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1. People are born with the physical ability to communicate. To communicate well one must
develop and refine the skill.
4. Clarity of Message:
- Is the message conveyed in a clear or ambiguous manner.
7. Verbosity:
- Means the use of too many words, so much so that they interfere with understanding. If
verbosity persists, it may antagonise, confuse, and bore the reader.
8. The reason why people may not respond to your communications:
a) Their own poor writing skills. (language deficiencies)
b) Too much information in the text / message.
c) Too many grammatical errors and mistakes.
d) Barriers between the sender and receiver. (culture, role, status)
e) Message is not clear or precise.
f) Wrong choice of delivery channel / format.
g) Past experiences (example: treatment received)
h) Documents not structured, messy or not laid out well.
5. According to Michael Polanyis, a piece of text does not convey the original experience to
the reader. Instead, it convey meaning.
1. An essay:
- A short literary composition on a single subject, usually presenting the personal view of
the author.
3. Draft stage:
- Different people adopt different strategies
- Can come up with an outline and stick closely
- Can began with the section you are more comfortable
- Just writing without a plan
- For beginner, is good to have outline or a plan for essay. (Introduction, Point A, B, C.D,
Conclusion/Summary)
5. Discourse Marker:
- Moreover, additionally, however, yet, because, since .
6. Time Marker:
- Before, meanwhile, when firstly, initially, later, afterward ......
1. Explanation Essay:
- an essay that explain things or processes in sequential order. The use of the simple
present tense would be in order here.
3. Argumentations Essay:
- Tries to win the audience over so that they agree with what we say, accept our facts,
embrace our values, and adopt our argument and way of thinking.
4. 5 forms of Evidence:
a) Fact
b) Quotes
c) Opinions of experts
d) Anecdotes
e) Examples
f) Charts / Diagrams
6. Hasty Generalisation:
- Making assumptions about a whole group of range of cases based on a sample that
inadequate
7. Appeal to Ignorance:
- The arguer basically said: Look, there is no conclusive evidence on the issue at hand.
Therefore, you should accept my conclusions on this issue.
8. Red Herring:
- Halfway through an argument, the arguer goes off on a tangent, raising a side issue that
distracts the audience from what is really at stake. Often, the arguer never return to the
original issue.
Topic 5
2. Creative Writing:
- Does not always follow the rigid rules, form, or outlines commonly found in academic
writing.
4. Plagiarism:
- Is considered a serious crime since it is actually stealing someone elses ideas or words
and claiming them to be your own.
5. Visual data cues such as charts and graphs are often used in essay, especially in scientific
research paper.
9. Writer need to avoid Plagiarism because Plagiarism is a serious crime such as it refer to
stealing someone else ideas or words.
Topic 6
1. Research Proposal:
- Is intended to convince other that you have a research project that worth doing and
that you have the skill and competency to successfully complete it.
- Generally, it should contain information about all the key elements involved in the
research.
4. 5 steps need to be taken care for being creative for doing a research:
a) Start by Reading Research Studies on Your Subject
b) Treat Research Like a Detective Story
c) Look At the Most Recent Books and Journal Articles First
d) Photocopy Important Material
e) Make a Careful and Complete Notation of the Source of Your Material
10. Why is the guideline Read, Read and Read is deemed important in writing process?
- This means that you have to do lots of background reading around your area of interest.
A good starting point, if nothing else comes to mind, is the Encyclopedia Britannica.
Read books or articles on topics that interest you. Follow up with the suggested reading
found in the course syllabus or bibliographies of the texts you read. Always bear in mind
that you should do this as early in the course as possible.