REG NO.

F1F16BSCS0106 | 3C 1

Question No.1: Origination of 32-bit/x86 and 64-bit Architecture?

Origination of x32-bit and x64-bit Architecture

x86 & x32-bit:

In 1978 Intel released the Intel 8086. Which also called x86 but it is 16-bit chip.
x86 term derived from 80x86 (8086 chip).
1985: Intel exits the dynamic RAM business to focus on microprocessors, and it brings out the
80386 processor, a 32-bit chip with 275,000 transistors and the ability to run multiple
programs at once.
However, the opposite is often true for newer 32-bit designs. For example, the Pentium
Pro processor is a 32-bit machine, with 32-bit registers and instructions that manipulate 32-
bit quantities, but the external address bus is 36 bits wide, giving a larger address space than
4 GB, and the external data bus is 64 bits wide, primarily in order to permit a more efficient
prefetch of instructions and data

x64-bit:
Some supercomputer architectures of the 1970s and 1980s, such as the Cray-1, used registers
up to 64 bits wide, and supported 64-bit integer arithmetic, although they did not support 64-
bit addressing.
In 1989 Intel release; the i860, it was not a fully 64-bit processor, although its graphics unit
supported 64-bit integer arithmetic.
In 1990s MIPS Computers and DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) developed pure 64-bit
microprocessor architectures, initially for high-end workstation and server machines.
By the mid-1990s, HAL Computer Systems, Sun Microsystems, IBM, Silicon Graphics,
and Hewlett Packard had developed 64-bit architectures for their workstation and server
systems.
During the 1990s, several low-cost 64-bit microprocessors were used in consumer electronics
and embedded applications. Notably, the Nintendo 64 and the PlayStation 2 had 64-bit
microprocessors before their introduction in personal computers.
64-bit architecture launched in 2003 by AMD for Desktop and purpose Machines.

Conclusion:
x86 started out as a 16-bit instruction set for 16-bit processors (the 8086 and 8088 processors), then
was extended to a 32-bit instruction set for 32-bit processors (80386 and 80486), and now has been
extended to a 64-bit instruction set for 64-bit processors.
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Question No. 2: Differentiate DDR3 vs DDR4 RAM?

DDR3 VS DDR4

DDR3 DDR4

Voltage Speed 1.5 V 1.2 V

800 MHz 1600 MHz

1066MHz 1866 MHz

1333 MHz 2133 MHz

1600 MHz 2400 MHz

1866 MHz 2666 MHz

2133 MHz 3200 MHz

2400 MHz -

Prefetch Buffer Memory 8 bits 16 bits

1GB 2GB

2GB 4GB

4GB 8GB

8GB 16GB

240-pin DIMM (incompatible

Modules 288-PIN DIMM
with DDR2)

204-PIN SO-DIMM 260-PIN SO-DIMM

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Question No. 3: Compare Core 2 Duo Processor with Core i3 and Core
i7?

Comparison

Core 2 Duo Core i3 Core i7

Physical Cores 2 2 4

# of Threads 2 4 8

559 Million
Transistors 410 Million 658 Million+
(382+177)

L2 Cache 3 MB 3-4MB 8MB

Turbo Boost Tech. No No Yes

Hyper-threading Tech. No Yes Yes

Instruction Set 64-bit 64-bit 64-BIT

Defined through
Max. Memory Size 8 GB 16 GB
chip

Conclusion:
Core i3 and i7 are better from core 2 duo in such perspective because in i3 and i7 includes
hyperthreading and internal cache of i3 and i7 are much more than core 2 duo, so speed and various
functions of i3 and i7 are much better than if we compete with core 2 duo.