PS T 04 Silica Rich Rice Oryza Sativa Hull Ash For Wood Adhesive Bond Fortification

1
Silica-rich Rice (Oryza sativa) Hull Ash
for Wood Adhesive Bond Fortification
National Capital Region
Malabon National High School
M. Naval St., Hulong Duhat, Malabon City
Researchers
AMARANTH XENA SOLEIL BAUTISTA SALUDAR
MONIKA MURING CASTILLO
ISAIAH JOHN GUCOR MIRAFUENTES
Project Adviser
MARK JASON NAVAL COLLANTES
Physical Science Team Category

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Silica-rich Rice (Oryza sativa) hull ash for wood adhesive bond fortification
Table of Contents
Page Number
Research Plan
Rationale... 6
Hypotheses.. 6
Research Questions 6
Engineering Goals.. 8
Expected Outcome................. 8
Procedures. 8
Objectives............. 10
Risk and Safety... 10
Data Analysis. 10
Abstract.. 11
Introduction. 12
Review of Related Literature.. 16
Review of Related Studies 19

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Materials and Methods
Gathering of Materials.. 21
Preparation of Mixture and Wood.. 20
Application.. 22
Experimentation 23
Results and Discussion
Water Resistance
Fresh (rain) water.. 25
Saltwater. 26
ISO 3268 adapted (By shear in Compression) ....... 27
Comparison of breaking load test results of the four samples .. 28
Computed mean rank of test samples .................................. 29
Heat Resistance.. 30
Statistics (Shear Load in Compression Test).. 31
Conclusion 33
Recommendations... 34
4
Acknowledgment............... 35
References 36
Appendix A ................................................................................ 38
Appendix B ................................................................................ 39
Appendix C ................................................................................ 40
Appendix D ................................................................................ 42
5
LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND GRAPHS
Table No. TITLE Page No.
T1 Rice hull ash concentration.. 21
T2 Water Resistance
T2A Fresh (rain) water. 25
T2B Saltwater 26
T3 ISO 3268 adapted . 27
T4 Computed mean rank of test samples ............. 29
T5 Heat Resistance............... 30
T6 One-way ANOVA... 31
T7 Results for Statistics. 31
F1 Gathering of Materials. 21
F2 Preparation of Rice Hull Ash mixtures.. 22
F3 Application of RHA mixtures to wood sample 23
F4 Prepared wood samples sent to DOST-STD. 24
G1 Comparison of breaking load test results of the four
samples ...................................................... 28
6
RESEARCH PLAN
RATIONALE
Rice plant (Oryza sativa), a staple crop in the Philippines, produces rice hulls
(also, rice husks). The rice hull ash (RHA) shows a potential source of amorphous
reactive silica which is a basic component of sand used with cement for concreting.
Silica is known for being a good polymer support. The RHA has a potential for
sealing cracks efficiently and avoid giving up some small spaces in the sealed part.
The ash also acts as a good insulator. The researchers try to find another similar
application of this plant ash, which is an additive for wood glue bond increment.
Wood glue is a product chosen due to frequent usage of lumber in houses, also in
schools, and furniture. Then, there is now an idea of finding out if rice hull ash will
improve wood glue. This should also be convenient and environmental-friendly
since it is organic and may be done (the ash and wood glue mixture) manually.
HYPOTHESIS
The rice hull ash additive will show a significant effect on the wood glue
bond strengths improvement.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The researchers ought to answer the following questions:
Will rice hull ash be an effective bond increment additive for wood glues?
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1. Will there be a difference in the increasing amounts of rice hull ash to the
bond strength of the wood glue having constant volume?
2. Which of the concentrations of rice hull ash has shown the greatest
potential of improving wood glue strength in:
2.1 Water Resistance Test?
2.1.1 Fresh water (rainwater)
a. 4%
b. 14%
c. 24%
1.1.2 Saltwater
a. 4%
b. 14%
c. 24%
2.2 Heat Resistance Test?
a. 4%
b. 14%
c. 24%
2.3 Shear Load in Compression Test?
a. 4%
b. 14%
c. 24%
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ENGINEERING GOALS
The goal of this study is to prove that RHA as addtive can improve
commercial wood glue and also, to find an easier and a more convenient way to
strengthen bond for wood, aside from using expensive wood glue products. This
is also to be more economy and environment-friendly by promoting the utilization
of rice hulls, which are also classified as economical wastes.
EXPECTED OUTCOME
The researchers aim to produce better wood glue, wherein results are better
in terms of quality (bond strength) than the commercial wood glue (without RHA
as additive). The greater the concentration of rice hull ash, the more potential that
it would show.
PROCEDURES
The researchers will mainly use rice hull ash, commercial wood glue, and
wood. The rice hull ash needed is available online and may be bought in Manila,
specifically Taguig City. The wood glue, wood, and other materials may be bought
in local markets at Hulong Duhat, Malabon City.
The researchers will obtain 105 grams of rice hull ash and 1 kg of wood
glue. There will be four proportions in each of the three sets of replicates: The
control group has wood glue only (0% RHA); the experimental group having 10
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g (4% RHA), 35 g (14% RHA), and 60 g (24% RHA). Each will be mixed in a
microwavable container good for 1L.
Eight pieces of lawahan wood (approx 48 long each) will be cut having 24
pieces of 12 long wood and 24 pieces of 5 long wood.
Three sets of four wood replicates (12 L x 2 W) will be bonded with the
different proportions, having these overlapped by 6 inches. Also, three sets of four
replicates of wood (5 L x 2 W) will be bonded with the different proportions,
having these overlapped by 1 inch. All will be paired to their same sizes. Wood
glue with rice hull ash would be applied using paintbrush.
The bonded woods will be dried for 2-3 hours.
The 5L x 2W wood replicates will be sent to DOST STD (Standards and
Testing Division) Laboratory for Shear Load in Compression Test.
The three sets of the 12L x 2W wood replicates are to be tested by their
water resistance (one set submerged in saltwater and the other set in fresh (rain)
water for 24 hours); and by heat resistance, using an air-drying oven set to 55oc
for 2 hours.
All replicates under the water and heat resistance tests would be examined
by placing these on an approx. of 1-ft. Platform. Then, different amounts of
weights were placed at the end, having the other end stable.
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OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this study is to prove that rice hull ash can show a
potential in improving the bond strength of commercial wood glue.
Specifically, the researchers aim to prove that the bond strength of wood
glue increment would vary on the concentration of rice hull ash as additive; that
greater amount of rice hull ash would contribute to its enhancement.
RISK AND SAFETY
There is a possibility that the rice hull ash would not be mixed properly;
caution is a must, since RHA inhaled or in-contact to skin and eyes may cause
irritation.
Wear mask and gloves while conducting the experiment proper. Be careful
with handling all materials used throughout the experiment.
DATA ANALYSIS
Data gathered will be tabulated, computed, and graphed. The study will use
a parallel group design, since there is one control group and there would be three
experimental groups for each test. The statistical tool to be used is the mean and
2-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) or f-test. This test is to be used on data for
Shear Load in Compression Test.

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ABSTRACT
The study made use of the silica content of the rice hull ash to improve the
bond strength of wood glue, since silica is a good resin or catalyst support proven
in polymeric composites. Certain measurements of the rice hull ash have been
mixed with constant volume of wood glue, having the concentrations: 4%, 14%,
and 24%. These were applied to the wood with specific dimensions. The replicates
were sent to DOST STD (Standards and Testing Division) Laboratory for Shear
Load in Compression Test. After approximately two weeks, results were obtained.
Beforehand, tests regarding water and heat resistance were made. Afterwards,
weights were placed on the other side of the wood replicates to test the bond
strength. The rice hull ash is also sent to DOST to determine the percentage of
silica. Since results for Shear Load in Compression Test are already obtained, the
study, having a parallel group design, will be evaluated using 2-way ANOVA
(Analysis of Variance) or f-test to show the differences between the
concentrations.
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INTRODUCTION
Rice plant (Oryza sativa) is a staple crop in the Philippines, producing a by-
product called rice hulls (also, rice husks). The rice hull ash (RHA) has a potential
source of amorphous reactive silica, ranging from 90 to 97 % (according to sources
acknowledged by Wikipedia), which is a basic component of sand used with
cement for concreting. The fineness of the ash gives a potential for sealing cracks
efficiently and avoid giving up some small spaces in the sealed part. The RHA also
acts as a good insulator.
The researchers tried to find another similar application of this plant ash,
which is a bond increment additive for wood glue. Wood glue is a product chosen
due to usage of lumber in houses and furniture, also, in schools. Then, there is
now an idea of finding out if rice hull ash will improve wood glue.
Wood is a common material in the house, also in schools, and for furniture.
The researchers conducted this study to prove that adding rice hull ash to the
wood glue would improve its bonding strength when applied to wood. This study
ought to answer the following questions:
Will rice hull ash be an effective bond increment additive for wood glues?
1. Will there be a significant difference in the increasing amounts of rice hull
ash to the bonding strength of the wood glue having constant volume?
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2. Which of the concentrations of rice hull ash has shown the greatest
potential of improving wood glue strength in:
2.1 Water Resistance Test?
2.1.1 Fresh water (rainwater)
a. 4%
b. 14%
c. 24%
2.1.2 Saltwater
a. 4%
b. 14%
c. 24%
2.2 Heat Resistance Test?
a. 4%
b. 14%
c. 24%
2.3 Shear Load in Compression Test?
a. 4%
b. 14%
c. 24%
The researchers think that adding certain measurements, respectively 10,
35, and 60 grams, of RHA per 250 mL commercial wood glue would increase its
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bond strength, or may show a significant effect of bond strength increment upon
wood application.
The main objective of this study is to prove that rice hull ash can show a
potential in improving the bond strength of commercial wood glue.
Specifically, the researchers aim to prove that greater concentration of rice
hull ash as additive can enhance bond strength.
This study is conducted for the evaluation of the effective use of silica-rich
rice hull ash in improving the bond strength of wood glue applied to wooden
materials, such as furniture, etc, and show that this product is reliable for its
utilization. This is also for people nowadays who usually use hammer and nails to
fix, bind, and build up these wooden materials, who mostly want easier, stronger,
and more convenient ways to make wooden works better, thus, leading to the idea
of enhancing wood glues.
The rice hull ash to be obtained may be available online and may be bought
within Manila, specifically in Taguig City, where most plant and seed-sellers use
these as fertilizers which means there is no need for people to get the whole plant
itself just to obtain the hulls. All of the simple materials, such as wood, wood glue,
etc, to be used in the said study may be found in Hulong Duhat, Malabon City. The
whole study may take approximately a month or two, since there will be major
steps to be made, especially the experimentation wherein the samples would be

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sent to DOST STD (Standards and Testing Division) laboratory, with results
pending for about two weeks. Also, result of the test to determine percentage of
silica in rice hull ash will be processed in an approximate of two weeks.

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
CHARACTERIZATION OF RICE HULL ASH
Rice husks are unique in nature and have 60-90% silica content. The silica
from rice hulls, as said in the annual worldwide output, is more than 3.2 million
tons which causes environmental issues due to its disposal concerns. Rice hull
combustion resulting to a silica-rich rice hull ash is useful for the economy and is
environment-friendly. But, its usefulness has been destabilized due to poor
interaction with polymers and limited dispersion abilities. Some reasons of poor
performance are impurity, porosity, irregular topography, and chemical and
thermodynamic nature, occurring from its surface polarity, which negatively
influence the filler-matrix contacts. From a novel combustion process, the silica
ash had 6% impurity, which was around 3% volatile. It also proposes that its
salination effectiveness is lower than the other commercial silica due its porosity
that could hide a part of the silane used. Processing also changed the distribution
of particle size which could have made an impact on the accumulating tendencies
and marked the reinforcing ability of the silica ash. By thermogravimetric studies,
surface silanol groups of rice hull ash estimation indicated that the density of
surface silanol was found 16/nm2. This value is comparable to the density of silanol
on precipitated silica, but there is a high surface free energy which added to its
tendencies of high amount and poor abilities of dispersion and distribution revealed
by a thermodynamic study of silica ash surface.

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SILICA IN RICE HULL
Pure activated silica content in rice husk is investigated. Samples of rice
husk underwent chemical pre- and post-treatments using the solutions HCl,
H2SO4, and NaOH (Hydrogen chloride, Hydrogen sulfate, and Sodium Hydroxide)
for the silica. All samples were combusted with the temperature 600co under still
air and flowing atmospheres wherein air, argon, and oxygen are present. The
characterization of the product was made by determining the silica content,
morphology and distribution of particle size, porosity, and specific surface area.
SiO2 purity is 99.66%. It has an amorphous structure (shapeless). The distribution
of particle size ranges from 0.030 to 100m, with a specific pore volume 4.7297
cm3/g and with diameter of porosity 0.0045m. Its specific surface area reaches
the value 321 m2/g.
RICE HULL ASH AS FILLER FOR POLYMERIC COMPOSITES
Out of necessity, the society made technological improvements for
economic and ecological benefits. The industry of fillers has interest in fillers from
natural resources such as natural fibers, industrial by-products such as saw dust
and rice husks, and a new entry which is the rice husk ash due to the combustion
of rice husk. The utilization and recyclability of these fillers became a key driving
factor in their usefulness and function, also due to its low cost and abundance. On
the other hand, there requirements in processing and their performance in
composites obstruct their applicability. The recent article assesses the performance
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of rice husk ash containing silica in polymeric composites. Silica ash is obtained
from rice husk combustion and is a major industrial and environmental waste in
countries where rice plants grow. Silica ash has the potential to be applied as filler
in various polymeric composites, though it's inherent characteristic limit its
performance. This material stresses the call for a better description of Silica ash to
get a better understanding of its behavior with the analysis to know appropriate
alterations to develop its performance as filler. The poor understanding of silica-
rich rice hull ash filler is connected to the deficiency of surface characterization, as
its performance is considerably connected with its surface properties. On this
analysis, as a basis, an innovative advance to silica ash alteration is projected.

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REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF RICE HUSK ASH AND ITS USE AS CEMENT
REPLACEMENT MATERIAL
This project investigates the property of rice husk ash in using the ferro-
bond heat, the surface area, and effect of grinding on particles size. After that,
XRD test is conducted to know if there is presence of amorphous silica. Also the
concrete fresh density, superplasticizer, workability, is also investigated in every
average particle of the ash. According to the results, though the grinding of rice
hull ash reduced its average size, it doesnt control/change the microporous
surface. It is stated that concrete with rice hull ash gave an excellent strength in
reinforcing the cement for 10% replacement of the commercial product, and up
to 20% cement that can be replaced by the rice hull ash without affecting its bond
strength. Thus, increasing the fineness of the rice hull ash can enhance the
strength of the blended cement compared to control OPC mixtures.
RICE HULL ASH CEMENT (RHAC) HOLLOW BLOCKS
Being adopted in Pototan, Iloilo, commercial production of rice hull ash
cement (RHAC) is used in hollow blocks. Adoptor Mr.Aristeo Dimavivas has his
Rock of Ages hollow block factory which produces 300-500 blocks daily
depending on the orders. Other RHAC technology adoptors were Sta. Barbara
FACOMA (Iloilo) and Mrs. Zenobie Gregori (Jaro, Iloilo City). The Sta. Barbara
FACOMA began production after palay-planting for dry season cropping.

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Meanwhile, when Technology and Livelihood Resource Center released funds, Mrs.
Gregori started producing this kind of hollow blocks. RHAC rate of production is
approximately 240 hollow blocks daily, at plant level. The expected plant
production, based on a 288-working-day-year, is 69,120 hollow blocks.
For low-cost housing projects, RHAC blocks can be massed-produced. At
the same time, it eases rice hull waste disposal. There are raw, inexpensive, and
readily available materials, and there is locally made processing equipment. Rice
hull ash can replace Portland cement in construction.
RHAC is not yet exported. But as substitute of Portland cement in the
foreign trade, it will indicate RHAC potential international market. RHAC
international potential may also be weak. Anyhow, especially, environmentally
conscious, RHAC benefits are positive assets to make the product acceptable.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
I. Gathering of Materials
The researchers mainly used rice hull ash, commercial wood glue, and
wood. The rice hull ash needed is available online and is bought within Manila,
specifically Taguig City. The wood glue, wood, and other materials were bought in
local markets at Hulong Duhat, Malabon City.
Figure 1. Gathering of Materials
II. Preparation of Mixture and Wood
The researchers obtained 105 grams of rice hull ash and 1 kg of wood glue.
There were four proportions in each of the three sets of replicates: The control
group having wood glue only (0% RHA); the experimental group having 10 g (4%
RHA), 35 g (14% RHA), and 60 g (24% RHA). Each was mixed in a microwavable
container good for 1L.

22
Eight pieces of lawahan wood (approx 48 long each) were cut having 24
pieces of 12 long wood and 24 pieces of 5 long wood.
Figure 2. Preparation of Rice Hull Ash mixtures
Table 1. Rice hull ash concentration

Sets A, B, C Amount of Rice Hull Volume of Wood Glue
for 12 L x 1 W and Ash in grams (mL)
5 L x 1 W wood (%)
dimensions
1 0g 250 mL
(0%)
2 10 g 250 mL
(4%)
3 35 g 250 mL
(14%)
4 60 g 250 mL
(24%)
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III. Application
Three sets of four wood replicates (12 L x 2 W) were bonded with the
different proportions, having these overlapped by 6 inches. Also, three sets of four
replicates of wood (5 L x 2 W) were bonded with the different proportions, having
these overlapped by 1 inch. All are paired with their same sizes. Wood glue is
applied using paintbrush.
Bonded woods were dried for 2-3 hours.
Figure 3. Application of RHA mixtures to wood sample

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IV. Experimentation
The three sets of the 5L x 2W wood replicates were sent to DOST STD
(Standards and Testing Division) laboratory for Shear Load in Compression Test.
The three sets of the 12L x 2W wood replicates are to be tested by their
water resistance (one set submerged in saltwater and the other set in freshwater
rainwater. Both were submerged for 24 hours); and by heat resistance, using an
air-drying oven set to 55oc for 2 hours.
All replicates under the water and heat resistance tests would be examined
by placing these on an approx. of 1-ft. Platform. Then, different amounts of
weights were placed at the end, having the other end stable.
Figure 4. Prepared wood samples sent to DOST-STD

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 2. Water Resistance
2A. Fresh water (rain)
TEST SAMPLES 20 kg 40kg 60 kg 80 kg
Control
4%
14% X
24%
Based on the tabulated data for fresh (rain) water, the wood replicate
having 14% (35 g) of rice hull ash had its bond separated by placing 80 kg on the
wood overlapped above. The control, 4%, and 24% replicates did not separate
during the procedure which means that the researchers may derive that the other
concentrations (4% and 24%) might be better than the control. The said replicates
might have not separated at 80 kg, but if the weights will be increased, there
might be significant difference between the bond strength.

26
2B. Saltwater
TEST SAMPLES 20 kg 40 kg 60 kg 80 kg
Control
4%
14%
24% X
For saltwater, the wood replicate with the largest concentration (24%) of
rice hull ash separated. From the observation, it could be derived that salinity in
water may affect the bond strength. The control, 4%, and 14% replicates did not
separate during the procedure which means that the researchers may derive that
the other concentrations (4% and 14%) might be better than the control. The said
replicates might have not separated at 80 kg, but if the weights will be increased,
there might be significant difference between the bond strength.

27
Table 3. ISO 3268 adapted (By Shear Load in Compression Test)
Replicates Amount of Rice Breaking Load Ranking

Hull Ash
(N)
1. 0% 6 590 1
2. 0% 3 482 5.5
3. 0% 3 120 8
4. 4% 4 045 3
5. 4% 4 425 2
6. 4% 3 482 5.5
7. 14% 3 842 4
8. 14% 1 258 12
9. 14% 3 447 7
10. 24% 2 732 10
11. 24% 2 225 11
12. 24% 2 812 9
Based on the data given by Table 3, it showed all results on the breaking
load test of the wood glue replicates, and was also ranked based on the amount
of force applied to the replicates. Replicate 1 (0%) received the greatest breaking
load force applied, with amount of force of 6590 N, and ranked first among the
other replicates. Thus. it exemplified the greatest resistance. However, Replicate
8 (14%) broke at 1258 N, receiving the lowest rank of breaking load resistance.
28
Graph 1. Comparison of breaking load test results of the four samples
In Graph 1, the data showed the interval of endurance from breaking load
test between the different amounts of rice hull. In trial 1, the control showed the
highest endurance. In trial 2 and 3, the 4% of concentration of the rice hull showed
the most favorable result in terms of endurance. In trial 1 and 3, the concentration
24% showed the lowest endurance while in trial 2, concentration 14% had the least
endurance from the breaking load test.

29
Table 4. Computed mean rank of test samples
Test Sample Mean rank of 3 replicates Ranking
Control 4.83 2
4% 3.5 1
14% 7.67 3
24% 10 4
In Table 4, it showed the mean rank of the three replicates based on their
rank from the breaking load test. Overall, the replicates with 4% ranked first
among the three concentrations from the breaking load test, and the replicates
with 24% concentration received the least ranking.

30
Table 5. Heat resistance test
TEST SAMPLES 20 kg 40 kg 60 kg 80 kg
Control
4%
14%
24%
In heat resistance test, all test samples showed a favorable results. The
wood with the control group and with the rice hull ash were inseperable from
different amounts of weights. The table showed that the silica content of rice hull
ash is a good insulator of heat. The three different concentrations exemplified the
same property of the control.

31
Table 6. One-way ANOVA (Shear Load in Compression Test)
Wood
1 2 3 XT XT2
Replicates
A
1 5.5 8 14.5 210.25
(0%)
B
3 2 5.5 10.5 110.25
(4%)
C
4 12 7 23 529
(14%)
D
10 11 9 30 900
(24%)
Ho: There is no significant difference on the bond strength increment between the
Rice Hull Ash mixtures and control.
Ha: There is a significant difference on the bond strength increment between the
Rice Hull Ash mixture and control.
Table 7. Results for Statistics
Sources of Sum of Mean F-value

Df Value
variation squares squares computed
Between
3 1242.5 621 4.0662 34.86
groups
Within
8 142.5 17.8125 4.0662 34.86
groups
32
Level of significance = 0.05
Tabulated value = 4.0662
F = 34.86
F34.86 > F4.0662
Based on the computed statistics using f-test, null is rejected. Therefore,
there is a significant difference on the bond strength increment between the Rice
Hull Ash mixtures and control.

33
CONCLUSION
The amount of rice hull ash affected the fortification for wood glue. Overall,
the least concentration (4%) showed the most favorable results among all
experimental and control groups from the different given tests. Therefore, the
researchers produced better wood glue, wherein results are better in terms of
quality (bond strength) than the commercial wood glue (without RHA as additive).
Plus, the results from the statistical analysis from the breaking load tests showed
that the derived computed value is greater than the base tabulated value
(F34.86>F4.0662) Based on the tests made, rice hull ash is an effective additive for
wood glue to increase its bond strength. Therefore, there is a significant difference
between the fortified wood glue and the commercial wood glue, thus, making an
effective wood glue.

34
RECOMMENDATIONS
The researchers suggest that people should see to it that safety and
precaution is always a measure, even if to simple studies like this, which uses
substances that may cause irritation. Measurements should also be specific and
accurate to derive with reliable results.
People could also try the silica property of rice hull ash into making other
studies regarding its utilization. The variables used such as wood glue brand and
type of wood (with regards of the dimensions.)
The long duration of the study while doing the methodology, especially the
experimentation, must also be considered. Time management and enough
attention is a must. The need of facilities and research paraphernalia must also be
sought as soon as possible in order not to have any delay or rush in
experimentation.
35
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First of all, we would like to thank our research adviser, Mr. Mark Jason N.
Collantes, for guidance, assistance, sacrifice, and pushing throughout the whole
study; our Science Department head, Mrs. Anacoreta R. Trogo, for financial
support (for DOST laboratory experimentation), and helpful advices as the study
progressed.
We also thank Mrs. Marilou Duque and Mrs. Myla German for lending
laboratory apparatuses and for giving some advices on how to improve the study;
our subject teachers for consideration while the study was being executed.
Third, we thank our classmates for such creative ideas and for giving help
throughout the experimentation; our peers for moral support; and our group
mates for cooperation.
Lastly, we gratify our families for love, care, and understanding; and our
God Almighty for wisdom and strength.

36
REFERENCES
Chaudhary, D., M. Jollands (2004). Characterization of rice hull. In: Journal of
Applied Polymer Science, Volume 93 Issue 1. pp. 1-8. [Online]. Available:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app.20217/abstract
Chaudhary, D., M. Jollands (2004). Recycling rice hull ash: A filler material for
polymeric composites? In: Advances in Polymer Technology, Volume 23 Issue 2.
pp. 147-155. [Online]. Available:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adv.20000/abstract
Habeeb, G., H. Mahmud(2010). Study on properties of rice husk ash and its use
as cement replacement material. In: Materials Research, Volume 13 No. 2.
[Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392010000200011
Yalcin, N., V. Sevinc (2001). Studies on silica obtained from rice husk. In:
Ceramics International, Volume 27 Issue 2. pp. 219-224.[Online]. Available:
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272884200000687
Rice Hull Ash Cement (RHAC) Hollow Blocks. In:Compendium of Waste Biomass
Conversion Technologies, Part III Technology. [Online]. Available:
http://www.dap.edu.ph/cshd/unep_biomass/energy/Energy%20Assessment%20
Details/Assess_RHACHollowBlocks_Phils.pdf
37
Rice Husk Ash.[Online]. Available: http://www.ricehuskash.com/details.htm
Wikipedia.[Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_hulls

38
Appendix A
Receipt for Silica percentage of rice hull ash

Silica-rich Rice (Oryza sativa) hull ash for wood adhesive bond fortification 39
Appendix B
Receipt for shear load in compression test

Appendix C
Report of Analysis
Appendix D
Certificate of Evaluation

PS T 04 Silica Rich Rice Oryza Sativa Hull Ash For Wood Adhesive Bond Fortification

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Silica-rich Rice (Oryza sativa) Hull Ash

for Wood Adhesive Bond Fortification

National Capital Region

Malabon National High School

M. Naval St., Hulong Duhat, Malabon City

AMARANTH XENA SOLEIL BAUTISTA SALUDAR

MONIKA MURING CASTILLO

ISAIAH JOHN GUCOR MIRAFUENTES

MARK JASON NAVAL COLLANTES

Physical Science Team Category

Risk and Safety... 10

Review of Related Literature.. 16

Review of Related Studies 19

Materials and Methods

Preparation of Mixture and Wood.. 20

Results and Discussion

Fresh (rain) water.. 25

ISO 3268 adapted (By shear in Compression) ....... 27

Comparison of breaking load test results of the four samples .. 28

Computed mean rank of test samples .................................. 29

Statistics (Shear Load in Compression Test).. 31

LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES AND GRAPHS

Table No. TITLE Page No.

T1 Rice hull ash concentration.. 21

T2A Fresh (rain) water. 25

T3 ISO 3268 adapted . 27

T4 Computed mean rank of test samples ............. 29

T7 Results for Statistics. 31

F2 Preparation of Rice Hull Ash mixtures.. 22

F3 Application of RHA mixtures to wood sample 23

F4 Prepared wood samples sent to DOST-STD. 24

G1 Comparison of breaking load test results of the four

improve wood glue. This should also be convenient and environmental-friendly

bond strengths improvement.

The researchers ought to answer the following questions:

bond strength of the wood glue having constant volume?

potential of improving wood glue strength in:

2.1 Water Resistance Test?

2.1.1 Fresh water (rainwater)

2.2 Heat Resistance Test?

2.3 Shear Load in Compression Test?

is also to be more economy and environment-friendly by promoting the utilization

of rice hulls, which are also classified as economical wastes.

in local markets at Hulong Duhat, Malabon City.

microwavable container good for 1L.

pieces of 12 long wood and 24 pieces of 5 long wood.

replicates of wood (5 L x 2 W) will be bonded with the different proportions,

glue with rice hull ash would be applied using paintbrush.

The bonded woods will be dried for 2-3 hours.

The 5L x 2W wood replicates will be sent to DOST STD (Standards and

Testing Division) Laboratory for Shear Load in Compression Test.

by placing these on an approx. of 1-ft. Platform. Then, different amounts of

potential in improving the bond strength of commercial wood glue.

greater amount of rice hull ash would contribute to its enhancement.

RISK AND SAFETY

with handling all materials used throughout the experiment.

Shear Load in Compression Test.

(Analysis of Variance) or f-test to show the differences between the

source of amorphous reactive silica, ranging from 90 to 97 % (according to sources

acknowledged by Wikipedia), which is a basic component of sand used with

acts as a good insulator.