THE 1ST SEBELAS MARET CONFERENCE ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP, INNOVATION AND COMMUNITY

DEVELOPMENT (SMARTCEIC)

Flexibility of ADempiere Free Open Source ERP,

Solution to Car Rental SME
Muhammad Firdaus1,Dionisya Kowanda2, Rowland Bismark Fernando Pasaribu3
1,2,3
Department of Economics, University of Gunadarma, Jakarta, Indonesia
daus_mti@staff.gunadarma.ac.id1, dion@staff.gunadarma.ac.id2, rowland_pasaribu@staff.gunadarma.ac.id3

Abstract - Todays business environment has become solution. (Giovani JC, d.S., Snider, B. &Balakrishnan, J.
extremely competitive, the ever changing economic tide, other 2013).
various factors such as globalization, customers' high
expectations may lead to uncertainty and unpredictability for Some of the benefit findings in ERP implementations
business organizations. Business are forced to be more are, (Velcu, O. 2007)"improved service time in
competitive, flexible, and scalable to drive growth and accounting tasks" as an internal efficiency benefit, "faster
opportunity through the tight competition among other response to business change" as customer benefits, and
businesses. Tools enablingorganisations to become more financial benefits in terms of other improved efficiencies.
competitive is enterprise resource planning (ERP). The benefit
Companies that have a business-led motivation perceive
resulted from ERP implementation will narrow the choice for
companies, from whether they need an ERP into how much "economies of scale" as an internal efficiency benefit, and
will they spent on that particular solution, especialy for Small financial benefits in terms of "lower headcount costs" and
and Medium Enterprise. ERP systems are basically devided "lower selling, general and administrative costs."(Yang,
into two types, The Propetiary ERP and the Open Source ERP. C. & Su, Y. 2009) Operational, tactical, and strategic
The focus of this research is to investigate the flexibility in benefits of ERP for the firm performance of Supply Chain
ADempiere, the Open Source ERP whith hypothesis of Management in the internal and external business
wetherADempiere has the flexibility to accomodate the SME processes, customer service, and cost
needs sample and wetherADempiere can be modified without management,(Spathis, C. &Ananiadis, J. 2005)increased
having a programing skill. flexibility in information provision, through effective
KeywordsEnterprise Resource Planning, ERP, Flexible, monitoring and exploitation of assets and revenue-
Flexibility, Small and medium enterprise, business expenditure flow, and improved decision making.
applications, information technology The benefit resulted from ERP implementation will
narrow the choice for companies, from whether they need
an ERP into how much will they spent on that particular
INTRODUCTION solution,especialy for Small and Medium Enterprise. ERP
systems are basically devided into two types, The
Todaysbusiness environment has become extremely Propretiary ERP and the Open Source ERP. The
competitive, the ever changing economic tide, other Proprietary ERP systems, for example SAP and Oracle
various factors such as globalization, customers' high have long led the industry ERP and controls about 39% of
expectations may lead to uncertainty and unpredictability the ERP software market.
for business organizations. Business are forced to be more
competitive, flexible, and scalable to drive growth and
opportunity through the tight competition among other
businesses. They need to act quickly and adapt to
unexpected changes in order to achieve and maintain
sustainable competitive advantages. One of the best way
to do so is lying on technology adoption to strengthen the
business process to be more efficient and makes decision
making a lot easier, even for small and medium size
business. The capacity to adapt new technologies is a
strategic advantage that acts as an enabler for companies.
There are a wide variety of tools and systems that have
been developed to enable organisations to become more
competitive, one of these tools is enterprise resource
planning (ERP). When successfully implemented ERP
will bring about competitive advantages (Maguire, S.,
Ojiako, U. & Said, A. 2010). (Zeng, Y., Chiang, R.H.L. &
Yen, D.C. 2003) andimproving company's business Source: Panorama Consulting (2016)
performance(Abdelmoniem, E.M. 2016).ERP becoming
The Propretiary ERP are known to have a pricing
one of the most important IT initiatif and it is in its nature
structure of a license, annual maintenance and
to bring in benefit to companies who implemented it
THE 1ST SEBELAS MARET CONFERENCE ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP, INNOVATION AND COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT (SMARTCEIC)
implementation fee. In conterary, almost all of Open
Source ERP comes with free license fee, and they are
providing source code and license for user to use and
modify it. Some of the leading Free Open Source ERP are
ADempiere, Adaxa, ERP5 and ERPNext. And there are
also an Open Sorce ERP with combined GPL and
commercial license, Compiere, Scipio ERP and Odoo
(Kowanda, Firdaus and Pasaribu, 2015).
Open Source is a software or program where the
source code is available for other developers to use,
modified and given enhancements. And the product
associated revenue streams is shifted toward the auxiliary
products such as support, training, documentation, and
others (Kowanda et.al).In this researh we will be focusing
on ADempiere free open source working on a specific
case on car rental SME/Start-ups
By definition, TheSmall and Medium Enterprise term
according toEU definition is: companies that employ less
than 250 persons and which have an annual turnover not
exceeding 50 million euro and / or number of annual
balance sheet not exceeding 43 million. Indonesias
defition of SME, according to UU No. 20/2008 on SMEs
are; productive business unit with assets up to a maximum
turnover of Rp. 10 billion and Rp 50 billion per year. The
next question is the free open source is flexible enough to
accomodate SME needs?
Today's rapidly changing business environment means
survival of the fittest. Only the most fit are the ones that
are most flexible (Newcomer, B. 2004). Flexibility is the
keyword that people, companies are looking for besides
cost savings and efficiency. Competition had become a
major factor forcing them to adjust and finding new way
of doing things cheaper and faster to stay in the business.
Information System (IS) flexibility has been regarded
as an important indicator of information technology
success, encompassing all stages of IS implementation
and usage(Chen, R., Sun, C., Helms, M.M. &Jih, W,
2009).IT flexibility have direct impacts oncompetitive
advantage (Tian, J., Wang, K., Chen, Y. & Johansson, B.
2010),and flexibility in information systems has been
recognized as an important subset of flexibility in
business (Fitzgerald, G. & Siddiqui, F.A. 2002). Flexible
software might assist organizations in adapting systems to
meet business requirement (Gallagher, K.P. & Worrell,
J.L. 2008).
A flexible ERP system brings processes adaptation
that support diversification strategy and ensure rapid
response to changing business needs. Flexible ERP aims
at delivering an open source ERP that's affordable and
scalable enough to meet the unique needs of businesses.
Companies need a truly adaptable and sustainable IT
mechanism, since they compete with a combination of
both efficient scale and business agility, and since they
need to consistently capture market opportunities and
execute business strategy with effectiveness(Dataquest
2013).
Research Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the flexibility
ofaADempiereFree Open Source ERP system to
acomodateCar Rental SMEs needs. The following
hypotheses were identified:
1. ADempiere has the flexibility to accomodate the SME
needs
2. ADempiere can be modified without having a
programing skill
Methodology
This section describes the methodology used to
evaluate ADempiere as the free Open Source ERP system
chosen. This study is a mix of theoretical and practical
hands-on research. The theoretical research focuses on
doing a comprehensive review of relevant academic work
in order to build a model that will be used as a basis for
evaluation criteria usedin the FreeOpen Source ERP
systems in the specific case in a Car rental SME.
The model for evaluating Open Source ERP system is
built based on the dimension and caractheristicthat have
been identified through literature and previous study. The
model serves as the guiding principle. The evaluation is
done by way of qualitative and self - performed after the
download and install using any available guides.
LITERATURE STUDY
ERP Systems
By Definition, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is
an enterprise level system that integrates all the business
processes of an organization into a single database. ERP
System enables all the departments of an organization to
share and manipulate the data. ERP system has a
centralized structure consisting of one single central
database which can be accessed by all the departments
(Batada, I. & Rahman, A. 2011), Systems integrating
product that manages most of the operations in a
company(Alshawi, 2004), essential tool enabling
organisations to effectively process their business and
manage their resources as a result of the unification of
business units (Alhirz, H., &Sajeev, A. S. M. (2015), A
packaged business software system that lets an
organisation automate and integrate the majority of its
business processes, share common data and practices
across the enterprise and produce and access information
in a real-time environment. The ultimate goal of an ERP
system is that information must only be entered once
(Marnewick, C. &Labuhagne, L. 2005).
In terms ofERP business model there is a selection to
choose from, both open source and proprietary (Klaiss, D.
2008). Proprietary ERP, lead by SAP, Oracle, and
Microsoft,usualy had an expensive licenses. A rule of
thumb puts them at between one-sixth and one-third of
the implementation project costs. And usually need
expensive hardware to run(Johansson, B. &Sudzina, F.
2008). On the other hand open source software is
proving to be a credible alternative to proprietary
THE 1ST SEBELAS MARET CONFERENCE ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP, INNOVATION AND COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT (SMARTCEIC)
software. When compared to proprietary software,
open source software can offer a number of benefits
such as stronger customer involvement, lower costs
and better quality(Bruce, G., Robson, P. &Spaven, R.
2006).Especialysuperior in meeting ease of customization
(i.e., extensibility and adaptability) and cost criteria (i.e.,
acquisition and maintenance cost)(Benlian, A. 2011).
Companies can download a free system, try, evaluate and
run the demo; they allow a reduction in the license fee
and certain flexibility is more difficult to be found in
proprietary ERP (Kowanda et.al, 2015).
Advantages of Open Source ERP System
With Open Source ERP we can expect savings
associated with license fees and costs are made visible
and clear, transparent from the beginning of the process of
integration than proprietary ERP (Valyi, 2008). In
addition to cost advantages, a white paper released by
Smile (a French company that specializes in
implementing Open Source solutions) in 2008, Valyi
(2008) noted some of the advantages of Open Source
ERP:
a) Flexibility: the source code itself are made available
free of charge and thus open to be modified and
developed internally.
b) Quality: Valyi (2008) argues that the Open Source
ERP is distinguished by superior quality to technical
challenges.
c) Ability to adapt to the business environment: for the
proprietary ERP vendors, clients are directed to
adapting business processes with the opinion that the
system they have implemented best business
practices. Open Source ERP system offers the
possibility to adjust to the environment and business
practices they do.
d) Infrastructure Model in accordance with the SME:
proprietary ERP system has a model of expensive
infrastructure, charging high integration. Although
trying to get in on the SME segment with a new
lower-cost solutions such as for example SAP
Business One. But according to Valyi (2008), the
offers are still limited.
e) There are no hidden costs: many proprietary ERP
vendors attract clients by proposing a package at a
price that is acceptable but the system limit for
example in terms of number of users.
f) The possibility of certain developments: proprietary
ERP vendors maintain the control over the ensemble
of functional modules. Specificdevelopment of the
system is limited by the system flow
g) Vendor Independence: by adopting Open Source
ERP, client has a strong position to exert pressure on
vendors proactivness and support of the product can
be provided by the "community".
h) Freedom to upgrade: in adopting Open Source ERP
client can choose to upgrade, either alone or with the
ADempiere ERP
The ADempiere project was created in September 2006
after a long running disagreement between ComPiere Inc.,
the developers of Compiere, and the community that
formed around that project. The community believed
Compiere Inc. placed too much emphasis on the open
source lock-in/commercial nature of the project, rather
than the community sharing/enriching nature of the
project, and after an impassioned discussion decided to
split from Compiere giving birth to the ADempiere
project (Anonim 2016).
ADempiere is licenced under GPL and its source code is
widely available so it may be used, copied, modified, and
redistributed. It is licensed with certain common
restrictions, which generally differ from proprietary
software (Anonim 2016).
ADempiere also comes with complete features, from
Sales up until varous financial report.
Table 1. ADempiere Features
Features Categorization Features List
ERP Features Sales: Quotes to Invoice, Proposals, POS, Sales Orders, Work Orders, Invoicing, Shipment
Purchasing: Purchase Requisition, RfQ, Purchase Order, Material Reciept, Invoicing
Manufacturing Management: Product Life Cycle Management, Pool Resource Management,
Manufacturing_Workflows, Forecast Management, Planning Management,CRP, MRP, DRP, Discrete
Manufacturing,Maintenance Management, Quality Management, Costing Management
Material Management: Inventory Control, Warehouse Management, Replenishment, Stock Movement, Stock
Count, Price List, Bill of Materials
Finance: General Ledger , Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable, Financial Reporting, Cash Management
Budgeting, VAT/TAX/IVA
Human Resource: Payroll, Payroll Concepts, Payroll Rule Engine
Project Management, Manufacturing, Customer Relationship Management (CRM), POS, ecommerce
Maintenance Management
System Admin, Application Dictionary, Partner Relations, Quote To Invoice, Requisition to Invoice, Returns,
Open Items, Material Management, Project Management, Performance Analysis, Assets, Manufacturing
Features by ADempiere Menu (User Interface)
OLAP & Reporting
Management*, Human resource and Payroll*
Business Intelligence, Financial Reporting, Extending Reports, Exporting Reports, JasperReports
Other Features Platform independent, Extendable, Pluggable, Touchable, Callable and Self-Installable
System Admin, Application Dictionary, Partner Relations, Quote To Invoice, Requisition to Invoice, Returns,
Open Items, Material Management, Project Management, Performance Analysis, Assets, Manufacturing
Features by ADempiere Menu (User Interface) Management*, Human resource and Payroll*
Source:Anonim(2010)
In Venn and Nuffel (2013), ADempiere poses very
complete features compare to other 36 Open Source ERP
as stated on the table
Tabel2. Feature comparison between Open Source ERP
Source: VenndanNuffel (2013) (processed)
ADempiereprovides a complete framework that can be
used to customize the software to suit business
needs(Athena Information Solutions, 2015), and it can be
used as a framework for rapid application development
and its upswing(Ghatrei, S. 2013).
THE 1ST SEBELAS MARET CONFERENCE ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP, INNOVATION AND COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT (SMARTCEIC)
THE FLEXIBILITY EVALUATION MODEL
In evaluating the flexibility of FreeOpen Source ERP
system in this designated case, a model implemented are
including evaluation criteria from a comprehensive
literature review assessing information systems flexibility
In Al-Mashari, M. (2003), Stedman, (1999) one of the
major challenges in ERP adoption is flexibility assurance.
The flexibility of ERP systems refers to the extent to
which an ERP system may be dynamically reconfigurable
to define new business models and processes. According
to Jen-Her Wu & Yu-Min, W. (2006), flexibility of the
ERP system is measuring ultimateuser satisfaction, and
the flexibility in the system comes from the ability to
connect applications together with user-defined rules, as
well as the type of applications that can be connected
together,"(Violino, B. 2008)
Model in evaluating ERP flexibility are using3
flexible parameter principle byNewcomer, B. (2004):
First, the parameterization is flexible, meaning that it is
user-definable rather than fixed. Second, new parameters
can be easily defined and linked to applications or
business workflow without the need to perform program
modifications. Third, parameters can be set at different
organizational levels, down to the lowest level possible.
Literature Study
According to Websters dictionary, the termflexible is
defined ascapable of responding or conforming to a
changing or new situation.
There are two types of Information Systems
flexibility: (1) ISflexibility for use is the range of
possibilities provided by an information system until a
major change is required, and (2) Flexibility to change
orthe potential adaptability for further changes of a given
information systems (Gebauer&Schober, 2006);
Information Systems Flexibility
Source:Gebauer&Schober(2006)
According to Kumar, R.L. &Stylianou, A.C. 2014,
based on Research by Fitzgerald (1990) and Land (1982),
Techniques used for analyzing system flexibility during
systems development are Flexibility Analysis and Future
analysis.
Flexibility Analysis techniques
Source:Kumar, R.L. &Stylianou, A.C. 2014
In his research, flexibility is needed to anticipate,
respond, or adapt to change, it is important to understand
the possible sources of such change. Land (1982), and
Fitzgerald (1990) suggested various types of change
affecting IS. These changes include: changes in
technology (hardware, software, and computing
paradigms), laws, the economy, the environment, the
organization (structure, policies, and strategies, processes,
finances, mergers and acquisitions), the users (attitudes,
expectations, tastes, and requirements), interfaces
(internal and external systems, customers, suppliers), and
IS personnel (skill sets, turnover). Fitzgerald argues that 'a
large proportion of major changes to our IS are potentially
predictable'. He suggests the use of a technique he termed
'Flexibility Analysis' to analyze the impact of such
changes and take necessary action during the systems
development process. He emphasizes the need for
flexibility analysis despite some practical reasons why
such an analysis might be difficult. These reasons, which
are in effect challenges to managing IS flexibility, include
management commitment, organizational politics,
additional time and resource requirements, and lack of
analyst/designer experience. Similar to the concept of
flexibility analysis, Land (1982) suggests a technique
called 'future analysis', which aims to identify 'systems
features which are vulnerable to possible changes' and
provides guidance in the development of flexible systems
able to accommodate such changes. A risk of not
performing such an analysis, according to Land, is having
inflexible systems that perform well under the current
circumstances but whose performance degrades as those
circumstances change. Land also describes the designer's
dilemma in deciding the amount of flexibility to build into
a system given the cost and development effort necessary.
Characteristically, he gives the example of a real case
where 'the designer is involved in a trade-off between the
extra development and operational cost of designing a
system which is adaptable and flexible - a very general
system - or of designing a very specific system dedicated
to the needs existing at the time of implementation, but
which may be incapable of modification, and may have to
be replaced if requirements change'.
Further in Kumar, R.L. &Stylianou, A.C. (2014) concept
of IS flexibility into three major categoriescontaining 10
flexibility types
IS flexibility types and categories
Source: Kumar, R.L. &Stylianou, A.C. 2014
THE 1ST SEBELAS MARET CONFERENCE ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP, INNOVATION AND COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT (SMARTCEIC)

The roles of an IT organization can be conceptualizedas field to register business partner detail, delivery detail and
(a) the operation of existing systems to meet so on.
businessrequirements, (b) the development of systems ADempiere Sales Order Window
(either newor redesign/maintenance of existing) and
deployment ofnew technologies, and (c) the management
of financialand human resources.

A theoretical model of information system flexibility

with interpretive flexibility perspective

In the tab Sales Order Line, there is a selection of

product/services used, for example in this Car Rental
business it is used to registered hourly, daily, weekly or
monthly car rental services. The business model requires
to have a car/asset selected in the transaction
ADempiere Sales Order LineWindow

Source:Chen, R., Sun, C., Helms, M.M. &Jih, W

(2009).
Information System (IS) flexibility has been regarded
as an important indicator of information technology
success. This article provides a model of IS flexibility
encompassing all stages of IS implementation and usage.
The model considers the cognitive factors from IS staff Based on that requirement there is a need to add
and users as important leveraging IS flexibility with Car/Asset field in the Sales Order Line Tab.
adaptation activities.
ADempiere as stated by Athena Information Solutions
In this research we are going to focus on analyzing (2015) and Ghatrei, S (2013) provide with a software
information systems flexibility in terms of flexibility to development tools to configure the application.
change and with focus in the development stage.
ADempiere Menu

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

ADempiere as the free open source erpin this research
is carefuly installed in an Intel Core i5-2520M
processor (dual-core, 2.50GHz, 3MB Cache), with 8GB
RAM and 320GB HDD, ntel Core i5-2520M
processor (dual-core, 2.50GHz, 3MB Cache), using
Windows 7 Pro, with Java 1.7, JBoss and Adempiere 3.8
and Postgress 9.1
Modification case used on this standard ADempiere
ERP are on a specific business process as a sample, which
is in a case of a Car Rental business Sales Order Process. In the favourite menu there are Table &Coloum and
In generating sales order, the car rental business needs to Windoe, Tab & Field that allow us to configure/modify
point out which car (asset) that are rented. The Car itself the application.
are registered in the asset module.In the basic Sales Order
windows there is no field available to select which Based on the requirement the steps for creating a new
car/asset being rented. Car Rental Sales Order window is creating new field
called Asset that integrates with Asset Module. And the
ADempiere Sales Order window is used to registered steps taken in ADempiere are:
sales in the business. In the sales order window there are
THE 1ST SEBELAS MARET CONFERENCE ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP, INNOVATION AND COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT (SMARTCEIC)
1. Idetifies table used in Asset Module and
Sales Order
2. Add new coloum at Sales Order table
3. Add new field/dropdown menu ar Sales
Order Window
For starter, we need to log in as system administrator
so we can access the tools.
For Table Identification, we just need to acses menu
on favorite menu and we can zoom in details over details
withouth having knowledge of the database structure. We
can identify the primary key by looking at a check sign
on Table and Coloum menu to determind the Table ID
that we are going to use to combine in the Sales Order
screen.
To add Asset table into Sales Order line window, we
can repeat the step as we identify Asset table, which is go
to menu, zoom on window, chose the Tab, Chose the
window we want to integrate the table with, in this case
Sales Order Line, we zoom in table, and we choose
Coloum in the following menu.
The process of integration is as simple as pressing add
new record on the menu and we just type in the DB
Coloum name that we acquired previously, A_Asset_ID,
the name, description and the standard settings are already
being added into Sales Order Line Window. To confirm
the addition we need to press sycronizecoloum to add the
created coloum on the window. The last step is create
field button on previous Sales Order window that we open
previously, we can even modifies the position of the
coloum by modifiying the Field sequence.
Modified ADempiere Sales Order LineWindow
With this result the answer for this research hypothesis
are 1. ADempiere has the flexibility to accomodate the
SME needs and 2. ADempiere can be modified without
having a programing skill. Using the given software
development framework, the flexibility of the ADempiere
is very good. This result is aligned with research by Gao,
Y. & Feng, X.Z. (2012), ADempiere development frame
work, providing the developer a full play in the software
development. Using a framework mode in software
development, "flexibility" of software development
embedded in the process implementing the method. The
application of this software development framework
offers the possibility of fast, flexible, and "tailored"
business information systems. It is the effective and
efficient creation of application systems within a full-
fledged strategy (Jain, R. &Chandrasekaran, A. 2009).
This Prefabricated framework that can be quickly and
easily customized for specific solutions. It increases
flexibility by providing the ability to adapt rapidly to
change while reducing costs and time to market.
(Hewlett-Packard, 1997).
CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
Having succesfuly modified (configure) ADempiere
as an ERP, without using any software development skill
is quite interesting enough to see the horizon beyond that.
The possibilities to develop further when goes in to the
depth of the source code could be limitless.
Open Source is a software or program where the
source code is available for other developers to use,
modified and given enhancements. And the product
associated revenue streams is shifted toward the auxiliary
products such as support, training, documentation, and
others (Kowanda et.al). This result is interestingly prove
that open source software, in this case ADempiere
couldbe a crediblealternative to proprietary ERPsoftware.
Align with research by Benlian, A. (2011), superior in
meeting ease of customization (i.e., extensibility and
adaptability).ADempiere software development
framework also confirm Valyi (2008), which argues the
Open Source ERP is distinguished by superior quality to
technical challenges. The result also answer Al-Mashari,
M. (2003), quoting Stedman, (1999) one of the major
challenges in ERP adoption is flexibility assurance,
having source code available and embedded software
development framework there is a high possibilities to
have a flexibility assurance.
Model in evaluating ERP flexibility are using3
flexible parameter principle byNewcomer, B. (2004):
First, the parameterization is flexible, meaning that it is
user-definable rather than fixed. Second, new parameters
can be easily defined and linked to applications or
business workflow without the need to perform program
modifications. Third, parameters can be set at different
organizational levels, down to the lowest level possible.
Evaluating ADempiere in this research using ERP
flexibility evaluation model by Newcomer, B. (2004),
ADempiere have flexible parameterization, new
parameters can be easily defined and linked to
applications or business workflow without the need to
perform program modifications. As for the third criteria
as it is not part of the research, is already embedded in the
standard matrix authorization menu of ADempiere.
Implications and Suggestions
Open Source ERP in this research represent by
ADempiere have a good flexibility in terms of
parameterizations and modification of window in the
case.
The possibilities to develop further more than using
embedded software development
framework/configuration and touching the source code
could be limitless.
THE 1ST SEBELAS MARET CONFERENCE ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP, INNOVATION AND COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT (SMARTCEIC)
This study concludes that ADempire could flexibly
modified to required business needs using embedded
tools. Based on the case ADempiere would be able to suit
flexibly for SMEs needs.
For further research, there is a lot of horizon to look
into, it would still make sense to repeat this similar study
for different cases and probably in different company
scale/business. Another suggestion is to make a
comparative study between the leading Open Source ERP
and Propretiary ERP.
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update 25 December 2010, access date 1 Februari 2014
Anonim, 2016 http://adempiere.org/site/aboutus
Anonim, 2016 http://www.adempiere.com/Legal
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