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Topic 1

1. People are born with the physical ability to communicate. To communicate well one must
develop and refine the skill.

2. 6 major element in a communication process:


a) A sender
b) Message
c) Channel
d) Receiver
e) Feedback
f) Context

3. Factor affecting communication:


a) Status / Role
b) Cultural differences
c) Choice of communication channels
d) Length of the communication
e) Use of the language
f) Disabilities
g) Known or unknown receiver
h) Individual perception / Attitudes / Personalities

4. Clarity of Message:
- Is the message conveyed in a clear or ambiguous manner.

5. Communication can take place via:


a) Letters
b) Faxes
c) Emails
d) Reports
e) Memos
f) Advertisements

6. Stage of writing process:


a) Planning
b) Writing
c) Editing

7. Verbosity:
- Means the use of too many words, so much so that they interfere with understanding. If
verbosity persists, it may antagonise, confuse, and bore the reader.
8. The reason why people may not respond to your communications:
a) Their own poor writing skills. (language deficiencies)
b) Too much information in the text / message.
c) Too many grammatical errors and mistakes.
d) Barriers between the sender and receiver. (culture, role, status)
e) Message is not clear or precise.
f) Wrong choice of delivery channel / format.
g) Past experiences (example: treatment received)
h) Documents not structured, messy or not laid out well.

9. Step of rectify blocked communication:


a) A clear indication of your purpose
b) Accurate and objective information
c) Appropriate headings and sub-headings
d) A suitable order of information
e) Concise and precise instructions
f) Desired action clearly spelled out
Topic 2

1. Claude Shannons Model of Communication Work:


- In Shannons Model, the encoding and decoding of information of primary importance.
Put simply, encode is to compose a message, whilst decode means to interpret the
message.
- The process of encoding information for transmission and of decoding received
information is affected by Noise.

2. The role of Context in Jakobsens Model of Communication:


- Medium of communication. (e.g. Poster on wall)
- Language you write in. (include the alphabet and the discourse conventions we normally
use in written communication.

3. The role of Exploration in Ulric Neissers:


- Give us a new perception or new information of the world which, in turn, affect our
needs, desires and worldviews.
- This again change our perceptions of the world and wo we began our exploration again.
This cycle continues as long as we still learning and exploring.

4. How Emoticons help to convey a message:


- It can be used to represent ideas, experiences, images, objects, feeling and concepts.
- Advantages of using sign in written communication is that the actual object represents
by the sign need not present when we write about them.

5. According to Michael Polanyis, a piece of text does not convey the original experience to
the reader. Instead, it convey meaning.

6. How Symbol help to communicate:


- Symbol have complex meanings in addition to literal ones.
- In some case, a symbol may have more than one meaning, some of which may be
culture-bound.
Topic 3

1. An essay:
- A short literary composition on a single subject, usually presenting the personal view of
the author.

2. 4 stage involved in writing essay:


a) Pre-writing (gather information, scribble your idea, mind map and etc.)
b) Draft
c) Editing
d) Final draft / Essay

3. Draft stage:
- Different people adopt different strategies
- Can come up with an outline and stick closely
- Can began with the section you are more comfortable
- Just writing without a plan
- For beginner, is good to have outline or a plan for essay. (Introduction, Point A, B, C.D,
Conclusion/Summary)

4. 3 common type of essay:


a) Explanation Essay
b) Argumentation Essay
c) Discussion Essay

5. Discourse Marker:
- Moreover, additionally, however, yet, because, since .

6. Time Marker:
- Before, meanwhile, when firstly, initially, later, afterward ......

7. Cause and Effect Marker:


- So, but, because, as, if, the reason, provided that, in comparison ..

8. Basic outline in paragraph writing:


a) Introduction
b) Body :
- Supportive Evidence 1
- Supportive Evidence 2
- Supportive Evidence 3
- Supportive Evidence 4
- Supportive Evidence 5
c) Conclusion
Topic 4

1. Explanation Essay:
- an essay that explain things or processes in sequential order. The use of the simple
present tense would be in order here.

2. 3 structural style in writing a body of a essay:


a) Temporal sequential
b) Cyclical
c) Cause and Effect

3. Argumentations Essay:
- Tries to win the audience over so that they agree with what we say, accept our facts,
embrace our values, and adopt our argument and way of thinking.

4. 5 forms of Evidence:
a) Fact
b) Quotes
c) Opinions of experts
d) Anecdotes
e) Examples
f) Charts / Diagrams

5. Why need Evidence?


- In order to convince the audience.

6. Hasty Generalisation:
- Making assumptions about a whole group of range of cases based on a sample that
inadequate

7. Appeal to Ignorance:
- The arguer basically said: Look, there is no conclusive evidence on the issue at hand.
Therefore, you should accept my conclusions on this issue.

8. Red Herring:
- Halfway through an argument, the arguer goes off on a tangent, raising a side issue that
distracts the audience from what is really at stake. Often, the arguer never return to the
original issue.
Topic 5

1. Tackle Essay Questions:


a) Read the question twice to be sure that you understand it correctly
b) Try to interpret the question by underlining key words found in the question
c) Some essay questions have more than one questions in it

2. Creative Writing:
- Does not always follow the rigid rules, form, or outlines commonly found in academic
writing.

3. 2 Popular way writing bibliographies:


a) The MLA
b) The APA style

4. Plagiarism:
- Is considered a serious crime since it is actually stealing someone elses ideas or words
and claiming them to be your own.

5. Visual data cues such as charts and graphs are often used in essay, especially in scientific
research paper.

6. 5 common type of graphic aid:


a) Tables
b) Line graphs
c) Bar graphs
d) Pictographs
e) Pie graphs

7. Citing is important in academic writing to avoid case of plagiarism.

8. Multi-part Essay Question:


- May have several questions subsumed within it.

9. Writer need to avoid Plagiarism because Plagiarism is a serious crime such as it refer to
stealing someone else ideas or words.
Topic 6

1. 6 structures for writing persuasive writing:


a) Introduction
b) Body Assertion
c) Body Concession / Rebuttal
d) Body Proof
e) Conclusion

2. 2 types of Reasoning Process:


a) Inductive Reasoning:
support general conclusion by looking at specific facet or evidence
b) Deductive Reasoning:
introduces a general principle or premise and draws a specific conclusion form it.

3. Purpose of Persuasive Writing:


- Is to assert an opinion which you are going to defend and to offer supporting evidence
(data) in order to convince the reader to agree with you.
- Must ensure that evidence is convincing.

4. 4 possible Persuasive Strategies:


a) Emphasising Readers Benefit
b) Addressing Readers Concerns
c) Showing Sound Reasoning
d) Presenting Reliable Evidence

5. 3 things need to be there for a reader to have confidence in the writer:


a) The Writers Claim
b) The Evidence
c) The Line of Reasoning

6. The criterias for Voice and Credibility:


a) Consider the Reasoning Process and Types of Reasoning
b) Choosing an Appropriate Voice
c) Establishing Credibility
Topic 7

1. Important step in writing good Report:


a) Gathering the relevant data of the project carried out, collecting relevant information
on target topic or developing the theory that will form the foundation of your report.
b) Sorting, categorising and analysing the project data, information on target topic or
experiment result.
c) Planning and outlining the report in the appropriate style and conventions.
d) Drafting the report.
e) Revising and editing the draft, and preparing the final draft.

2. Tips of gathering data:


a) Make note of how you want your data presented in the report.
b) Note opinions and information relating to your project.
c) Document your plan in detail.
d) Keep progress notes.

3. Step taken during Analysing and Sorting Results:


a) Write down all the results and observations (in your data) in no particular order.
b) Note down all the opinions you have gained when gathering data.
c) Note down new ones you get as you are compiling these opinions.
d) Choose the ones that you need. Be strict with yourself; always remember how long your
final report is going to be and throw out everything except the data you really need.
e) Arrange all data in order of importance. Decide on what is important and what is not.
Some people like to start with the least important point and lead up to the most
important, whilst others prefer the converse. Decide which format best suits your
purpose.
f) Select the data you want in your conclusion. In the conclusion, points are often arranged
in reverse order, with the most important ones first. Remember to include only
absolutely necessary points because too much data will obscure your ideas and
opinions.
g) Support your points with illustrations as you present them. This will help to make your
report easily comprehensible and your presentation more effective.
h) Outline your final report and draft it.

4. 3 basic in outlining the report:


a) Subject
b) Scope
c) Purpose

5. 3 levels to maintain Simplicity and Clarity:


a) Main Heading
b) Sub-Heading
c) Run-in Heading
6. 3 stages of Revision:
a) Check for material
b) Check for Organisation, Mechanics and Conventions
c) Check your language

7. 4 crucial aspect in Report Writing:


a) Clear
b) Concise
c) Smooth flowing
d) Written from an objective point of view

8. Guideline to ensure a report reads well:


a) Have a Catchy Title
b) Include an Abstract
c) Write a Good Introduction
d) State Subject
e) State Purpose
f) State Scope and Organisation
g) Style and length
h) Format
i) Arrange Report Systematically
j) Cite References
k) Content and Style
l) Writers Checklist
Topic 8

1. Research Proposal:
- Is intended to convince other that you have a research project that worth doing and
that you have the skill and competency to successfully complete it.
- Generally, it should contain information about all the key elements involved in the
research.

2. 6 question to be addressed by Research Proposal:


a) What are you studying?
b) Who is it for?
c) What do you wish to do?
d) What do you hope to do?
e) What do you want to do with it?
f) How are you going to do it?

3. 5 elements of a research proposal:


a) A cover page identifying topic, writer, institution and degree
b) A clear description of the general idea of research the he/she proposes to investigate
c) An indication of the limits of the proposed project, in terms of the area to be addressed
and the methods to be employed
d) A statement of the value of this investigation: Why does it need to be done? What
contribution might it offer? What is the present state of the question?
e) In line with the above, an initial bibliography highlighting the more important works and
authors so far discovered
f) A detailed plan of research, appropriate to the area and methods concerned
g) Some indication of a timetable for the conduct of such research
h) A statement on the availability of resources necessary for the conduct of the research

4. 2 basic aspects need to be considered when writing a research proposal:


- Stakeholders and their Concerns
- Critical Factors in Proposal Evaluation
- Putting a Proposal Together

5. 4 useful purposes in proposal evaluation:


a) It clarifies the objectives of the research project;
b) It enhances understanding of the steps and processes required by the project;
c) It provides people with information that will help them make decisions about the
project;
d) It helps to measure if, and how, goals and objectives can be met.

6. Other types of proposals apart from research proposal:


a) Formal and Informal Proposals
b) Business Proposals
c) Proposals for Feasibility Study
7. The main function of the proposal for feasibility study:
- The purpose is to identify any make or break issues that may prevent your business
from being successful. In other words, a feasibility study determines whether a business
idea makes sense or not.
Topic 9

1. Who needs to write a research paper?


- not only for students and academics but also for people working in organisations and
institutions, who may need to present ideas to others in decision-making positions

2. What makes a good research paper?


- All this is research and a crucial part of writing a good research paper. Remember that
you may come across a lot of facts but only some of these facts will be relevant to your
paper. It takes skills to separate the chaff from the grain, and write a good research
paper.

3. Aspects need to be considered when brainstorming for topic ideas:


a) Do you have a strong opinion on a current educational, economic or social controversy?
b) Have you read a newspaper article or seen a TV broadcast recently that excites your
curiosity or makes you angry or anxious?
c) Do you have a personal issue, problem or interest you would like to know more about?
d) Do you have a research paper due in a class this current or the following semester?
e) Is there an aspect of one of your courses that you are interested in learning more
about?

4. 5 steps need to be taken care for being creative for doing a research:
a) Start by Reading Research Studies on Your Subject
b) Treat Research Like a Detective Story
c) Look At the Most Recent Books and Journal Articles First
d) Photocopy Important Material
e) Make a Careful and Complete Notation of the Source of Your Material

5. 6 resources in writing research papers:


a) Reference Works
b) Books
c) Journal Articles
d) Government Publications
e) News, Magazines and Newspapers
f) Electronic Resources (World Wide Web www)
g) Miscellaneous Sources
h) External Sources
6. How do you outline and organize when you are writing a paper?
a) Start with an introduction in which you establish your topic and state your thesis
statement. A thesis statement is a sentence that explicitly identifies the purpose of the
paper or previews its main ideas - it is the crux of the research paper everything else is
included to support it;
b) Move on to the body of your paper where, in a clear and logical manner, you prove your
thesis statement, step by step to convince your reader; and
c) End with a conclusion where you do not just restate your thesis statement, but give new
findings and fresh insights as well.

7. The basic 5 rules in writing tips:


a) First, you should not write in a colloquial style unless absolutely necessary; a
professional, authoritative tone is important in academic writing.
b) Second, avoid choppy short sentences and paragraphs.
c) Third, make sure each paragraph has a central idea and connect the paragraphs clearly.
d) Fourth, avoid using the same words; look for synonyms to make your writing more
interesting.
e) Fifth, and most important, check and double check your paper for grammatical,
punctuation, spelling and other errors.

8. Briefly explain why citation styles is important?


a) To protect against charges of plagiarism;
b) To prove that your work has a substantial, factual basis; and
c) To help your readers to identify and retrieve the references for their own use.

9. List some of the good presentation aspects in writing process


- It covers almost every aspect of writing a research paper, beginning with defining what
is meant by a good research paper, steps in writing a research paper, useful tips and
guidelines, to looking at samples of the Table of Contents of good research papers

10. Why is the guideline Read, Read and Read is deemed important in writing process?
- This means that you have to do lots of background reading around your area of interest.
A good starting point, if nothing else comes to mind, is the Encyclopedia Britannica.
Read books or articles on topics that interest you. Follow up with the suggested reading
found in the course syllabus or bibliographies of the texts you read. Always bear in mind
that you should do this as early in the course as possible.

11. How do you organize your discussion?


a) Start with a paragraph that summarises the key results in the context of the question(s)
you asked in the introduction. In laymans terms, explain why the results are important.
b) Compare and contrast your study with others in the literature review. What
contributions did your paper make?
c) List the limitations of the study and suggest other studies that might resolve them
12. 3 categories to validate your writing opinions:
a) Background Information
b) Supporting Information
c) Opposing Information

13. The tips for Note-taking:


a) Be accurate and honest when you take notes. Take care that you do not distort the
authors meaning.
b) Remember that you do not want to collect only those things that will support your
thesis and ignore other facts or opinions. The reader wants to know the other side of
the question too.
c) Get facts, not just opinions.
d) Note methods and procedures and do not be afraid to criticise them
Topic 10

1. 3 stages in Collaborative Writing:


a) Invention Stage
b) Drafting Stage
c) Revision Stage

2. Briefly explain the 3 models in Drafting Stage.


a) Chunk Model
The chunk model merely divides the writing of a project into sections, with each
student writing one part. The advantage of this model is that everyone participates, but
the danger is that this may result in an incoherent paper. To avoid this pitfall, all group
members should be aware of the parts or sections to be written, such as its
introduction, conclusion and transitions
b) Blended Model
The blended model will only work if learners have enough time to work together. They
have to be present in the same place at the same time and discuss every aspect of the
paper.
c) Compiler Model
In the compiler model, each group member does the whole assignment. Each
members work is then assessed by the whole group and the best parts will be selected
to create the final draft.

3. The ways to accomplish the Revision Stage:


a) The group members can revise one anothers drafts.
b) The best writer of the group can become the chief editor of the draft.
c) Other group members can give comments or suggestions

4. Characteristics of an effective team communication:


a) Team members listen to each other
b) The ream leader listens to all group members
c) Every group member feels free to speak openly and honestly
d) Individual members seek the approval of the team before action is taken
e) Information is shared willingly, not hoarded
f) Members of the team are not hesitant about bringing up bad news or problems
g) In addition to communicating well among themselves, team members, both individually
and collectively communicate well with other groups

5. What is your understanding on Team Building and Task Analysis?


- Students working on a project usually spend a great deal of time together and at some
point may be asked to put team goals ahead of their own. Therefore, they need to make
a conscious effort to find out more about each other. Practising democracy is another
aspect of team building. Every member needs to be given the chance to speak, and
respect must be shown for each persons ideas or opinions.
6. What is the main purpose of Group versus Individual Work?
- Members have to decide which activities are to be done as a group and which are to be
done by individuals. Be realistic about expectations. Do not waste the groups time if an
individual can do the task well. However, do not assign an individual to a task which
requires group consensus every step of the way.

7. Necessary processes for the management of effective team writing:


a) Team building
b) Analysis of the task
c) Management of writing
d) Management of time
e) Management of document stages
f) Management of style and format
g) Conflict management

8. Briefly explain Conflict Management?


- Conflict of personalities, ideas and opinions may arise when writing in groups. Groups
need to face these conflicts with patience and understanding, and respond to them
directly.

9. What is meant by Collaborative Writing compared to Writing alone?


- collaborative writing tends to take a bit more time than writing alone. Each writer might
have different ideas on what to write, how to write and how much to write. This could
become an issue. If at all possible, the group should lay out a detailed series of deadlines
and dates for meetings in order to eliminate as much of the last-minute rush as possible.
Like other group tasks, collaborative writing also has the potential to be far superior to
individual writing, because the weaknesses and inadequacies of individuals are checked
by team members and all the strengths of the individuals are pooled together.

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