 Chemical content of Asbuton
Indonesia.
The very limited use of Asbuton for road No Type of Chemical Content
construction in Indonesia has concerned some Substance
decision makers since the available deposits reach 1 Nitrogen (N) 30%
more than 660 million tons [1], which can suffice 2 Acidafins (A1), (A2) 6.6% , 8.43%
the asphalt need for at least 300 year to come. Most 3 Malthenes 2.06%
of the asphalt deposits lie in Buton Island, Indonesia 4 Nitrogen/Parafins, N/P 3.28%
as shown in Figure 1. Therefore, in the future the 5 Asphalthenes 46.92%
212
Fig. 1 Buton Island, Indonesia
Fig. 2 Ready Mix Lawele Granular Asphalt (Scale 1:3)
213
Previous research shows that Asbuton can To improve the performance of RMA,
substitute for about 70 80% in RMA [3]. Table 2 particularly its stability, the mix may need to be
shows the specs requirements for RMA Lawele. As reheated for some degree, assuming that heating the
can be seen from the Table, stability requirement for RMA will increase the bonding capability of the
RMA-Lawele is about 600 kg. This is due to the fact Asbuton. Another potential to improve the
that this product is intended for road patching uses, performance is to add limestone to the mix. A study
not as structural layer. by Du [8] shows that hydration products can
increase the stiffness and cohesion of the asphalt
Table 2 Indonesian Specifications for RMA mastic of the recycled mixture. Wang et al [9]
No Description RMA showed that the total hydration heat decreased with
1 VMA, % 15 an increase in bitumen to cement ratio in the Cold
2 VFB, % 65 Asphalt Mix.
3 VIM, % 3.5 6.5 In some areas in Indonesia, there are abundant
4 Stability, kg 600 availability of limestone aggregates. This material is
5 Flow, mm 3 usually avoided for use in the hot mix asphalt due its
6 Marshall Quotient, kg/mm 250 low abrasion problem. Investigating the possibility
7 Retained Stability, % 75 of use of limestone in the RMA-Lawele mix should
be interesting. The objective of the study, therefore,
With more than 13,000 islands spanning the is as follows:
Indonesian archipelago, the need for proper 1. To evaluate the effect of temperature increase to
technology to improve the transportation and the Marshall characteristics of the RMA-Lawele
accessibility become essential. In some of the 2. To evaluate the effect of adding limestone
islands, it is just not feasible for a construction material in the aggregate to the Marshall
company to set up an asphalt mixing plant (AMP) characteristics of the RMA-Lawele.
due to the location and the minimum production that
should be produced in order to be profitable. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Therefore, in such areas, RMA-Lawele technology
seems to be promising, since it can be processed in 2.1. Materials
other areas and shipped to the construction area, laid
and compacted in normal temperature. Materials used in this research came from several
Previous study, however, showed that cold sources. Asbuton was provided by a company which
asphalt mixes, as in the case of RMA, have been runs the exploration of Asbuton in Buton Island. The
considered inferior to hot mix asphalt (HMA) over aggregate came from two sources: one from quarry
the last decades due to the high air-void content of usually used as material source in Java and the other
the compacted mixtures, weak early life strength and from Madura Island that produces limestone
long curing times required to achieve an optimal materials.
performance [4]. Although these shortcomings, the
use of cold mix asphalt has steadily gained 2.2. Material testing
momentum, as shown in Turkey and France [5].
Unlike common cold mix asphalt in which a solvent Material testing was conducted to evaluate the
is added during mixing and compaction process, the basic characteristics of the material and compare
RMA does not need any solvent. It is just laid and them to the Indonesian specification. The tests
compacted. included gradation, abrasion, impact test, specific
One of the challenges of the RMA is its lower gravity, and flakiness.
performance compared to hot mix asphalt, as shown
in Table 1. It is no wonder that current use of RMA 2.3. Design of Experiment
is mostly for patching purposes, similar to the
application of cold mix asphalt. In order to be To achieve the objectives of the study, 60
considered for structural layer, its characteristics Marshall specimens were prepared. Table 3 presents
should be improved. the design of experiment of the research. Variation
Studies to improve the performance of cold was made in both compaction temperature and
mix asphalt have been found in literature [6], limestone content. The selection of temperature
although the ability to match the performance of its range (250 - 67.50C) was based on assumption that
hot mixed counterpart (i.e., Hot mix Asphalt) has heating the RMA mix in the field would use simple
been elusive [7]. equipment, as in the case in remote area.
214
Table 3 Design of Experiment
Temperature Aggregate Mix Variation (Limestone/Standard) (%)

Variation (0C)
0/100 25/75 50/50 75/25 100/0
25 3 3 3 3 3
37,5 3 3 3 3 3
50 3 3 3 3 3
67,5 3 3 3 3 3
Total 60
2.4. Specimens Preparation & Testing Indonesian Directorate General of Highways

(IDGH) Specification, shown in Table 4.
3 specimens for 20 different mixes (groups) were Procedure for specimens preparation and
prepared. Aggregates were prepared based on the testing is presented in Figure 3. There were two
proportion shown in Table 3. Aggregate gradation stages in preparing the specimens. Stage 1 was to
for each group of specimen was set using the prepare the RMA materials produced from LGA mix,
as shown in Figure 3.
Table 4 Aggregate Gradation for each mix
Aggregate Weight 1000 gr

Modifier 30 gr
Sieve Size Upper Lower Gradation Weight Remarks
Bound Bound Design
% % % (gr)
3/4" (19 mm) 100 100 100 0 Aggregate
1/2" (12,5 mm) 100 90 93.0 70 Aggregate
3/8" (9,5 mm) - - - 0 -
No.4 (4,76 mm) 70 45 51.8 411.5 Aggregate
No.8 (2,36 mm) 55 25 25.1 267.8 Aggregate
No.50 (0,3 mm) 20 5 17.2 79.0 LGA
No.200 (0,075 mm) 9 2 6.8 104.2 LGA
Pan 0 0 0 67.5 LGA
Total 1000
Fig.3. Procedure for specimen preparation & testing
215
The Aggregate was heated to 140oC, while the LGA reheated to a temperature as specified in Table 3,
was heated to 120oC. After reaching the specified and subsequently put in the Marshall tube and
temperature, aggregate and LGA were then mixed compacted 75 times. The specimens were then tested
together with additive and cooled off and stored. using Marshall equipment and procedure [10].
This is to simulate the real condition of RMA
production in the Asphalt Mixing Plant (AMP). The 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
next stage is to stimulate the RMA placement and
compaction in the field. As stated in the objective of Table 5 presents the test results of the material
the study, the research is to evaluate how reheating characteristics. As can be seen from the Tables,
the RMA before placement and compaction can limestone and local aggregates meet the
improve its Marshall Characteristics. Therefore, the specification. Table 6 presents the test results of the
RMA produced from the previous stage was RMA-Lawele materials.
Table 5 Test results of the aggregate characteristics

No. Test Methods Unit Test Results IDGH Specs
Limestone Local Min. Max.
1 Absorption % 2,57 0,54 - 3
2 Bulk Specific Gravity - 2,52 2,71 2,5 -
3 SSD Specific Gravity - 2,56 2,72 - -
4 Apparent Specific Gravity - 2,69 2,75 - -
5 Abrasion % 28,78 12,96 - 40
6 Elongation Index % 11,50 12,96 - 25
7 Flakiness % 8,66 2,74 - 25
8 Impact Test % 16,29 15,06 - 30
Table 6 Test results of the RMA materials

No. Test Method Unit Test Results IDGH Specs
1 Penetration (250C, 100gr, 5 sec) 0,1 mm 55 50 - 70

0
2 Flash Point (Cleveland Open Cup) C - > 200
3 Ductility (250C, 5 cm/min) cm >140 >100

4 Specific Gravity (250C) - 1,019 Min 1.0
5 Bitumen Content % 22-25 25 - 35
1200
Figures 5 through 9 present the Marshall
characteristics of the RMA specimens. As can be 1000
seen from Figure 4, reheating compaction
800
Stabillity, kg
temperature increases stability, with specimens

having higher percentage of limestone aggregate 600
seems to provide better performance for almost all
temperature ranges. Figure 4 also shows that 400
increasing compaction temperature to about 50oC 200
has resulted an increase of stability to about 750 kg.
This is a remarkable increase of the stability when 0
compared to the RMA, which requires minimum 0 20 40 60 80
stability of 600 kg. A mixture with 750 kg stability Compaction Temperature, oC
can withstand traffic load at least for local or Limestone content
residential roads. It also means that RMA may 100/0 75/25 50/50
have some potential to be used not only for
25/75 0/100
patching, but also as structural layer for road
surfacing.
Fig. 4 Compaction temperature versus stability
216
4.5 However, the Figure also shows that increasing

4 temperature reduces the VIM.
3.5
3 36
Flow, mm
2.5 34
2 32
1.5 30
VMA, %
1
28
0.5
26
0
24
0 20 40 60 80
Compaction Temperature, oC 22
Limestone content 20
100/0 75/25 50/50 0 20 40 60 80
25/75 0/100 Compaction Temperature, oC
Fig.5 Compaction temperature versus flow
Limestone content, %
Figure 5 shows the flow of the specimens at 100/0 75/25 50/50
different temperature and coarse aggregate
25/75 0/100
proportion. The spec requires that the flow be at
least 3 mm. As can be seen from Figure 5, all Fig.7 Compaction temperature versus VMA
specimens, except those with 100% local materials
meet the specification. In other word, higher The same trend also happens to the VMA. As
limestone aggregate improves the mix shown in Figure 7, increasing compaction
performance. The Figure also shows that temperature reduced the VMA. The spec requires
increasing compaction temperature does not that VMA be at least 15%. In this case, all
significantly affect the flow. specimens meet the specs at all compaction
temperature ranges. The Figure also shows that it
seems that no much differences on the effect of
30 aggregate proportion to the VMA.
25
45
20 40
VIM,%
15 35
VFB,%
10 30
5 25
0 20
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80
Compaction Temperature, oC Compaction Temperature, oC
Limestone content,%
100/0 75/25 50/50 Limestone content, %
25/75 0/100 100/0 75/25 50/50
25/75 0/100
Fig.6 Compaction temperature versus VIM
Fig.8 Compaction temperature versus VFB
Figure 6 shows the VIM of the specimens as
compaction temperature increased. The specs The VFB, as shown in Figure 8, shows that all
require that VIM be between 3.5% 5.5%. The mixes, except of the 100% local material have
result shows that none of the mix meets the specs. similar behavior. The spec requires that VFB be at
217
least 65%. Therefore, none of the specimens meets 3. Given some reheating before placement can
the specs. make RMA-Lawele suitable not only for use
The test results discussed in the previous for patching but also for use as structural
paragraph give some hints about the RMA mixes. particularly for road with low to medium
The mixes met the specs on VMA, Flow, and traffic.
stability parameters, but not in VIM and VFB. 4. One of the drawbacks of the RMA is that is
That indicates that the selection of gradation in this has larger VFA. Adding some asphalt content,
study has been proper, as indicated in value of therefore, may improve the performance.
VMA that meets the specs since VMA is actually 5. RMA has the potential to be used as surface
a property of the aggregates in the mixture [11]. material in flexible pavement in remote area
The test results also indicate that the RMA mixes where Asphalt Mix Plant is hard to build due
need some additional asphalt content, as shown to economic consideration.
from VFB. Increasing asphalt content will increase
VFB [11]. The VFB also indicates that the mix is 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
susceptible to rutting and deformation.
The results presented in this paper are part of the
3.1 Optimum Compaction temperature and research project funded by the Indonesian Ministry
aggregate proportion. of Higher Education Research Fund. The authors
would like to thank for the fund provided.
To determine the optimum compaction
temperature and optimum aggregate proportion,
6. REFERENCES
the Newton generalized iteration method was
applied. First, a quadratic regression model from
[1] Pertamina, Annual Report, 2014.
each test result, which has 4 data each, was
[2] Amossue, R.I.H., Ishimatsu, K., Oyama, N.,
developed. Then, each model was derived twice, as
Shigeishi, M. Separation of Aggregate from
part of the Newton iteration procedure, to obtain
Asphalt Concrete using Pulsed Power
the optimum value as follows:
Technology, International Journal of
Geomate, Sept, 2015, Vol. 9, No 1 (S1 No
1 ( , )
(+1) = 17), pp. 1403 1410, Geotech, Const. Mat
1 ( , ) and Env., ISSN 2186-2982 (P) 2186-2990

(O), Japan.
2 ( , ) [3] Institute of Road Engineers, Application of
(+1) = Asbuton Natural Asphalt, Training Material,
2 ( , )
2014 (in Indonesian).
where: [4] Thanaya INA, Zoorob SE, Forth JP. A
laboratory study on cold-mix, cold lay
x = compaction temperature emulsion mixtures. Proceedings of the
y = aggregate proportion Institution of Civil Engineers. Transport
w = iteration coefficient February 2009;162:4755.
f1 = first derivation of the regression to x [5] European Asphalt Pavement Association
f2 = first derivation of the regression to y (EAPA). Asphalt in figures. EAPA; 2012.
[6] Diaz, L.G., Creep performance evaluation of
Detailed procedure can be found elsewhere Cold Mix Asphalt patching mixes,
[12]. The final result showed that the optimum International Journal of Pavement Research
temperature was 420C and optimum percentage and Technology 9 (2016) 149158.
aggregate proportion was 85% limestone and 15% [7] Todres, H.A., Asphaltic Cold Mixes for
local material. Permanent Restoration of Utility Cuts in
Pavement GTI Contract Number: 4020, GRI,
4. CONCLUSION Des Plaines, IL, CD ROM, Oct 2000
[8] Du. S., Performance Characteristic of Cold
Based on the above discussions, the following Recycled Mixture with Asphalt Emulsion and
conclusions can be drawn: Chemical Additives, Advanced Material
1. Reheating RMA to about 42oC before Science Engineering, 2015.
placement and compaction significantly [9] Wang, Z., Shu, X., Rutherford, T., Huang, B.,
improves the mix performance. Clarke, D., Effects of asphalt emulsion on
2. Limestone contributes significantly in properties of fresh cement emulsified asphalt
improving the Marshall characteristics of the mortar, Construction Building Material No.
RMA-Lawele. 75, 2530, 2015.
218
[10] Asphalt Institute, 2001. Mix Design Methods [12] Hoffman, J.D. Numerical Methods for
for Asphalt Concrete and other Hot Mix Engineers and Scientists. 2nd Ed., Marcel
Types, Manual Series No 2 ( MS-2 ). 1 st Dekker, New York, 2001
Edition, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
[11] Lavin, P.G. Asphalt Pavement. A Practical
Copyright Int. J. of GEOMATE. All rights reserved,
Guide to Design, Production, and
including the making of copies unless permission is
Maintenance for Engineers and Architects.
obtained from the copyright proprietors.
Spon Press, 2003, London.
219
International Journal of GEOMATE 12/31/16, 10)03 PM
Scimago Journal & Country Rank Enter Journal Title, ISSN or Publisher Name
Home Journal Rankings Country Rankings Viz Tools Help About Us
International Journal of GEOMATE

Country
Subject Area and Category

Japan
Agricultural and Biological Sciences

Soil Science
5
Earth and Planetary Sciences H Index
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Engineering
Building and Construction
Environmental Science
Environmental Engineering
Publisher GEOMATE International Society
Publication type Journals
ISSN 21862982, 21862990
Coverage 2011-ongoing
Quartiles
The set of journals have been ranked

Building according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green)
and Construction
comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the third
highest values and Q4Environmental
(red) the lowest values.
Engineering
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology

Category Year Quartile
Building and Construction 2012 Q4
Soil Science
Building and Construction 2014
2012 Q3 2013 2014 2015
SJR Citations per document
The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that ranks This indicator counts the number of citations received by
journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It is based on documents from a journal and divides them by the total
the idea that 'all citations are not created equal'. SJR is a number of documents published in that journal. The chart
measure of scienti]c in^uence of journals that accounts shows the evolution of the average number of times
for both the number of citations received by a journal and documents published in a journal in the past two, three and
the importance or prestige of the journals where such four years have been cited in the current year. The two
http://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=21100327701&tip=sid&clean=0 Page 1 of 3
International Journal of GEOMATE 12/31/16, 10)03 PM
citations come from It measures the scienti]c in^uence of years line is equivalent to journal impact factor
0.28
the average article in a journal, it expresses how central to 0.36
(Thomson Reuters) metric.
Total Cites Self-Cites 0.32

Cites per document Year Value
50
Evolution of the total number of citations and journal's self-
Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2012 0.158
Cites / Doc. (4 years)
0.28 2013 0.194
citations received by a journal's published documents
Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2014 0.355
during the three previous years.
Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2015 0.335
25
Journal Self-citation is de]ned as the number of citation 0.24
Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2012 0.158
from a journal citing article to articles published by the
Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2013 0.194
same journal.
0.2
Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2014 0.355
0 Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2015 0.345
Cites 2012 Year 2013
Value 2014 2015 Cites / Doc. (2 years)
0.16 2012 0.158
Self Cites 2012 0 Cites / Doc. (2 years) 2013 0.194
External Cites per Doc Cites per Doc % International Collaboration
Evolution of the number of total citation per document and

0.4 International Collaboration accounts for the articles that
25
external citation per document (i.e. journal self-citations have been produced by researchers from several countries.
removed) received by a journal's published documents
0.3 The chart shows the ratio of a journal's documents signed
20
during the three previous years. External citations are by researchers from more than one country; that is
0.2
calculated by subtracting the number of self-citations from 15
including more than one country address.
the total number of citations received by the journals
0.1
documents. 10
Year International Collaboration
2012 2013 2014 2015 2012 13.95
2012 2013 2014 2015
Cites Year Value 2013 14.58
Citable documents Non-citable documents Cited documents Uncited documents
150 150 Uncited documents (2015): 113

Not every article in a journal is considered primary research Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years windows,
and therefore "citable", this chart shows the ratio of a that have been cited at least once vs. those not cited during
journal's articles including substantial research (research the following year.
75
articles, conference papers and reviews) in three year 75
windows vs. those documents other than research articles, Documents Year Value
reviews and conference papers. Uncited documents 2012 17
0 Uncited
0 documents 2013 54
Documents
2012 2013 Year Value
2014 2015 Uncited 2012
documents 2013
2014 87 2014 2015
Non-citable documents 2012 0 Uncited documents 2015 113
Show this widget in

your own website
Just copy the code below

and paste within your html
code:
<a href="http://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=21100327701&tip=sid&exact=no" title="SCImago Journal &am
http://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=21100327701&tip=sid&clean=0 Page 2 of 3

Cover

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Cover

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Editorial Board | International Journal of GEOMATE 12/31/16, 9)53 PM

International Journal of GEOMATE 2186-2990 (Online)

Geotechnique, Construction Materials and Environment, Tsu, Mie, Japan

Editorial Board search...

Editor-in-Chief: Download Files

Impact Factor by SCOPUS

Assistant Chief Editor: Join as Reviewer

Dr. Jim Shiau, Payment

Prof. Dr. A.S.M. Abdul Awal,

Prof. Dr. Md. Shahin Hossain,

Prof. Dr. Suksun Prof. Dr. Musharraf Zaman,

A/Prof. Dr. Nagaratnam

A/Prof. Engr. Shailesh Kumar

Dr. Paresh Vasantlal Dalal, Shri V. S.

Note : E=Emeritus, A=Associate

2011-2016, The Geomate International Society. Visitor number

International Journal of GEOMATE 2186-2990 (Online)

Geotechnique, Construction Materials and Environment, Tsu, Mie, Japan

Articles (2017 / volume 12 / issue 29) search...

4. THE GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED CONCRETE

5. ENHANCING TENSILE STRENGTH IN CLAYS USING

6. PERFORMANCE OF MULTI BLEND CEMENT CONTAINING FLY ASH,

7. ADSORPTION STUDIES OF LEACHATE ON COCKLE SHELLS

8. EVALUATION OF FLOW-ABILITY ON FLUIDIZATION TREATED SOILS

9. A DEVELOPED PROCEDURE FOR PREDICTING THE RISK OF

10. AN ALGEBRAIC AND COMBINATORIAL APPROACH TO THE

11. EFFECT OF NANO SILICA ON CONCRETE BOND STRENGTH MODES

Article Type: Research Article View Abstract No of Download = 74 Pages (73-80)

12. ANALYSIS OF FRACTIONAL FLOW AND RELATIVE PERMEABILITY

13. SPECTROSCOPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF A NIGERIAN STANDARD

14. STATE OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY IN MARRAKECH CITY

15. IDENTIFICATION OF VULNERABLE AREAS TO FLOODS IN

16. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND GEO-ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOR OF

17. RANKING OF SKUDAI RIVER SUB-WATERSHEDS FROM

18. GENERAL REGRESSION NEURAL NETWORK MODELING OF SOIL

19. INTRINSIC COMPRESSION CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EXPANSIVE

20. SCREW-IN SOIL NAIL FOR SLOPE REINFORCEMENT AGAINST SLIP

21. DISPERSIVE CLAY STABILISED BY ALUM AND LIME

22. ASSESSMENT OF POTASSIUM SILICATE BASED SURFACE

23. ASSESSING EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE FOR GAS DISTRIBUTION

24. EVALUATION OF SAFETY ENGINEERING SYSTEM IN OIL AND GAS

25. SIMULATION OF CO2 EMISSION AND LAND SUBSIDENCE IN

26. RESERVOIR EVALUATION OF BAHARIYA FORMATION IN TUT OIL

27. OVERVIEW OF ROCK BURST RESEARCH IN CHINA AND ITS

28. THE EFFECT OF LIMESTONE AND REHEATING TEMPERATURE ON

2011-2016, The Geomate International Society. Visitor number

THE EFFECT OF LIMESTONE AND REHEATING TEMPERATURE

*Ludfi Djakfar, Hendi Bowoputro, Ricky Akbariawan and Rendi Fadiansyah

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya, Indonesia

1. INTRODUCTION Government has set a plan to steadily increase the

Fig. 1 Buton Island, Indonesia

Fig. 2 Ready Mix Lawele Granular Asphalt (Scale 1:3)

Table 3 Design of Experiment

Temperature Aggregate Mix Variation (Limestone/Standard) (%)

2.4. Specimens Preparation & Testing Indonesian Directorate General of Highways

Aggregate Weight 1000 gr

Fig.3. Procedure for specimen preparation & testing

Table 5 Test results of the aggregate characteristics

Table 6 Test results of the RMA materials

1 Penetration (250C, 100gr, 5 sec) 0,1 mm 55 50 - 70

3 Ductility (250C, 5 cm/min) cm >140 >100

temperature increases stability, with specimens

4.5 However, the Figure also shows that increasing

<a href="http://www.scimagojr.com/journalsearch.php?q=21100327701&tip=sid&exact=no" title="SCImago Journal &am