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LESSON OUTCOME
Upon completion of this course, students
should be able to:
1. Solve problem using Rydberg Equation
2. Determine the Quantum Numbers for orbital
3. Explain the meaning of orbital symbols
4. Draw and write orbital diagram and electronic
configuration using correct principle
SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
1. Subatomic particles
v Proton
v Neutron
v Electron
2. Atomic symbol
v Element symbol
v Atomic number
v Mass number
3. Isotope
INTERACTION OF LIGHT AND
MATTER
v Visible and invisible light (or radiation) are all known as
electromagnetic radiation
c= c = speed of light
= 3.0 x 108 ms-1
v Wavelength ()
is
the
distance
the
wave
travels
during
one
cycle.
Units
is
nanometer
(nm),
picometer
(pm)
or
Armstrong
()
Regions
of
the
electromagnetic
spectrum.
wavelength
frequency
H
U
v Invisible light (cannot be seen with the naked eye) include
gamma rays, X-rays, ultra-violet, infra-red and microwave
E = h
whereby
h =
6.63
x
10-34 J
s
(Planck
constant)
BOHRS THEORY OF HYDROGEN
ATOM
Niels Bohrs Atomic Model (1913)
v Orbit about the nucleus much like the way planets orbit
the sun
1
En = RH 2
n
v Electron nearest to nucleus has the lowest energy and most
stable state = ground state
v Electron absorb energy (absorption) the electron is
elevated to a higher energy level (excitation) excited state
v Electron releases energy (emission) the electron falls
from its excited state to ground state of a lower energy level.
Energy released shows up as line spectrum
v Characteristics of line spectra used to determine the
electronic structure of atom
Line Spectrum of Atomic Spectrum
v Line spectrum consist of discrete lines of different wavelengths
(discontinuous spectrum)
v Emission spectrum
v Produced by heating atomic vapour electron excited
unstable falls to lower energy level light emit pass
through prism series of wavelength lines
v Absorption spectrum
v Produced by passing the white light from a source through
the unexcited sample that absorbs certain wavelength of
light dark lines appear on the continuous bright
background
Line Spectrum of the Hydrogen Atom
v An electric discharge is passed through a gas discharge tube
containing hydrogen
c
E = E2 E1= h = h
Rydberg Equation (wavelength)
1 1 1
= RH ( 2 2 )
n2 n1
=
wavelength
RH =
Rydbergs constant
(1.097x
107 m-1)
n
=
energy
levels
(n2>n1)
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1
If
the
electron
of
hydrogen
atom
had
initially
been
in
its
6th Bohrs
orbit,
determine
the
frequency
of
the
EM
radiation
emitted
if
it
forms
a
line
spectrum
in
the
Paschen series.
SAMPLE PROBLEM 2
A
hydrogen
atom
absorbs
a
photon
of
visible
light
and
its
electron
enters
the
n
=
4
energy
level.
Calculate
(a) the
change
in
energy
of
the
atom
(b) wavelength
and
convert
to
nm
SOLUTION:
Quantum
Numbers
and
Atomic
Orbitals
An atomic orbital is specified by FOUR quantum
numbers.
S , electron spin
The Principle Quantum Number (n)
The
Angular
Momentum
Quantum
Number,
l
The
Magnetic
Quantum
Number,
(m
l )
The
Electron
Spin
Quantum
Number
(ms)
Summary of Quantum Numbers of Electrons in Atoms
n l m l Orbital No. of
designation orbitals
1 0 0 1s 1
2 0 0 2s 1
1 -1,0,+1 2p 3
3 0 0 3s 1
1 -1,0,+1 3p 3
2 -2,-1,0,+1,+2 3d 5
PROBLEM: Give
the
name,
magnetic
quantum
numbers,
and
number
of
orbitals for
each
sublevel
with
the
following
quantum
numbers:
(a) n = 3, l = 2 (b) n = 2, l = 0 (c) n = 5, l = 1 (d) n = 4, l = 3
Exercises
Arrangement
of
electrons
(Important
rules)
Three rules
for
assigning
electrons
Aufbau Principle
Pauli
Exclusion
principle
Hunds Rule
1. Aufbau principle
Electrons
fill
the
lowest
energy
level
subshell first
before
moving
to
the
next
level
The
energy
of
orbitals 1s
increase
as
follows:
2s 2p
3s 3p 3d
4s 4p 4d 4f
5s 5p 5d 5f
6s 6p 6d
7s 7p
Order for filling energy sublevels with
electrons
(a) potassium (K: Z = 19) (b) molybdenum (Mo: Z = 42) (c) lead (Pb: Z = 82)
Diamagnetism
and
Paramagnetism
Paramagnetic
substance
Those
that
contain
net
unpaired
spins
and
are
attracted
by
a
magnet
Diamagnetic
substance
Those
that
do
not
contain
net
unpaired
spins
are
slightly
repelled
by
a
magnet
Electron
spins
are
paired,
or
antiparallel to
each
other,
()
or
()
Diamagnetism
and
Paramagnetism
Problem
Use
condensed
electron
configurations
to
write
the
formation
of
each
transition
metal
ion,
and
predict
whether
the
ion
is
paramagnetic
or
diamagnetic
(a) Mn2+
(Z=25)
(b) Cr3+
(Z=24)
(c) Hg2+
(Z=80)