Planning Concepts and Theories

SYLLABUS 1st HOUR
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AR 1316 HUMAN SETTLEMENT PLANNING ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
i gey - D. KARTHIGEYAN, B.Arch., M. Plan.,
Asst. Professor,
a rth School of Architecture,

Hindustan University.
. K dkarthikeyan@hindustanuniv.ac.in
D AR 1316 HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND PLANNING
SYLLABUS 1st HOUR
r e
AIM: ctu
it e
To understand the evolution and application ofr the planning c h
concepts, process and theories for the f improvement A of
environment through which the betterment l o of human living
o
and welfare is achieved. To hunderstand the role of
o
panchayats and municipalities,Sat c village, intermediate and
f , plans for the development
district levels, in preparing
r o
growth and social justice.
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SYLLABUS 1st HOUR
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OBJECTIVES:
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To enable students to understand the evaluation and
it e
growth of the settlements in the nature and its elements.
r c h
To enable student understand about the various planning A
o
principles followed by various town planners through thef
history. o l
ho
To enable students understand about the various levels of
S c
,
planning, planning process and its context and traffic and
f
transportation planning. ro
t. P
To introduce to students concepts relating to urban and
s s
rural housing conditions in India, and road geometries
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which will influence land and building development.
a n
y
To enable students understand how planning activities are
e
t hig
regulated in the state at various levels.
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To enable students to know about the futuristic cities and
a
. K the theory behind its evolution.
SYLLABUS 1st HOUR
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UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ctu
SETTLEMENTS 6 it e
r c h
Introduction to human settlements - elements of human f A
l o
settlement - context and examples - major aspects in spatial
o o
h
planning. Classification of human settlements - Growth and
c
S
decay of human settlements: Factors influencing the growth
,
o f
and decay, growth pattern of urban settlements during the
P r
last one-century in our country. Structure and form of
s st.
human settlements - physical and functional
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a n
e y
t hig
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SYLLABUS 1st HOUR
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UNIT - II PLANNING THEORIES 5 ctu
it e
Planning Theories enunciated by r c h
Ebenezer Howard, f A
Patrick Geddes, l o
o o
Doxiadis,
c h
Le-Corbusier &
, S
Clarence Arthur Perry, o f
P r
their relevance to Indian Planning.
s st.
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a n
e y
t hig
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SYLLABUS 1st HOUR
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UNIT - III PLANNING ACTIVITIES 6 ctu
it e
Urban and Rural Housing: Assessment of housing r c hneed and
demand, Meaning of housing units builtfunits A and plots
o
approved, unapproved developed,l undeveloped and
o o
serviced.
c h
S
, section elements their
Roads Classification, cross o f
geometry and functions, P r Intersection conflicting points
and channelisers. sst
.
, A
a n
e y
h i g
a r t
D .K
AR 1316 HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND PLANNING
SYLLABUS 1st HOUR
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UNIT - IV URBAN, REGIONAL PLANNING AND LOCAL ctu
GOVERNANCE 8 it e
r c h
f A
Aim, Objective, Scope and content of Regional Plan, Master
Plan, Zonal Plan and Urban renewal plan. l o
o o
c h
Objectives, Functions, Responsibilities S and Organizational
structure of f,
Village oPanchayats, Municipalities,
Corporations and Urban P r
Development Authorities.
s t .
A s
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i g e
r t h
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D .K
SYLLABUS 1st HOUR
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UNIT - V SETTLEMENT SYSTEM IN A CHANGING ctu
WORLD 5 it e
Human settlement in space. Regionalism and regional r c h
approach to human settlements growth. f A
o l
Global city, Information Technologyho
o
& Communication the
city of the future and future of the S c cities. Utopian concepts.
f ,
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TOTAL: 30 s s
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SYLLABUS 1st HOUR
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TEXT BOOKS: ctu
it e
Gallion Arthur B & Eisna Simon, The UrbanrPattern: City c h
Planning and Housing, Cbs, 2005. f A
l o
o o
L. R. Kadiyali, Traffic Engineering h and Transport
c Delhi, 2000.
Planning, Khanna Publishers, New
, S
o f
Peter Geoffrey Hall, P r
Urban and Regional Planning,
s t .
Fourth Edition, Routledge,
A s 2002.
n ,
y a
i g e
r t h
a
D .K
SYLLABUS 1st HOUR
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REFERENCES:
ctu
De witt Douglas Kilgore, Astrofuturism: science, race, and
it e
vision of utopia in space, University of Pennsylvania Press,
r c h
2003.
f A
o
Frederic P. Miller etall, Ekistics: Ekistics, Konstantinos
l
o
Apostolos Doxiadis, Human Settlement, Urban Planning,
o
c h
Architectural Theory, Settlement Hierarchy, Arcology,
, S
Conurbation, Consolidated City-county, Global City,
o f
Alphascript Publication, 2010.
P r
s st.
Government of India, Report of the National Commission
on Urbanisation, 1988.
, A
Scott Campbell and Susan S. Fainstein, Readings in
a n
y
Planning theory, Wiley Blackwell, 2003.
e
t hig
Thodupuzha M. Jospeh, Local Governance in India: Ideas,
r
Challenges and Strategies, Concept Publishing Company.
a
. K
2009.
SYLLABUS 1st HOUR
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Websites: ctu
http://www.virtualref.com/uncrd/558.htm it e
http://www.unescap.org/huset/m_land/index.htm r c h
f
http://www.esa.un.org/subindex/prviewsites.asp?termcodeA
=GH.05 l o
o o
http://www.abuildnet.com
c h
http://www.buildernews.com/
, S
o f
PATTERN OF QUESTION PAPER P r
s st.
(To be distributed uniformly among all the units)
Max. Marks:100 , A Exam Duration: 3 hrs.
a n
e y
h g
Part A: 10 questions X 2 marks = 20 marks (no choice)
i5 questions X 16 marks = 80 marks (choice for each
ParttB:
a r
question)
D .K
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 2nd HOUR
r e
In 1976 in Vancouver, Canada, the United Nations held its first ctu
it e
conference on the issue of physical and spatial organization of human
c h
life on this planet, and on the national and international actions needed
r
A
to accommodate the growing number of population in urban and rural
f
communities.
o
l
o
o Conference on Human
This conference, called Habitat: United Nations
h
c human settlements to consist
Settlements, established the concept of
S
, previously considered separately
of several elements that had been f
o planning and the relationship of
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from one another - housing, building,
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these and such other activities
s t . as environmental change and national
s
and international development.
A
n ,
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D .K
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Vancouver Declaration defined human settlements as follows: ctu
Human settlements means the totality of the human community - it e
c
whether city, town or village - with all the social, material,
r h
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organizational, spiritual and cultural elements that sustain it. The fabric
f
o
of human settlements consists of physical elements and services to
l
o
which these elements provide the material support. The physical
o
components comprise,
c h
, S
f
Shelter, i.e. the superstructures of different shapes, size, type and
o
r
materials erected by mankind for security, privacy and protection
P
st.
from the elements and for his singularity within a community;
s
A the complex networks designed to deliver to or
Infrastructure, i.e.
,
remove fromnthe shelter people, goods, energy or information;
y a
i g
Services
e cover those required by a community for the fulfilment of
a ritsthfunctions as a social body, such as education, health, culture,

. K welfare, recreation and nutrition.
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IMPORTANT FEATURES:
It is now contended that human settlements are the spatial dimension ctu
as well as the physical expression of economic and social activity.it e
r c h
No creative act takes place without being influenced by settlement
conditions.
f A
o
In turn, the creation of workable human settlements inevitably
l
o
becomes an objective of, an indicator of and a prerequisite for social and
o
economic development.
c h
S
Settlements are an objective of development in that places where
,
f
people can live, learn and work in conditions of safety, comfort and
o
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efficiency are a fundamental and elementary need.
s st.
Settlements are also an indicator, in that they are the most visible
expression of a society's ability to satisfy some of the fundamental needs
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of its members: they can mark accomplishments as well as expose
a n
destitution, neglect and inequality.
e y
Finally, settlements are a prerequisite for social and economic
hig
development, in that no social progress for sustainable economic growth
t
r
can occur without efficient settlements systems and settlement
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networks.
.
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Ekistics:
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e
The term Ekistics (coined by Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis in 1942)
it
applies to the science of human settlements.
r c
It includes regional, city, community planning and dwelling
h
design.
f A
l o
o
It involves the study of all kinds of human settlements, with a
o
c h
view to geography and ecology the physical environment and
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human psychology and anthropology, and cultural, political, and
,
occasionally aesthetics. o f
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As a scientific modetof
s . study is currently found to rely on statistics
and description, sorganized in five ekistic elements: nature,
,
anthropos, society,
A shells, and networks.
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Ekistic Units:
Doxiadis believed that the conclusion from biological and social ctu
it e
experience was clear: to avoid chaos we must organize our system of life
r c h
from Anthropos (individual) to Ecumenopolis (global city) in hierarchical
A
levels, represented by human settlements. So he articulated a general
f
o
hierarchical scale with fifteen levels of Ekistic Units :
l
o
oversion, from C.A.Doxiadis'
Names of Units and Population Scale (final h
c p. 186, Athens Center of
last book, ACTION for Human Settlements,
, S
Ekistics, 1976):
o f
P r
Note: The population figurest . below are for Doxiadis' ideal future ekistic
units for the year 2100 sats which time he estimated (in 1968) that Earth
A
would achieve zero,population growth at a population of 50,000,000,000
a n being powered by fusion energy.
with human civilization
e y
h i g
a r t
D .K
Ekistic Units: r e
Anthropos 1 ctu
room 2 it e
house 5
r c h
housegroup (hamlet) 40
f A
small neighborhood (village) 250
l o
neighborhood
o
1,500
o
small polis (town)
h
10,000
c
polis (city)
, S 75,000
small metropolis
o f 500,000
metropolis
P r 4 million
small megalopolis
megalopolis s st. 25 million
150 million
small eperopolis
, A 750 million
eperopolis
a n 7,500 million
Ecumenopolis
e y 50,000 million
i g
In comparison the United Nations population estimate, for the year 2100, at a
hgrowth rate, Uganda would form a small eperopolis, with a population
r t
constant
of a
about 1 billion people, in an area of about 250,000 km (4600 people/km,
. K
comparable to greater Tokyo today).
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Elements of Human Settlement:
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Human settlements consist of several elements;
it e
r c h
Nature, the earth and the natural site on which they are built; Man,
who creates and inhabits them; Society which is formed mainly in them
f A
and whose Networks functions allow them to survive and grow; and
o
shells (Structures), which are built to transform the first and to house
l
the other three elements.
o o
c h
Man, society and Networks are theScontents of human settlements;
f ,
Nature and Shell form the container.
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Goal of ekistics:
it e
r c h
Human happiness, leading to the evolution of better human species by
the formation of appropriate human settlements achieved through the
best combination of the five elements of ekistics.
f A
l o
o
In order to attain the goal of ekistics, we must be aware that we can only
o
act in the following ways;
c h
S
1. Study the whole subject of human settlements;
,
2. Conceive their future; o f
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3. Act to shape the physical habitat; that is its nature, its functions and
st.
its shell, in order to implement the image we have conceived.
s
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Nature:
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first, attack by nature, r c h
The system of nature and man usually evolves through three phases;
A
Second, counterattack by man which ranges from burning the forests
f
o
to global pollution by some chemicals. This seems to be especially
l
characteristic during mans explosions.
o o
c h
Third, peace between the two, either by adaption of man to nature or
of nature to man or by a compromise.
, S
This is an eternal process. o f
P r
s
Today man is simply repeatingt . his attacks and mistakes and he has two
choices; s
Aand technological progress, which is impossible,
,
to reverse scientific
n
or
y a
to repeate the age old and wiser process of achieving his goals by
creating h i
a
gnew balance between nature and his actions.
a r t
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Anthropos (Man):
it e
Man is usually presented with
r c h
his body surrounded by a cirle.
f A
(As showed by Leonardo da
l o
vinci) but this visual aspect
o o
concentrates our attention of
c h
the body of man.
, S
o f
P r
s st.
Recently Edward T. Hall
, Aand the
idea of a human
a n bubble
e
reaching beyond y the body
step i g
towards
h of man. a better
r t
understanding
a
D .K
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Anthropos (Man):
it e
But, in reality Man transcends his bubble,
or first sphere, by many other concentric r c h
spheres defined by his senses.
f A
l o
No sensation can be overlooked: a sweet
o o
or a bitter taste, caressing a marble carving
c h
or a loved one, walking on sand with bare
, S
o f
feet; smells, sounds, sights and all physical
P r
sensation; and then all metaphysical ones
st.
like science, faith, religion and imagination
s
which be take man beyond even the
A
cosmos.
n,
a
Body, sense, mind, and soul
are only partial aspects of
e y man, but they cannot be
The mind of man
h i g carries him into areas
separated.
a
senses.r t
which cannot be reached through the
. K
r e
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Anthropos (Man):
it e
After clarifying that man is not only
r c h
a body, we have to clarify that he is
f A
also not only an adult male as we
l o
often tend to think.
o o
c h
, S
Anthropos comprises all sexes (they
o f
r
are not only two), all age groups, all
P
on. s st.
situations in terms of health and so
, A
a n
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Anthropos (Man):
it e
Relationship of units of space:
r c h
People who live in one or two
f A
story, single family houses
l o
along a common public street,
o o
we see that they develop much
c h
greater relationships with one
, S
another then people who live in
o f
multistory buildings.
P r
s st.
People living at the same level
A
have a head to head, feet to
,
a n
feet relationship, while people
e y
living at superimposed levels
have
t hig a head to feet
a r
relationship, which does not
. K help them to make contact with

each other.
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Society: territorial organization:
it e
movements of people. r c h
The territorial organization of human settlements is based on the daily
f A
Upto 1825, the speed was constant (5Km per hour) and life and
o
organization were based on the principle that people belonged to
l
o
communities (villages and cities) whose centers, services and
o
c h
administration could easily be reached at this speed.
, S
o f
When the population became too big, a new subdivision was created
P r
which helped everybody to belong both to the big city (its center, one
st.
hours maximum distance) and to a local community.
s
This happened in ancient greece, in the arab world, in china and in
,
other civilizations.
A
a n
e y
hig
Today, everything is changed the kinetic fields define the distances
people desire to cross in order to come together. How can we build a
t
a r
settlement that both brings people together in community and keeps
. K
them apart in their personal privacy?
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
The two goals for the city of today should be freedom of movement in
all directions and the total time-distance between any two destinations
should be minimal.
f A
l o
o
Man, by trial and error, arrived at the same conclusion at nearly the
o
c h
same time in several parts of the world the conclusion that he needed
S
an urban settlement with certain characteristics in order to organize his
,
o f
urban life and facilitate his rural life.
P r
its main characteristics arose from the fact that people do not
st.
want to have to walk for more than ten minutes in order to reach the
s
center of their settlement from the periphery.
, A
this fact lead to a city with the following characteristics;
a n
they were compact urban settlements; the area they
e y
t hig
occupied was no larger than two by two kilometers;
they had no more than 50,000 inhabitants;
a r the kinetic fields set their maximum physical limits
. K walking.
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ctu
it e
great number of people needed to run the empire. r c h
Capital cities had to grow beyond a population of 50,000 because of the
f A
At the peak of their development they had populations
l o as high as a
million people.
o o
c
as a result these capitals grew beyond h an area of two by two
S
kilometers to as much as six by six kilometers, and this meant that the
, from circles having a radius of one
f
ro of three kilometers, equivalent to
corresponding kinetic fields expanded
kilometer to circles having aPradius
s t
more than 30 minutes of walking . time.
- this is a too much s walking, and therefore people used horse
Athey paved their roads and made them straight.
drawn carts; for these
n ,
y a
In spite of esuch efforts, the lack of advanced technology made it
g
difficulthifor the capital cities or the empires to hold together. (Rome
wasa r
a
tstriking example which collapsed)
D .K
r e
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it e
A study of the maximum times spent by
man upon his daily movements shows that, r c h
as a hunter, movement occupied many
f A
hours each day; as a farmer, he decreased
l o
his traveling time to two hours a day; as an
o o
urbanized citizen to half an hour.
c h
this seems to be mans optimum,
, S
o f
because he held to it for some thousands of
P r
years, only abandoning it gradually around
st.
1800 AD under the pressure of a growing
s
urban population and insufficient means of
rapid transport. , A
a n
y
We can now project into the future and state that in the long run we
e
t hig
should reckon with mans desire not to spend more than 30 minutes a
day in travel or 10 minutes for his longest journey and that he can
a r
achieve this by devoting more and more of the total energy available to
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him by means of personal transportation.
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Shells: housing for everybody
it e
r c h
In its first stage, a settlement can seldom afford to establish all types of
community services, ranging from the simplest corner shop to the most
f A
elaborate cultural centers and including every possible service.
l o
o
Further, usually no provisions are made to reserve for their inclusion
o
c h
when the time comes for them to be built. Thus, implementation takes
S
place at a much lower level then desired and at a much higher cost than
,
is reasonable. o f
P r
In this way the land can tbe
s . used even without buildings. People can
have an open air market
A s or make a school with tents.
n ,
An urban landapolicy should be worked out within the frame of the
e y development plan. Land prices in the urban areas should
i g
overall national
not behpermitted to rise and defeat every effort of housing as has
a t
r in many countries.
happened
D .K
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
Ekistics requirements impose certain social policies; for instance, the
acquisition of urban land at reasonable prices. Ekistics policies should be
f A
the main initiator of urban land reform. There is much talk in all
o
developing countries about rural land reform but it is urban land reform
l
o
which is the key to many of their national problems.
o
c h
It is impossible to have development
, S in any area without having
continuous dynamic changes o inf the settlements, their size, their
P
interrelationship, their contentsr and their structure. It is essential to
understand these changest.in advance in order to serve any area with
housing programs. s s
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h i g
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D .K
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it e
r c h
In travelling around the world we see many examples of low-income
farming with large houses, far too large in relation to their economic
standing. Why?
f A
o
these large farm houses are not built by one generation; they are
l
o
built over several generations. It takes time maybe even 100 years to
o
c h
create the big farmhouses we see in low-income agricultural areas.
, S
o f
In city life a house had to be finished within a generation; the next
P r
generation, the sons and daughter, may move into a different city, a
st.
different profession, a different social class.
s
, A
The urban house has the length of a human lifetime as its economic and
a n
social criterion. The rural house lives for generations, sometimes for
e y
t hig
centuries.
a r
. K
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Networks:
it e
r c h
Among the five elements of human settlements, network is the youngest.
it is very upsetting to find people who are very concerned with
f A
changing nature or man or society, but fail to consider that nature, as a
o
system on this earth, has operated for a least 4.5 billion years, that man
l
o
has spent at least 1 million years experimenting on how to behave;
o
c h
perhaps we do not realize it, but man still experiments through trial and
S
error. Society has operated for at least 100,000 years; and our shells
,
o f
have been organized for about 8,000 to 10,000 years. It is only the
P r
networks which are so young; for we cannot start seriously speaking of
st.
networks untill the first railroads began connecting cities about 150 years
s
ago.
,A
We start with the
n
a same transportation times that determined the size of
y
the ancient ecity-state that is, an average of ten minutes walking time
i g of the built-up area and of eight hours for the radius of the
for thehradius
a r t
city-state as a whole.
D .K
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Networks:
it e
r c h
With todays technology we still have a city within whose built-up area
man can move from point to point, by foot or vehicle, in ten minutes and
f A
from which he can reach the most distant point in the citys area of
o
influence in eight hours, but now this areas of influence will have
l
become the whole world.
o o
c h
If we assume that if man travels at 2000S kilometers per hour. At such a
, about 330 kilometers, or when
f
speed man can cover in ten minutes
ro and stopping speeds, about 150
allowance is made for lowerPstarting
kilometers.
s t .
- this is very close sto the average radius for major urban areas of
many of todays cities., A
a n
e y
h i g
a r t
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Networks:
it e
To achieve this, we can proceed in two important phases
r c h
1. We must built all networks for movement of goods (gas, liquids and
f A
solids) underground, to free the surface of the earth of this
unnecessary burden.
l o
o
2. When we have learned more and when we can afford it financially,
o
c h
we should bring mans system of mechanical transportation
S
underground, to free much more of the surface of the earth for
,
mans use and enjoyment. o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
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t hig
a r
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Networks:
it e
First problem transportation is
only a part of anthropos r c h
movement and by overlooking
f A
this truth we benefit the
l o
machines and causes losses to
o o
anthropos.
c h
Second problem the existing
, S
transportation networks lack o f
overall coordination. P r
st.
Third problem transportation
s
implies only persons and goods.
, A
Thus we forget the existence of
a n
y
water (Clean or otherwise),
e
t hig
moving in pipes, of gas, oil and
electricity; of the movement of
a r
messages; the telephone
. K system and so forth.
r e
ctu
it e
Networks:
r c h
Solutions:
1. Separate the human street from f A
the mechanical street. l o
2. Need for a unified system o o
for example, ports and airports c h
should be brought together as , S
o f
LANWAIR Knots. Such a proposal
P r
s
government and is now under st.
has been submitted to the greet
examination.
, A
n
3. It is the creation of coordinated
a
transportation
e y and utility
t hig
corridors. This can result in saving
higher than 80% of the total area of
a r
land occupied today.
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INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 3rd HOUR
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Classification of human settlements:
ctu
At the most fundamental level, human settlements can be classified based
it e
on their spatial significance.
r c h
The earth itself can be considered a settlement on a planetary scale.
Each continent that makes up the earth can be considered a
f A
settlement.
l o
o
Every individual country can be looked upon as a settlement on
o
c h
another scale, with its cities, towns and villages comprising settlements
at a more local scale.
, S
o f
Tribes, in the modern context, can be considered as the smallest of
human settlement types. P r
s st.
A common term classification is between rural and urban human
settlements. , A
a n
e y
hig
According to the Encyclopedia Britannica (2001). An urbanized area is
defined as having a population of at least 50,000 and a population
t
a r
density of at least 1,000 per square mile
. K
r e
ctu
Besides the distinction between urban and rural areas made on the
it e
c h
basis of population density, rural areas can usually be characterized by a
r
more homogeneous community based on traditional values, an
f A
agriculture-related occupation and a small-scale local economy.
o l
Human settlements can also be classified based o o on two other criteria;
Population and c h
, S
geographical distribution characteristics.
o f
P r
wide-ranging diversity inshuman t .
Classification of human settlements is difficult to standardize due to the
it is not surprising to A
s settlement typologies globally. Hence,
find numerous classification methodologies.
n ,
y a
i g e
r t h
a
D .K
r e
A settlement is a place where people live.
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r Dispersed settlements
. K
r e
It includes the temporary camp of the hunters and ctu
it e
herders;
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
the permanent settlements called villages;
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
and large urban agglomerations. ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Human settlements may consist of only a few
c tu
dwelling units (hamlets), it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
or they may be as large as megalopolis with a big cluster of ctu
buildings accommodating millions of people. it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Settlements types ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
Conurbation/metropolitan area a supercity consisting of u r e

multiple cities and towns. The population is usually several c t
million. i t e
Large City a city with a large population and many
r c hservices.
The population is >1 million people. A
City a city would have abundant services, fbut not as many as
a large city. The population of a city is overl o100,000 people.
Large town a large town has a population o o of 20,000 to
100,000. c h
Town a town has a population , S of 1,000 to 20,000
o f not have many services,
Village a village generally
P
possibly only a small corner
r shop or post office. A village has a
does
population of 100 stot.1,000.
Hamlet a hamlet
A s has a tiny population (<100) and very few (if
any) services, , and few buildings.
n an isolated dwelling would only have 1 or 2
a
Isolated dwelling
y or families in it. It would have negligible services, if
any.i g e
buildings
r t h
a
D .K
r e
Isolated dwelling ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Hamlet ctu
it e
A hamlet is (usuallysee below) a rural community a small
r c h
settlement which is too small to be considered a village. A hamlet
f A
has a tiny population (<100) and very few (if any) services, and few
buildings. l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Village ctu
it e
A village is a clustered
r c h
human settlement or A
community, larger than o f
a hamlet, but smaller o l
than a town or city. ho
Though generally S c
located in rural areas. f ,
ro
A village generally does
t. P
not have many services,
s s
possibly only a small
, A
n
corner shop or post
a
y
office. A village has a
e
t hig
population of 100 to
r
1,000.
a
. K
r e
Town ctu
it e
A town has a population
r c h
of 1,000 to 20,000. A
A town is a type of o f
settlement ranging from o l
ho
a few to several
S c
thousand (occasionally f ,
hundreds of thousands) ro
inhabitants. Usually, a t. P
"town" is thought of as s s
, A
n
larger than a village but
a
y
smaller than a "city",
e
t hig
a r
. K
r e
City ctu
it e
A city would have
r c h
abundant services, A
but not as many as o f
a large city. The o l
population of a city ho
is over 100,000 S c
people. f ,
ro
A city is an urban
t. P
area with a large
s s
population and a
, A
particular
a n
y
administrative,
e
t hig
legal, or historical
r
status.
a
. K
r e
Metropolitan area ctu
it e
A metropolitan area is a large population
r c h center
consisting of a large metropolis and Aits adjacent
zone of influence o f
l o
h o
S c
f,
r o
. P
sst
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Conurbation ctu
it e
A conurbation is an urban area or r c h
agglomeration comprising a number f A of cities,
large towns and larger urbanlareas o that,
through population growthooand physical
expansion, have mergedchto form one
continuous urban and S
, industrially developed
o f
area.
P r
A conurbation s t . can be confused with a
metropolitan s area. As the term is used in North
Aa metropolitan area consists of many
America, n ,
y a
neighborhoods, while a conurbation consists of
i g e
many different metropolitan areas that are
r t h connected with one another and are usually
Ka interdependent economically and socially.
D .
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Site ctu
it e
Site refers to the actual piece of ground onr which the c h
settlement is built. f A
l o
The site of a settlement is its exact
o o location.
c h
, S
o f
P r
s t .
A s
n ,
y a
i g e
r t h
K a
D .
r e
The physical geography
ctu
of an area was very it e
important to early r c h
people when they were
f A
deciding on the site for l o
a new settlement. o o
c h
, S
Site Factors: o f
P r
Water supply: a clean
supply of water was s st.
needed for drinking,
, A
n
cooking and cleaning.
a
y
Water could be taken
e
t hig
from a river or a well.
a r
. K
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Relief- the area needed to be high enough to be safe from
c t u
flooding, but low enough to be sheltered from strong
i t e
winds.
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s t .
A s
n ,
y a
i g e
t h
Acropolis, literally means the 'high city,' is the origin of the Athens city
r we know of today. Standing high above the hill in the centre of
a
that
KAthens, it is visible from almost anywhere.
D .
r e
Defence - a hilltop, or the inside of a river meander, would
c t u
provide protection from attackers.
i t e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s t .
A s
n ,
y a
i g e
r t h
K a
D .
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
Durham and the River Wear
, A
It is at this point that the River Wear takes a remarkable curve
a n
which almost isolates the central part of the city on which the
e y
cathedral and castle stand.
tig
h
a r
The site was largely chosen for its fantastic natural defensive
. Kqualities.
r e
Transport - a site at a crossroads, on a river or at the coast
c t u
gave easier access to other settlements.
i t e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s t .
A s
n ,
y a
i g e
r t h
K a
D .
Soil - deep fertile soil made it easier to farm crops and rear r e
animals. ctu
it e
Resources - a source of timber or rock was needed for
r c h
building. Wood was needed as a fuel for heat and cooking. A
o f
o l
ho
S c
f ,
ro
t. P
s s
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Situation ctu
it e
r c h
Situation or Position refers to the locationAof the
o
village or town in relation to surrounding
f
l areas. o
If a settlement had good access to natural h o resources, and to
other settlements, it would grow in S csize. Many settlements
with a good site and situation ohave f, grown into large cities.
P r
s t .
A s
n ,
y a
i g e
r t h
K a
.
r e
Paris ctu
it e
Paris is the capital city of France. It is the largest
r c h city in
Europe and has a population of 10 millionApeople. Paris
began in the third century BC. It was sited o f on a small
island in the River Seine. The site was o l good for defence,
but was also a crossing point across h o the river. The
c
fertile soil of the River Seine'sSfloodplain was also
excellent for farming. Under f , Roman rule, Paris grew
and became the centrePof roa network of roads
t
stretching across Europe.
s .
A s
,
The situationanof Paris has made it one of the most
y in Europe. It is the focus of many
importantecities
i g and railway lines. Paris has also become
majorhroads
rt for many international air routes.
theacentre
. K
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Settlement patterns ctu
it e
When early settlements began to grow there were no
r c h
planning regulations. People built houses where they
f A
o
wanted to. Some houses were built far apart from each
l
o
other (dispersed). Other houses were built close
o
c h
together, making villages. Villages began to grow
, S
outwards and the shape of the settlements changed.
o f
r
Some settlements became long and narrow (linear),
P
s st.
others stayed clustered together (nucleated). Today,
people must have permission from the local authority to
, A
n
build houses. Settlements now grow in a planned way.
a
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Dispersed settlements are usually farms. They are
ctu
spread out because of the space taken up by fields. it e
Other dispersed settlements are found in mountainous
r c h
areas where it is difficult to live.
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Linear settlements sometimes follow the shape of thetu
land. It is easier to build on the floor of a valley than t e c
on
the steep sides. Linear settlements also followcfeatures h i
such as roads, railway lines or rivers. A r
o f
o l
h o
S c
f ,
r o
t . P
s s
, A
a n
e y
h i g
a r t
D .K
r e
Nucleated settlements are where buildings are
ctu
clustered round a central point. The centre of the it e
settlement may be a crossroads, a church, a water
r c h
supply, or a market place. Nucleated settlements also
f A
occur on hill tops.
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Planned settlements often have a regular pattern. They c t u
may have a square shape, or a crescent shape forit e
example. Brasilia, the capital of Brazil, is a planned r c h
settlement in the shape of an aeroplane f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s t .
A s
n ,
y a
i g e
r t h
K a
D .
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
City layout ctu
it e
r c h
A
The layout of a city is the way its streets and buildings are
f
distributed.
l o
o o
There are different types of layout:S c h
f ,
r o
t . P
s s
, A
a n
e y
h i g
a r t
. K
r e
Irregular layout ctu
it e
r c h
The urban growth has not been planned.
f A
It has no particular order. The streets may be narrow and
l o
o o
winding. There are few open spaces. There are typical of
Muslim and medieval towns. c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Grid plan ctu
The grid plan or gridiron plan is a type of it e
city plan in which streets run at right r c h
angles to each other, forming a grid. It is f A
typical of North American cities, and of l o
o o
newer districts in European cities.
c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Radiocentric layout ctu
it e
r c h
A
The streets radiate out from a central point.
f
l o
o o
ch
, S
o f
Pr
st .
A s
n ,
ya
ig e
r t h
Ka
D .
r e
Settlement functions ctu
it e
The functions of a r c h
settlement are the things
f A
that happen there. l o
The function of most early o o
settlements was farming. c h
As settlements grew, the f,
S
functions increased to Pr
o
include things suchsas t .
markets and inns. A s
Today
settlements have n , many
functions, y a
which continue
i
to changeg e
rh over time.
t
Ka
D .
r e
Residential ctu
it e
the main function of many settlements today
r c h is to
give people places to live. People may
f Alive in one
settlement and work in another. l o
o o
ch
, S
o f
Pr
st .
A s
n ,
ya
ig e
r t h
Ka
D .
r e
Administrative ctu
it e
r c h
f A
local authority offices run the local services, such as
road maintenance and waste disposal. l o
o o
ch
, S
o f
Pr
st .
A s
n ,
ya
ig e
r t h
Ka
D .
r e
Industrial tu c
goods are manufactured in factories. Today manyhfactories it e
are located in business parks on the outskirts of r c
settlements. f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s t .
A s
n ,
y a
i g e
r t h
K a
D .
r e
Commercial ctu
it e
shopping centres and recreation facilities,
r c hsuch as
A
sports centres and cinemas, providef services for
people. lo o
h o
S c
f,
r o
. P
sst
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Services ctu
it e
settlements contain public services, such
r c h
as
schools, hospitals and libraries. fA o
o l
h o
Sc
f,
r o
. P
sst
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Tourism ctu
it e
some settlements are attractive to tourists.
r c h Many
coastal settlements in Spain have changed
f A from
fishing villages into large l o
o
tourist resorts. ho c
, S
o f
Pr
st .
A s
n ,
ya
ig e
r t h
Ka
D .
r e
ctu
Human settlement classification based on population size: type-1
it e
No Settlement type Population size/range r c h
examples
1 Large > 2,000,000 f AMumbai, New
city/metropolis lo York, Tokyo
2 Medium city o o
> 500,000 to < 2,000,000 Chandigarh
3 Small city/Large > 100,000S
h
toc< 500,000 Kancheepuram
town f ,
4 Small towns >P r o
50,000 to < 100,000 Itanagar
5
s s
Large rural villages t.> 5,000 to < 50,000 Dover
A
n,
6 Small rural < 5,000 Tenuda
y a
villages/Scattered (Ghorwal)
i g e
settlements
including tribes
a rth
. K
r e
ctu
Human settlement classification based on population size: type-II
it e
No Settlement Population size/range r c h
examples
type
f A
1 Large > 4,000,000 l o Kolkata,
metropolis o o Beijing,
c h London
, S
2 Metropolis f
> 1,000,000 to < 4,000,000
o
Pune, Berlin
3 Large city
P r
> 500,000 to < 1,000,000 Colombo
4 Medium and
sst>.100,000 to < 500,000 tirupati
A
Intermediate
,
cities
an
5
e y
Small cities, < 100,000 Itanagar
i g
towns,
a rth villages
. K
r e
ctu
Human settlement classification based on population size: type-III
it e
No Settle Settlement sub-type Population c h
r examples
ment size/range
f A
type ol
1 Urban Large Urban settlement o
>o2,000,000 Mumbai
Medium urban c h> 50,000 to < Shilong
S
, 200,000
settlement
o f
P r
Small urban settlement < 50,000 Gangtok
2 .
Rural Large ruralstsettlement > 1,200 Villages
MediumA srural settlement > 400 to < 1,200 or
n , rural settlement < 400 kupams
y a
Small along the
i g e chennai
rt h coastline
K a
D .
r e
ctu
Another classification of human settlements can be based on
it e
geographical distribution.
r c h
Here, human settlements are classified into broad types and sub-types
f A
based on their geographical proximity to city/urban centers.
l o
The five broad classes include the following:
o o
1.
c h
Urban core/centre settlements, comprising settlements situated within
S
city/urban limits close to the citys main commercial and business
,
o f
employment generating and providing areas, often involved in major
(global) economies. P r
st.
Central business district (CBD)/Metropolitan areas:
s
High density, medium and/or high-rise settlements with a large
, A
proportion of mixed commercial, business and residential land use
a n
Core/Urban informal settlement:
e y
hig
Unplanned/organic, illegal/non-regulated settlements, mainly
comprising low-rise hutments or slums, within city/urban limits in
t
a rclose proximity to CBDs or areas of employment.
. K
r e
ctu
Core township:
it e
Planned, high-density, medium-or high-rise mass housing
r c h
settlements, within city/urban limits in close proximity to CBDs of
areas of employment
f A
Core suburb:
l o
o
High/medium density, low rise settlements, usually unplanned
o
c h
organic (serviceable by the municipality), comprising individual
S
hutments and often slums spread along city/urban limits, near areas
,
of employment. o f
2. P r
Urban fringe/outskirt settlements: comprising settlements situated
st.
within the greater/larger urban/metropolitan area (city municipal limits),
s
but distant from city/urban (employment) centers. They are well
, A
connected to city/urban centers by mass transit networks.
a n
Fringe/outskirt informal settlement:
e y
hig
unplanned (organic, illegal/non-regulated settlements, mainly
comprising low-rise hutments or slums, distant from city/urban
t
a r
limits, depending on mass transit networks to access the city/CBDs
. K or areas of employment.
r e
ctu
Fringe/outskirt township:
it e
r c h
planned, high-density, low-rise mass housing settlements distant from
city/urban limits, depending on mass transit networks to access the city
CBDs or areas of employment.
f A
Fringe/outskirt suburb:
l o
low-density, low-rise settlements, o
usually
o unplanned/organic
c h
(Serviceable by the municipality), comprising individual hutments, closer
S
to city/urban limits depending on mass transit networks to access the
,
city/CBDs. o f
P r
3. Displaced or isolated urban
s t . or rural settlements, comprising settlements
isolated from city/urban
A s centers, but well connected to city/urban
(Employment) centers.
n ,
a
Displaced township:
yisolated, high-density, mass housing settlement, depending
e
g developed mass transit networks.
planned,
i
onhwell
a r t
. K
r e
ctu
Peri-urban settlement:
it e
r c h
unplanned/organic, isolated, high-density settlements/nodes, comprising
diverse hutments of migratory settlers, depending usually on existing
mass transit networks to access city/urban centers.
f A
Old townships:
l o
o
originally a displaced/core township adjacent to new townships often
o
close to decentralized industrial areas
c h
, S
4. o f
Rural or countryside settlements, comprising isolated non-urban
P r
settlements, often driving small local economies
Rural town/village:
s st.
originally unplanned organic (and traditional) regularized, low-rise,
, A
low-or moderate density, rural settlement predominantly residential,
a n
with small commercial and business areas supporting local
e y
t hig
economies
a r
. K
r e
ctu
Agrarian village/hamlets:
it e
r
settlements, predominantly agrarian rural settlements, with c h
often unplanned organic, traditional, low-rise, low-density, rural
reasonable access to city/urban centers

f A
l o
5. o
Tribes, comprising shelters, either nomadic or forest dwellers, living in
o
c
temporary shelters and cut off from city life.h
Nomadic tribes:
, S
o f
migratory settlers, low-rise temporary shelters, mainly cut off from
P r
urban/city centers, in search for greener pastures for their
st.
domesticated animals, occasionally coming in contact with urban
s
areas.
Forest tribes: , A
a n
forest dwelling (totally cut off from city/urban lifestyles), hunter-
e y
hig
gatherers, spares, low-rise, temporary shelters.
It is important to mention that these classifications do involve grey areas,
t
a r
and given the wide diversity of human settlements, cannot be applied
. Kuniversally.
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN SETTLEMENTS 4th HOUR
r e
GROWTH AND DECAY OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS:
Primitive man lived in caves, tree-holes and treetops and fed himselfctu
it e
on plants, fruits, roots, animals and water, directly collected from nature,
without much effort on his part. r c h
f A
When his number increased and his food o requirements became
enormous he came out of the forests to live inothe l plains, to cultivate and
make more food materials. h o
S c
Availability of water was the main f , criterion for selecting land for
r o
cultivation and habitation.
t . P
This happened according s s to scientist, about 10,000 years back and
,
that was the beginning A of human settlements, when man made houses
a n for his food.
to live in and worked
e y
Thus itiwas
h g a transition from cave to village.
a r t
. K
r e
Protection from the vagaries of climate and wild animals was the ctu
main purpose of a house, rightly called a shelter. it e
r c h
A
He built houses with whatever materials were available near about
f
o
him, like mud, wood, reeds boughs, leaves and what not.
l
o
ohe used to live in groups,
For better protection and mutual help h
c invariably were selected where
surrounded by the cultivated lands, which
, S
water was available throughout thefseasons.
r o
This gave rise to villagestor. Psmall human settlements, all of them near
s
perennial fresh water sourcess like rivers, and lakes.
, A
Villages were a nalso located on sites offering natural protection
of elevated e y & terrains, islands and peninsulas.
hills
i g
h natural protection was lacking barricades and moats
r t
Wherever
a
. K
surrounded them.
r e
Later, when transportation of men and materials became necessary, ctu
seacoasts and riverbanks were selected for settlements. it e
r c h
A
As we learn from history, early civilization spread along the fertile
f
o
valleys of the Nile, tigres, Euphrates, Indus rivers etc. where water, food
l
and transportation were at hand.
o o
c h
In all settlements, there were bothSnatural and man-made elements
like hills, valleys buildings, roads f , etc. each settlement had its own
r o
definite boundaries.
t . P
s
They were scattered sthrough out, especially along riverbanks and in
plains, fed by rivers., A
a n
e y and inter-actions between settlements, both near and
Inter relations
h i g
far off, developed gradually and it gave rise to social, cultural, political,
r t
economic
a and many other institutions
D .K
r e
Conflict between men and environment started when man began to ctu
it e
change the environment for better convenience and better comfort.
r c h
A
This conflict is a continuous process, and is continuing with all its
f
o
ramifications supported by science and technology.
l
o
oeasily adjust himself to be
Man being aggressive in nature, did not
part of a self-disciplined community. Sc
h
f ,
r o up within settlements.
t . P
Personal and group rivalries flared
s
Survival of the fittest swas the order of the day.
, A
a
The winner assumed n the role of a leader and maintained discipline.
e y
When ithe
h g leader gained more and more power and strength, several
r t
settlements
a came under him.
D .K
r e
He himself assumed titles of king or emperor. ctu
it e
r c h
To protect himself and his kingdom, he wanted an army and a safe
place to live.
f A
l o
o
For this he established non-agricultural settlements, exclusively for
o
himself, his army and the people around him.
c h
, S
f
Such settlements were fortified and moats built all around,
o
P r
for additional protection from attacking enemies.
s st.
People from the villages, whose main occupation was agriculture,
, A
began to migrate to such urban centers, to get better employment and
better wages. a n
e y
hig
Further, the developments came out of the forts and moats, to
t
r
accommodate more people and this gave rise to bigger settlements,
a
. K
what we call towns and cities.
r e
Socio-economic and socio-cultural changes, as well as developments in ctu
it e
science and technology influenced the life styles of the people and their
quality of life. r c h
f A
In the process, some settlements, perished, may
l o be by war, floods or
drying up of water sources and some other prospered o becoming larger
o which we call metropolis,
and larger, like our present day giant cities
c h
mega polis etc. this makes human settlements S
,own. a part of history and
every settlement has a history of its
o f
P r
The fundamental human t . needs, wherever one lives and whichever
shas, are food, clothing and shelter apart from
natural environment one
A s
air & water.
n ,
a
yto get the lowest priority from the very beginning of mans
Shelter use
i g e
r t h
existence.
K a
D .
r e
ctu
Till the recent past, shelter, especially in small settlements, was not a
serious problem as the shelter requirements were quite simple andit e
limited. r c h
f A
There was no difficulty in getting a piece of o land, either owned or
rented. o l
h o
They constructed their own housesSwith c mutual help, making use of
locally available materials and using f , their own labour.
r o
t . P
s s
, A
a n
e y
h i g
a r t
D .K
r e
The harmful impact of intensive urbanization, consequent to the ctu
industrial revolution, accelerated deterioration of the living it e
environment. r c h
f A
But in spite of all the efforts to improve theoliving environment in
human settlements, the challenge of o l
poverty, congestion and
insanitation still remains in cities throughout h o the world.
S c
Man had made unprecedented progress f , during the current century in
r oHealth, Communication, Transportation
the fields of industry, Education,
etc. as a result of spectaculart . P
achievements in science and technology.
s s
But it is a paradox , Athat the majority of the worlds population still
does not haveaan shelter providing minimum privacy, and protection
e y
against the elements.
h i g
The
a r tstruggle for shelter still continues. A significant reason, for this lag
. K population explosion followed by urban explosion.

is the
r e
STRUCTURE & FORM OF HUMAN SETTLEMENT:
ctu
There are various factors and conditions responsible for having different
types of rural settlements in India. it e
These include: r c h
A
(i) physical features nature of terrain, altitude, climate and availability
f
of water
l o
o
(ii) cultural and ethnic factors social structure, caste and religion
o
h
(iii) security factors defense against thefts and robberies.
c
, S
f
Rural settlements in India can broadly be put into four types:
o
P r
Clustered, agglomerated or nucleated,
Hamleted, and s st.

Semi-clustered or fragmented,
,
Dispersed or isolated. A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Clustered Settlements ctu
it e
The clustered rural settlement is a compact or closely built up area of
houses. r c h
A
In this type of village the general living area is distinct and separated
f
from the surrounding farms, barns and pastures.
l o
o
The closely built-up area and its intervening streets present some
o
h
recognisable pattern or geometric shape, such as rectangular, radial,
c
linear, etc.
, S
f
Such settlements are generally found in fertile alluvial plains and in
o
the northeastern states.
P r
s st.
Sometimes, people live in compact village for security or defence
reasons, such as in the Bundelkhand region of central India and in
Nagaland. , A
a n
In Rajasthan, scarcity of water has necessitated compact settlement
e y
for maximum utilization of available water resources.
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Clustered Settlements ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
ctu
Semi-Clustered Settlements it e
r c h
Semi-clustered or fragmented settlements may result from tendency of
clustering in a restricted area of dispersed settlement.
f A
o
More often such a pattern may also result from segregation or
l
fragmentation of a large compact village.
o o
h
In this case, one or more sections of the village society choose or is
c
S
forced to live a little away from the main cluster or village.
,
f
In such cases, generally, the land-owning and dominant community
o
P r
occupies the central part of the main village, whereas people of lower
village. s st.
strata of society and menial workers settle on the outer flanks of the
, A
Such settlements are widespread in the Gujarat plain and some parts
of Rajasthan. a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Semi-Clustered Settlements ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
ctu
Hamleted Settlements it e
r c
Sometimes settlement is fragmented into several units physicallyh
separated from each other bearing a common name.
f A
o
These units are locally called panna, para, palli, nagla, dhani, etc. in
l
various parts of the country.
o o
h
This segmentation of a large village is often motivated by social and
c
ethnic factors.
, S
f
Such villages are more frequently found in the middle and lower
o
P r
Ganga plain, Chhattisgarh and lower valleys of the Himalayas.
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Dispersed Settlements ctu
it e
Dispersed or isolated settlement pattern in India appears in the form
r c h
of isolated huts or hamlets of few huts in remote jungles, or on small
hills with farms or pasture on the slopes.
f A
o
Extreme dispersion of settlement is often caused by extremely
l
o
fragmented nature of the terrain and land resource base of habitable
o
areas.
c h
S
Many areas of Meghalaya, Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh and Kerala
,
have this type of settlement.
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Urban Settlements ctu
it
Unlike rural settlements, urban settlements are generally compact and
e
r c h
larger in size. They are engaged in a variety of nonagricultural, economic
A
and administrative functions. As mentioned earlier, cities are functionally
f
o
linked to rural areas around them. Thus, exchange of goods and services
l
o
is performed sometimes directly and sometimes through a series of
o
h
market towns and cities. Thus, cities are connected directly as well as
c
S
indirectly with the villages and also with each other.
,
o f
Evolution of Towns in India
P r
s st.
Towns flourished since prehistoric times in India. Even at the time of
Indus valley civilization, towns like Harappa and Mohanjodaro were in
, A
existence. The following period has witnessed evolution of towns. It
a n
continued with periodic ups and downs until the arrival of Europeans in
e y
India in the eighteenth century. On the basis of their evolution in
hig
different periods, Indian towns may be classified as:
t
r
Ancient towns, Medieval towns, and
a
. K
Modern towns.
r e
ctu
Ancient Towns it e
r c
There are number of towns in India having historical background h
A
spanning over 2000 years. Most of them developed as religious and
f
o
cultural centers. Varanasi is one of the important towns among these.
l
o
Prayag (Allahabad), Pataliputra (Patna), Madurai are some other
o
examples of ancient towns in the country.
c h
, S
Medieval Towns
o f
P r
About 100 of the existing towns have their roots in the medieval period.
s st.
Most of them developed as headquarters of principalities and kingdoms.
These are fort towns which came up on the ruins of ancient towns.
, A
Important among them are Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Lucknow, Agra and
Nagpur. a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Modern Towns ctu
it
The British and other Europeans have developed a number of towns in
e
India. r c h
A
Starting their foothold on coastal locations, they first developed some
f
o
trading ports such as Surat, Daman, Goa, Pondicherry, etc.
l
o
The British later consolidated their hold around three principal nodes
o
h
Mumbai (Bombay), Chennai (Madras), and Kolkata (Calcutta) and
c
built them in the British style.
, S
f
Rapidly extending their domination either directly or through control
o
P r
over the princely states, they established their administrative centers,
military areas to them. s st.

hill towns as summer resorts, and added new civil, administrative and
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Modern Towns ctu
Towns based on modern industries also evolved after 1850. it e
Jamshedpur can be cited as an example. r c h
A
After independence, a large number of towns have been developed as
f
o
administrative headquarters, e.g. Chandigarh, Bhubaneswar,
l
o
Gandhinagar, Dispur, etc. and industrial centres such as Durgapur,
o
Bhilai, Sindri, Barauni.
c h
S
Some old towns also developed as satellite towns around
,
f
metropolitan cities such as Ghaziabad, Rohtak, Gurgaon around Delhi.
o
P r
With increasing investment in rural areas, a large number of medium
s st.
and small towns have developed all over the country.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
ctu
Some towns and cities specialize in certain functions and they are known
it e
for some specific activities, products or services. However, each town
r c h
performs a number of functions. On the basis of dominant or specialized
A
functions, Indian cities and towns can be broadly classified as follows:
f
l o
Administrative towns and cities
o o
h
Towns supporting administrative headquarters of higher order are
c
S
administrative towns, such as Chandigarh, New Delhi, Bhopal, Shillong,
,
f
Guwahati, Imphal, Srinagar, Gandhinagar, Jaipur Chennai, etc.
o
P r
Industrial towns
s st.
Industries constitute prime motive force of these cities such as Mumbai,
, A
Salem, Coimbatore, Modinagar, Jamshedpur, Hugli, Bhilai, etc.
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Transport Cities ctu
it e
They may be ports primarily engaged in export and import activities such
r c h
as Kandla, Kochchi, Kozhikode, Vishakhapatnam, etc. or hubs of inland
A
transport such as Agra, Dhulia, Mughal Sarai, Itarsi, Katni, etc.
f
l o
Commercial towns
o o
h
Towns and cities specialising in trade and commerce are kept in this
c
S
class. Kolkata, Saharanpur, Satna, etc. are some examples.
,
o f
Mining towns
P r
s s t.
These towns have developed in mineral rich areas such as Raniganj,
Jharia, Digboi, Ankaleshwar, Singrauli, etc.
A ,
Garrisson Cantonment a n towns
These towns e yemerged as garrisson towns such as Ambala, Jalandhar,
h i
Mhow, Babina,g Udhampur, etc.
a r t
. K
r e
Educational towns ctu
it
Starting as centres of education, some of the towns have grown into
e
r c h
major campus towns such as Roorki, Varanasi, Aligarh, Pilani, Allahabad
etc.
f A
l o
Religious and cultural towns
o o
h
Varanasi, Mathura, Amritsar, Madurai, Puri, Ajmer, Pushkar, Tirupati,
c
S
Kurukshetra, Haridwar, Ujjain came to prominence due to their
,
religious/cultural significance.
o f
P r
Tourist towns
s st.
Nainital, Mussoorie, Shimla, Pachmarhi, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer,
, A
Udagamandalam (Ooty), Mount Abu are some of the tourist
a n
destinations. The cities are not static in their function. The functions
e y
change due to their dynamic nature.
t hig
a r
. K
r e
Even specialized cities, as they grow into metropolises become ctu
it e
multifunctional wherein industry, business, administration, transport,
etc. become important. r c h
A
The functions get so intertwined that the city can not be categorized in
f
a particular functional class.
l o
o o
c h
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
URBAN SETTLEMENTS:
In 2002, 47 per cent of the world population was urban. ctu
it
In the more developed world, the urban population was 75 per cent;
e
in the less developed world it was 40 per cent. r c h
A
Globally speaking, humans crossed the line from predominantly rural
f
to predominantly urban in 2007.
l o
o
Differences between urban and rural settlement patterns and
o
h
processes are essential to understanding the question of how
c
settlements influence our landscapes.
, S
o f
P r
At the beginning of the twentieth century only about one in every
s st.
seven people lived in a town or city, and there were just 16 cities in the
world with more than one million people.
, A
TODAY, One in every two people is an urban dweller, and there are
a n
around 400 cities with a population over 1 million.
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
URBAN SETTLEMENTS:
An Urbanizing World -- Defining Urban Centres: ctu
it e
Different countries have different definitions of what constitutes an
urban centre. r c h
A
There is more than one way to define a specific urban centre, with the
f
o
result that population counts for that centre can often vary widely.
l
o
Population density, total population within a given boundary, and the
o
h
type of settlement can determine the definition or how it is measured.
c
, S
f
Urbanization in More and IN Less Developed Regions of the World:
o
P r
Typically, growth involved expansion of the urban area, the creation of
s st.
suburbs and, increasingly, a process of urban sprawl.
By 2005, 75 per cent of the population of the more developed world
, A
was urban and only 25 per cent rural.
a n
The urban proportion is expected to increase to 82 per cent by 2030.
e y
Projected urban population growth rate is about twice the projected
hig
total population growth rate.
t
a r
. K
r e
URBAN SETTLEMENTS:
Other Regional Variations ctu
it
European urban population is projected to increase between 2005 and
e
r c h
2030 from 74 to 80 per cent, North America to increase from 80 to 87 per
A
cent by 2030, with Latin America and the Caribbean reaching 85 per cent,
f
Africa 54 per cent, and Asia 55 per cent.
l o
o o
Locations of Cities
c h
S
Most large cities are located either on coastlines or on navigable rivers
,
with access to a sea.
o f
P r
The only major region with many large inland cities is Europe, which
s st.
includes several interior agricultural regions.
One important reason why large cities tend to develop on a coast or a
, A
navigable river is that they represent natural breaks in transportation.
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
URBAN SETTLEMENTS:
Mega-cities or Many Cities? ctu
it e
It is significant that the vast majority of mega-cities are located in less
developed countries. r c h
A
These play significant roles in controlling the global economy.
f
o
Other mega-cities are representative of the global urban future
l
o
because they are located in less developed countries and beset with
o
h
problems of inadequate infrastructure, congestion, pollution, crime, and
c
poverty.
, S
o f
P r
s st.
, A
a n
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
RURAL SETTLEMENTS:
Rural Settlement Patterns ctu
it e
An important component of rural settlement landscapes is the pattern of
r c h
fields, a landscape feature that often contributes greatly to the
character of a place.
f A
l o
Changing Patterns of Rural Settlement
o o
Rural depopulation
c h
S
Rural areas are increasingly being depopulated as a result of the
,
f
concentration of economic activities in urban areas.
o
P r
Areas that have depopulated generally lose basic services as the
market bases decline.
s st.
People repopulating rural areas come from various backgrounds and
, A
do not form a cohesive group.
a n
e y
Counterurbanization?
hig
There has been some rural repopulation that Hall termed
t
r
counterurbanization. It is the result of industrial changes in a less
a
. K
spatially concentrated economy.
r e
RURAL SETTLEMENTS:
The ruralurban fringe ctu
Contemporary land use patterns show a lack of clear boundaries it e
between rural and urban areas. r c h
A
The expansion of urban land into the surrounding rural areas is often
f
referred to as urban sprawl or deconcentration.
l o
o o
c h
Rural gentrification
, S
f
Some people have moved to rural areas and have attempted to alter
o
P r
the landscape by adding or demanding urban elements become part of
that area.
s st.
Moreover, areas that were once dominant rural areas and faced
, A
decline have been given new life by urbanites moving into those areas
a n
and bringing in new economic activities.
e y
Changes in the cultural aspects of rural areas can result from migration
hig
into the space by those who have never experienced rural life before
t
r
and this can range from cultural activities (plays, movies, bookstores) to
a
. K
music, religion, and schooling.
r e
URBAN SETTLEMENTS:
The Origins and Growth of Cities ctu
it e
Since 1750 the number and size of cities have grown remarkably. From
r c h
1850 until the twentieth century, the major world cities were either
A
European capitals or were located along the eastern coastline of the
f
United States.
l o
o
In recent decades, most of the worlds cities have been located in
o
former colonies of the less developed world.
c h
, S
Urban Origins
o f
P r
It is believed that most cities originated in one of the four ways:
s st.
1. Cities were first established in agricultural regions that reflected the
surplus agricultural production.
, A
2. A second group of cities were established as market places for
a n
exchange of local products.
e y
3. Some cities may have started as military or administrative centres.
hig
4. Many cities evolved as ceremonial centres for religious activity.
t
a r
. K
r e
URBAN SETTLEMENTS:
Pre-industrial Cities ctu
it e
Before the industrial revolution, cities were involved in marketing,
r c h
commercial activities, and craft industries; they also served as religious
and administrative centres.
f A
o
Later, cities developed a new way of life and a more diverse division of
l
o
labour, creating a structure that was functionally different from rural
o
areas.
c h
, S
f
Inside the pre-industrial city the elite occupied the central core of the
o
P r
city (the economic, cultural, and political hub). There was no planning
s st.
and there was a haphazard location of functions.
, A
Pre-industrial urban growth
a n
Preindustrial cities followed the development of agriculture and
e y
gradually assumed different functions. The city served as both support
hig
for the agricultural population and as a trading centre.
t
r
Industrial cities emerged with the establishment of capitalism,
a
. K
technological advances, and the industrial revolution.
r e
URBAN SETTLEMENTS:
Industrial Cities ctu
Capitalism and urban growth it e
r c h
The first phase of competitive capitalism began in the late sixteenth
century and extended to the mid-twentieth century.
f A
o
Increased business activity, organized labour, and the development of
l
o
regional markets were responsible for the growth of towns that were the
o
centres of industrial and economic activity.
c h
, S
f
The second phase, organized capitalism, began after the Second
o
P r
World War. It was marked by the development of transnationals and
economic globalization.
s st.
, A
The third phase, disorganized capitalism, was characterized by niche
a n
markets, special retail outlets, and flexible production systems.
e y
t hig
a r
. K
r e
URBAN SETTLEMENTS:
Industrial urban growth ctu
it
Urbanization marked the spatial movement of large numbers of people
e
r c h
and major changes in social life. Industrial cities grew quickly in
A
important resource locations, particularly in coalfields. The United
f
o
Kingdom displayed a remarkable growth in urban population, from 24
l
per cent in 1800 to 90 per cent in 2002.
o o
c h
Locating Urban Centres
, S
f
Until recently, most cities grew in an unregulated and uncontrolled
o
P r
manner. However, some cities had their core areas planned, displaying
s st.
central squares or geometric patterns.
, A
Modern urban planning had its origin in Europe and the United States in
a n
the later nineteenth century.
e y
t hig
a r
. K

Planning Concepts and Theories

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SYLLABUS 1st HOUR

a rth School of Architecture,

a ritsthfunctions as a social body, such as education, health, culture,

. K help them to make contact with

Conurbation/metropolitan area a supercity consisting of u r e

reasonable access to city/urban centers

. K population explosion followed by urban explosion.

Hamleted, and s st.

military areas to them. s st.

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