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Objectives:
Upon completion of this lesson, the students should be able to:
Introduction
Nature shows itself to us in two different ways: as matter and as energy. All objects are composed of
matter. Objects may differ widely from one another. But they have one thing in common they all
occupy space. Scientists usually define matter as anything that occupies space. All matter has
inertia. This means that it resists any change in its condition of rest or of motion. Mass is the quantity
of matter in an object. According to scientists, mass is a measure of inertia. The gravitational
attraction of the earth for a given mass gives matter its weight. Gravitys pull on an object decreases
as it moves away from the center of the earth. Because of this, object that moves from the earth into
outer space lose weight even though their masses remain the same.
When people, animals and machines work, when we feel the heat from the sun, or see light from the
electric bulb, we become aware of energy. All of these involve energy. Scientists define energy as
the ability to do work, or to move matter. The most familiar form of energy is heat. All other kinds of
energy maybe changed into heat. Matter can be changed into energy and energy into matter.
Classification of Matter
Matter is classified according to origin or source, state and composition.
According to the origin or source, matter is classified as organic and inorganic matter. Organic
matter comes from living things, while inorganic matter comes from non-living things.
Chemists have studied that all forms of matter may be classified into three general classes on the
basis of their compositions. These are the elements, compounds and mixtures.
2. Compound is a substance, which can be decomposed into two or more simpler substances by
ordinary chemical means.
3. Mixture is a material composed of two or more substances each of which retains its own
characteristic properties. a. Heterogeneous mixture is one which has parts possessing different
properties. b. Homogeneous mixture is one which has similar properties throughout. Substance
is a homogeneous material composed of one particular kind of matter.
Classification of Matter
2. Liquid assumes the shape of its container and has definite volume. It takes the shape of its
container in which it is placed. It fills it only when its volume equals that of the container.
Examples are water, oil, and gasoline.
3. Gas has no definite shape and volume. Because of its free-flowing characteristic of liquids and
gasses, it is known collectively as fluid.
4. Plasma make up the fourth state of matter and cannot be seen by people in their everyday
lives. Plasmas are formed in the interior of stars, in outer space, and in some laboratory
experiments. Plasmas result when the atoms in a gas become ionized (electrically charged).
Electrical forces between the gas atoms give the gas new physical properties.
Matter can ordinarily exist in three physical states solid, liquid, and gas. A fourth state of matter
exists under special conditions, called plasma.
Properties of Matter
Matter can be recognized in terms of characteristics or properties.
A. Physical Properties
Specific properties are those features, which definitely distinguish one substance from another.
Some of these are the following:
2. Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of a substance to the weight of the
same volume of water at the same temperature.
Accidental physical properties are those features as weight, dimensions, and volume. They have
nothing to do with the nature of the substance, but they enable us to find out how much of a given
substance we have.
B. Chemical Properties
Chemical properties of a substance describe how a substance acts when it undergoes change. They
describe its ability to form new substances under given conditions. A chemical change or a chemical
reaction is a change from one substance to another. Nevertheless, the chemical properties of a
substance may be considered to be a listing of all the chemical reactions of a substance and the
conditions under which the reactions occur. Some of the chemical properties are: combustibility,
stability, relative activity, response to test reaction, and ionization.
2. Extrinsics (Extensive) Properties are properties that depend on the size or amount of the
sample. Examples are mass and volume.
Changes in Matter
Physical Changes are those in which the identifying properties of substances remain unchanged.
Examples are melting of ice, boiling of water and freezing of liquids.
Chemical Changes are those in which new substances with new properties are formed. Examples
are burning of woods, rusting of iron and decaying of plants.
Chemical changes involve energy. Substances possess energy because of their composition and
structure. This is a kind of potential energy, which chemists generally refer to as chemical energy.
Any chemical change, which absorbs heat energy as it progresses, is said to be endothermic. An
example is the production of calcium carbide in the intense heat of the electric furnace. Any chemical
change, which liberates heat energy as it proceeds, is said to be exothermic. An example is the
burning of fuels.
Example:
H2O
_____________
99.99%
Examples:
H2O = 1g of H and 8g of O
Properties of Matter
http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/matter-the-properties-matter.html
The Properties of Matter The general properties of matter result from its relationship with mass
and space. Because of its mass, all matter has
Self-Progress Test
I. Identify whether the following are physical or chemical changes:
___________________1. gasoline
___________________4. diamond
___________________6. toothpaste
___________________7. penny
___________________8. platinum
___________________9. glue
___________________1. volume
___________________2. density
___________________3. length
___________________4. color
___________________7. mass
___________________8. odor
___________________10. luster
2. State the following: Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Definite Proportion, and the Law of
Multiple Proportions.
3. What do you think is the reason why iron and sulfur unite in definite proportions to form iron
sulfide?