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DAMS
Overview
Classification of Dams
Parts of Dams
Planning of Dams
Construction of Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams
Arch Dams
Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams
Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams
Dam Safety and Rehabilitation
Overview
Classification of Dams
Parts of Dams
Planning of Dams
Construction of Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams
Arch Dams
Buttress Dams
Embankment (Fill Dams)
Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams
Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams
Dam Safety and Rehabilitation
Classification of Dams
Classification of Dams
Classification of Dams
Gravity Dams
Concrete gravity dams
Pre-stressed concrete gravity
dams
Roller compacted concrete
(RCC) gravity dams
Classification of Dams
Arch Dams
Constant-angle arch dams
Constant-center arch dams
Variable-angel arch dams
Variable-center arch dams
Classification of Dams
Buttress Dams
Used mainly in wide valleys, it
consists of an impermeable wall,
which is shored up by a series of
buttresses to transmit the thrust of
the water to the foundation.
Flat-slab buttress dams
Classification of Dams
Buttress Dams
Flat-slab buttress dams
Classification of Dams
Buttress Dams
Multiple-arch buttress dams
Classification of Dams
Classification of Dams
A classifications based on
purpose, such as
storage
diversion
flood control
hydropower generation
A classification based on
hydraulic design such as
overflow dams,
non-overflow dams
Gilboa Dam, New York State, USA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam
Classification of Dams
Classification of Dams
Classification of Dams
Overview
Classification of Dams
Parts of Dams
Planning of Dams
Construction of Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams
Arch Dams
Buttress Dams
Embankment (Fill Dams)
Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams
Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams
Dam Safety and Rehabilitation
Parts of Dams
Overview
Classification of Dams
Parts of Dams
Planning of Dams
Construction of Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams
Arch Dams
Buttress Dams
Embankment (Fill Dams)
Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams
Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams
Dam Safety and Rehabilitation
Planning of Dams
Planning of Dams
Feasibility Study:
Determination of dam site (contd)
Spillway location and possibility
Climate
Diversion facilities
Sediment problem
Water quality
Transportation facilities
Right of way cost
Determination of type of dams
Project design
Hydrologic design
Hydraulic design
Structural design
Planning of Dams
Planning Study:
Topographic surveys
Foundation studies
Details on materials and constructional facilities
Hydrologic study
Reservoir operation study
Overview
Classification of Dams
Parts of Dams
Planning of Dams
Construction of Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams
Arch Dams
Buttress Dams
Embankment (Fill Dams)
Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams
Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams
Dam Safety and Rehabilitation
Construction of Dams
Construction of Dams
Construction of Dams
Construction of Dams
Construction of Dams
Diversion of River Flow (contd)
Hoover Dam Overflow Tunnels (spillways), USA
Construction of Dams
Construction of Dams
Hoover Dam Overflow Tunnels (spillways), USA
Construction of Dams
Two-stage diversion
Construction of Dams
Two-stage diversion
Construction of Dams
A cofferdam on the Ohio River, Illinois, USA, built for the purpose of constructing the lock and dam.
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 32/101
3. DAMS
Construction of Dams
Construction of Dams
Foundation Treatment
Foundation treatment for dams is essential
to achieve less deformation under high loads,
to decrease permeability and seepage,
to increase shearing strength, and
to satisfy slope stability for the side hills.
Highly porous foundation material causes excessive seepage, uplift
and considerable settlement.
Such problems can be improved by a grouting operation.
In this operation, the grout mix is injected under pressure to
decrease the porosity, and hence to solidify the formations
underlying the dam and reservoir.
Overview
Classification of Dams
Parts of Dams
Planning of Dams
Construction of Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams
Arch Dams
Buttress Dams
Embankment (Fill Dams)
Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams
Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams
Dam Safety and Rehabilitation
Gravity Dams
Gravity Dams
Gravity Dams
Gravity Dams
Gravity Dams
Hydrostatic forces:
Uplift Force:
Gravity Dams
Gravity Dams
Fw = 0.726Ckh12
C = 0.71
90
Dynamic Force acting on a spillways
F = Qu
obtained using momentum equation
Free body diagram. Forces acting on a concrete gravity dam
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 42/101
3. DAMS
Gravity Dams
Gravity Dams
Gravity Dams
Gravity Dams
Gravity Dams
F .S0 =
Mr where Mr: total resisting moment about the toe.
M0 M0: total overturning moment about the toe.
f V
F .S s =
H
where f: coefficient of friction between any two planes
V: vectorial summation of vertical forces.
H: vectorial summation of horizontal forces.
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 47/101
3. DAMS
Gravity Dams
Gravity Dams
=
V Mc
A I
Gravity Dams
Gravity Dams
Gravity Dams
where u and d vertical normal compressive stresses and pu and pd hydrostatic pressures
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering at the upstream and downstream faces, respectively. 52/101
3. DAMS
Gravity Dams
where hu, hd, vu, and vd are the horizontal and vertical internal shear stresses
at the upstream and downstream faces, respectively.
Gravity Dams
Gravity Dams
Gravity Dams
Overview
Classification of Dams
Parts of Dams
Planning of Dams
Construction of Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams
Arch Dams
Buttress Dams
Embankment (Fill Dams)
Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams
Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams
Dam Safety and Rehabilitation
Arch Dams
Arch Dams
Arch Dams
Arch Dams
Arch Dams
Arch Dams
Arch Dams
Gokcekaya Dam
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 64/101
3. DAMS
Arch Dams
Gokcekaya Dam
Arch Dams
Arch Dams
Gokcekaya Dam
Arch Dams
The vertical component of this Free-body diagram for arch dam analysis
force is
dF'v= P r d sin
Arch Dams
2
a a
Hh = 2 hr sin d = 2hr
cos
2
cos
2
= 2
2
hr sin
2
a
Free-body diagram for arch dam analysis
2 2
where
h: the height of the arch rib relative to the reservoir surface
r: the radius of arch
a: the central angle
Arch Dams
As observed from the R = hr, the reaction at the sides is directly proportional to the arc radius at
a given height. Therefore, narrow valleys having stiff geological formations and small r-values are
suitable for arch dams.
Arch Dams
hr
t= (the thickness varies linearly with depth.)
all
where
all: the allowable working stress for concrete in compression.
Arch Dams
h 2
V= r a
all
Arch Dams
Arch Dams
Overview
Classification of Dams
Parts of Dams
Planning of Dams
Construction of Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams
Arch Dams
Buttress Dams
Embankment (Fill Dams)
Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams
Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams
Dam Safety and Rehabilitation
Buttress Dams
Buttress Dams
Buttress Dams
Buttress Dams
Overview
Classification of Dams
Parts of Dams
Planning of Dams
Construction of Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams
Arch Dams
Buttress Dams
Embankment (Fill Dams)
Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams
Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams
Dam Safety and Rehabilitation
Demirkopru Dam
Cubuk 2 Dam
Bayindir Dam
Ataturk Dam
Keban Dam
Earth-fill Dams
Construction:
Placement of selected material on layers of 50 cm thick and
compaction.
Non-organic and non-plastic soils are needed.
Earth-fill Dams
A typical earth-fill dam is
constructed in a multi-layer
formation.
Earth-fill Dams
Seepage through an earth-fill dam.
The flow rate, q, between two flow lines can be expressed using the Darcy law as
Earth-fill Dams
Drainage systems in an earth-fill dam.
Chimney drains, in the embankment as well as enlarged toe drains
Rock-fill Dams
Having relatively high pore space
Can be adopted to weaker foundations where a gravity dam cannot be
constructed.
Overview
Classification of Dams
Parts of Dams
Planning of Dams
Construction of Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams
Arch Dams
Buttress Dams
Embankment (Fill Dams)
Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams
Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams
Dam Safety and Rehabilitation
up to Hf=15 m.
tc=0.2Hf+3
For large embankment dams
up to Hf=150 m.
tc=3.6 (Hf )1/3
where tc and Hf are in meter.
H*=0.1075 Ht
tc=0.0475 Ht +2.392
tc = 0.01(H t + 1.2 Ba )
H t / 400
H
tb = 3 0.0012 H t Ba B0.15 t All the dimensions are in ft
400
t0.45 H t = 0.95tb
Greater freeboards are required for embankment dams since they are
susceptible to erosion at the downstream face due to overtopping from their
crest.
The required side slopes of concrete gravity dams are determined from
stability analyses.
The maximum downstream slope of gravity dams is 45.
Side slopes of embankment dams are determined on the basis of seepage
and slope stability analyses.
CVE 471 Water Resources Engineering 95/101
3. DAMS
Overview
Classification of Dams
Parts of Dams
Planning of Dams
Construction of Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams
Arch Dams
Buttress Dams
Embankment (Fill Dams)
Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams
Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams
Dam Safety and Rehabilitation
=(s- )/,
s: : specific weight of sediment in kN/m3
: specific weight of water in kN/m3.
h: tailwater depth in m
Overview
Classification of Dams
Parts of Dams
Planning of Dams
Construction of Dams
Concrete Gravity Dams
Arch Dams
Buttress Dams
Embankment (Fill Dams)
Cross-sectional Layout Design of Dams
Local Scour at the Downstream of Dams
Dam Safety and Rehabilitation