1/29/2016

Contents
1. Structural Engineering
CE 131 Structural Engineering I
2. Structural Analysis and Design
3. Structural Elements
4. Structural Systems
Introduction to
5. Structural Loads
Structural Analysis
6. Support Connections
Chapter 1
7. Structural Idealization

Learning Outcomes 1.1 What is Structural Engineering?

At the end of this meeting, you must be able to:
1. Define structural engineering;
2. Differentiate structural analysis from Lets watch a video!
structural design; and
3. Identify the different structural elements and
systems.

3 4

1
 1/29/2016

Introduction 1.2 Structural Analysis and Design

Structure Structural Analysis
A system of connected parts used to support a load.

Calculation of
magnitudes of forces
and deformations
Structural Design

Arrangement and
proportioning of
structures and their
parts so as to
support their loads
adequately

5 6

Considerations of a Structural Engineer Strength

Strength of a structure depends on the strength

Strength of the materials from which it is made.

Safety

Strength of a material refers to the material's

Serviceability ability to resist an applied force.

Economic Constraints

Strength is considered in terms of

Environmental Impact

compressive strength

Aesthetics

tensile strength

shear strength

flexural strength, etc. www.americanmachinetools.com
7 8

2

Safety

Requires that the strength
of the structure be
adequate for all loads that
may foreseeably act on it.

Can be ensured by
providing a carrying
capacity just barely in
excess of the known loads.
9 www.inforkation.com
Economy

Systematic evaluation of the
economic merits
proposed solutions
engineering problems.

Key issues:

Time value of money

Cash flows occurring at
different times

Designs with different
11 durations
1/29/2016
Serviceability
Pertains to the performance of structures under
normal service loads and is concerned with such
items as deflections, vibrations, cracking, and
slipping.
www.britannica.com
www.frpdistributors.com kcwardco.com www.casteloconstruction.info
Deflection Cracking Spalling
10
1.3 Structural Elements
of
Tie Rods/Bracing Struts

Straight, slender members
to that support axial loads

Beams and Girders

members that support
loads acting transverse to
its axis (flexure action)
12
3
 1/29/2016

Structural Elements (Cont.) 1.4 Structural Systems

Columns
Frames

Supports axial
Composed of beams and
compressive loads but columns that are either
may carry flexure loads pin-connected or fixed

Diaphragms
Surface structures

Members commonly
Made from a material of
used for floors and very small thickness
shear-resisting walls compared to its other
dimensions (e.g. Thin

high in-plate stiffness plates, shell structures)
13 14

Structural Systems (Cont.) Structural Systems (Cont.)

Arch
Cable

Rigid structure that achieves its strength in
Flexible structure that
compression carries loads in tension

15 16

4
 1/29/2016

Structural Systems (Cont.) Learning Outcomes

Truss At the end of this meeting, you must be able to:

Composed of struts 1. Identify the different types of loads acting on
and ties arranged in structures;
triangular fashion
2. Compute the loads acting on structures;
3. Identify the different types of support connections;
and
4. Apply structural idealization.

17 18

1.5 Structural Loads Structural Loads (Cont.)

The first phase of structural design consists of
National Structural Code of the Philippines
estimating the loads acting on the structure. (NSCP)

The structure must be designed to carry or
ASEP Steel Handbook
resist loads that are applied to it over its
American Concrete Institute (ACI)
design-life. The loads have been categorized as

American Society of Testing and Materials
follows:
(ASTM)
Dead Load (D) Impact Load (I)

American Association of State Highway and
Live Load (L) Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure (H)
Wind Load (W) Thermal Effects (T) Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
Earthquake Load (E)
19 20

5
 1/29/2016

Dead Loads Dead Load

www.buildinghow.com
Consist of the weight of all materials of construction
incorporated into the building, including but not limited
to
Roof Finishes Partition

Ceiling Cladding

Permanent loads acting on
Include the self-weight of

the structure structural and non-structural
21 components 22

Dead Load: Fixed Service Equipment Dead Load (Cont.)

Can be estimated satisfactorily from simple
formulas based on the weights and sizes of
similar structures.

Once the materials and sizes of the various
components of the structure are determined,
their weights can be found from tables that list
electricalinstallationwiringpicture.blogspot.com their densities.
Electrical feeders
Heating, ventilating and air-
See Tables 204-1 and 204-2 of the NSCP, 2010.
delafleur.com
conditioning systems
Plumbing stacks and risers
23 24

6
 1/29/2016

Excerpt from Table 204-1. Minimum Excerpt from Table 204-2. Minimum Design
Densities for Design Loads from Materials Dead Loads (kPa)
(kN/m3)
Component Load (kPa)
Material Density (kN/m3) Floor fill
Concrete, Reinforced Cinder concrete, per mm 0.017
Cinder 17.4 Lightweight concrete, per mm 0.015
Slag 21.7 Sand, per mm 0.015
Stone, (including gravel) 23.6 Stone concrete, per mm 0.023
Ceilings
Suspended metal lath and cement plaster 0.72
Suspended metal lath and gypsum plaster 0.48

Source: NSCP, 2010

25
Source: NSCP, 2010
26

Example 1* Live Loads

www.finehomebuilding.com
The second floor of a light manufacturing building is
Non-permanent loads
constructed from a 125 mm thick stone concrete acting on the structure.
slab with an added 100 mm cinder, concrete fill as
shown. If the suspended ceiling of the first floor
The magnitude and
consists of metal lath and gypsum plaster, determine location of live loads
the dead load for design in kPa of floor area. changes frequently over
the design life.

They cannot be www.abroadlanguages.com

estimated with the same

accuracy as dead loads.
27 *Problem 1-10, Hibbler. R. C., Structural Analysis, 8th Ed., p.28 28 blog.smartbear.com

7
 1/29/2016

Table 205-1. Minimum Uniform and

Concentrated Live Loads (NSCP, 2010) Table 205-1 (Continued)
Uniform Conc. Uniform Conc.
USE OR OCCUPANCY USE OR OCCUPANCY
Load Load Load Load
Category Description kPa kN Category Description kPa kN
1. Access floor systems Office use 2.4 9.0 4. Bowling alleys,
poolrooms and similar - 3.6 0
Computer use 4.8 9.0 recreational areas
2. Armories - 7.2 0 5. Catwalk for maintenance
- 1.9 1.3
3. Theaters, assembly areas Fixed seats 2.9 0 access
and auditoriums Movable seats 4.8 0 6. Cornices and marquees
- 3.6 0
Lobbies and 4.8 0
platforms 7. Dining rooms and
- 4.8 0
restaurants
Stage areas 7.2 0
8. Exit facilities - 4.8 0
29 30

Table 205-1 (Continued) Table 205-1 (Continued)

Uniform Conc. Uniform Conc.
USE OR OCCUPANCY USE OR OCCUPANCY
Load Load Load Load
Category Description kPa kN Category Description kPa kN
9. Garages General storage/repair 4.8 - 12. Manufacturing Light 6.0 9.0
Private or pleasure-type
1.9 - Heavy 12.0 13.4
motor vehicle storage
10. Hospitals Wards and rooms 1.9 4.5 13. Office Call centers & BPO 2.9 9.0
Laboratories & operating Lobbies and ground
2.9 4.5 4.8 9.0
rooms floor corridors
Corridors above ground 3.8 4.5 Offices 2.4 9.0
floor Building corridors
11. Libraries Reading rooms 2.9 4.5 3.8 9.0
above ground floor
Stack rooms 7.2 6.7
31 32

8
 1/29/2016

Table 205-1 (Continued) Table 205-1 (Continued)

Uniform Conc. Unifor Conc.
USE OR OCCUPANCY
USE OR OCCUPANCY Load Load m Load Load
Category Description kPa kN
Category Description kPa kN
17. Reviewing stands,
14. Printing plants Press rooms 7.2 11.0 grandstands, bleachers,
- 4.8 0
Composing & linotype 4.8 9.0 folding & telescoping
rooms seating
18. Roof decks Same as area served
15. Residential Basic floor area 1.9 0 - -
or Occupancy
Exterior balconies 2.9 0
Decks 1.9 0 19. Schools Classrooms 1.9 4.5
Storage 1.9 0 Corridors above
3.8 4.5
ground floor
16. Restrooms - - -
Ground floor
33 34 4.8 4.5
corridors

Table 205-1 (Continued) Live Load Reduction

Uniform Conc.
The design live load determined using Table 205-1 of
USE OR OCCUPANCY Load Load the NSCP maybe reduced on any member supporting
Category Description kPa kN more than 15 m2, except for floors in public assembly
20. Sidewalks & Public access 12.0 - and for live loads greater than 4.8 kPa:
driveways
21. Storage Light 6.0 - R = r (A-15) (1-1)
Heavy 12.0 - where:
R = reduction in percentage, %
22. Stores Retail 4.8 4.5 A = area of floor or roof supported by the member, m2
Wholesale 6.0 13.4 r = rate of reduction equal to 0.08 for floors.
23. Pedestrian bridges &
walkways
- - - See NSCP Table 205-3 for roofs
35 36

9
 1/29/2016

Live Load Reduction (Cont.) Live Load Reduction (Cont.)

The reduction shall not exceed 40% for members As an alternate to Eqn (1-1), the unit live load set in
receiving load from one level only, 60% for other NSCP Table 205-1 may be reduced on any member
members. having an influence area of 40 m2 or more using the
following:

R can also be computed as
1
= 0.25 + 4.57 (1-3)
R = 23.1 (1 + D/L) (1-2)

where:
where:
AI = influence area, m2
D = dead load supported by the member, kPa
L = reduced design live load/m2 of area supported by
L = live load supported by the member, kPa member
Lo = unreduced design live load/m2 of area (Table 205-1)
37 38

Roof Live Load Roof Live Load

Live loads on the roof caused by planters, people, or Ordinary flat, pitched, and curved roofs shall be
by workers, equipment, and materials during designed for the live loads specified in Table
maintenance. 205-3A or Table 205-3B of the 2010 NSCP.

www.ppfl.org www.staffordplastics.co.uk archinspire.org

Flat Roof Pitched Roof Curved Roof

39 40

10
 1/29/2016

Table 205-3A. Minimum Roof Live Loads

(NSCP, 2010) Roof Live Load (Cont.)
METHOD 1
Tributary Area (m2) METHOD 1
ROOF SLOPE
0 - 20 20-60 > 60 Tributary Area (m2)
Uniform load (KPa) ROOF SLOPE
0 - 20 20-60 > 60
1. 33.3% slope. Arch and dome with
1.00 0.75 0.60 Uniform load (KPa)
rise less than one-eighth of span.
4.Awnings except cloth covered. 0.25 0.25 0.25
2. 33% to less than 100% slope. Arch
and dome with rise one-eighth of
span to less than three-eights of 0.75 0.70 0.60 5. Greenhouses, lath houses and
0.50 0.50 0.50
span. agricultural buildings.
3. 100% slope and greater. Arch
and dome with rise three-eights 0.60 0.60 0.60
of span or greater.
41 42

Example 2* Wind Load

The floor of the office
building shown is made of
In the form of pressure or
100 mm thick lightweight suction on the exterior
concrete. If the office floor surface of building
is a slab having a length of structures.
6.0 m and width of 4.5 m,
Generally act perpendicular
determine the resultant
to surfaces. www. finehomebuilding.com
force caused by the dead
load and the live load.

43 *Problem 1-2, Hibbler. R. C., Structural Analysis, 8th Ed., p. 27 44

11
 1/29/2016

Wind Load (Cont.) Wind-Tunnel Procedure

Design wind loads for buildings and other
Consists of developing a small-scale model of
structures can be based on: the building or structure
a) analytical procedure
Involves testing the model in a wind tunnel to
b) wind tunnel procedure determine the expected wind pressures etc.

Is expensive and may be utilized for difficult or
special situations.

45 46

Analytical Procedure Analytical Procedure (Cont.)

Typically used in most design offices. The velocity pressure (qz) in kPa at any height z,

It is fairly systematic but somewhat complicated to
account for the various situations that can occur. qz = 47.3 x 10-6 Kz Kzt Kd V2 Iw (1-4)

The effect of wind on a structure depends on: where:

Density of air
V = basic wind speed (km/hr), from Table 207-1,

Velocity of air NSCP 2010

Angle of incidence of wind
= Corresponds to a 3-second gust speed at

Shape and stiffness of the structure 10m above ground

Roughness of structure surface

47 48

12
 1/29/2016

Wind Speed, V (Table 207-1, NSCP, 2010) Importance Factor, Iw

Zone
Classification
(Basic Wind
Provinces Iw = depends on the category of constructed facilities
Speed)

Zone 1
Albay, Aurora, Batanes, Cagayan, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Table 207-3, NSCP, 2010
Catanduanes, Eastern Samar, Isabela, Northern Samar, Quezon,
(V = 250 kph)
Quirino, Samar, Sorsogon Occupancy
Description Iw
Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Aklan, Antique, Apayao, Category
Bataan, Batangas, Benguet, Biliran, Bohol, Bulacan, Camiguin, Capiz,
Cavite, Cebu, Compostela Valley, Davao Oriental, Guimaras, Ifugao, I Essential 1.15
Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Kalinga, La Union, Laguna, Leyte,
Zone 1I
(V = 200 kph)
Marinduque, Masbate, Misamis Oriental, Mt. Province, NCR, Negros II Hazardous 1.15
Occidental, Negros Oriental, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Occidental
Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Rizal, Romblon, III Special Occupancy 1.15
Siquijor, Southern Leyte, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tarlac,
Zambales IV Standard Occupancy 1.00
Basilan, Bukidnon, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte,
Zone III Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Misamis Occidental, North Cotabato, V Miscellaneous 0.87
(V = 150 kph) Palawan, Sarangani, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Tawi-tawi,
49 Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay 50

Velocity Pressure Coefficient, KZ Exposure/Surface Roughness Categories

Kz = obtained from Table Exposure/
207-4, NSCP 2010 Surface Definition
Roughness
= a function of height Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or other
and depends on the B terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions
ground terrain or having the size of single-family dwellings or larger
surface roughness Open terrain with scattered obstructions having
heights generally less than 9m. This category
C includes flat open country, grasslands, and all water
surfaces in regions with records of extreme
typhoons
Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces. This
D category includes smooth mud flats and salt flats
51 52

13
 1/29/2016

Topographic Factor, KZT Wind Directionality Factor, Kd

Kzt = obtained from Figure 207-4, NSCP 2010 Kd = obtained from Table
207-2, NSCP 2010
= A factor that accounts for wind speed increases
due to hills or escarpments = A factor that accounts
= 1.0 for flat ground for the direction of wind

= used only when the

structure is subjected to
combinations of loads
(See Section 203.3 and
203.4, NSCP)
= 1.0 for wind acting alone
53 54

Design Wind Pressure, p Design Wind Pressure, p (Cont.)

Once the value of qz is obtained, the design Design Wind Pressure for Enclosed Buildings
wind pressure, p can be determined from a list
of relevant equations (see Eqns. 207-17 to 207- = (1-5)
26, NSCP, 2010) where:

The choice depends on: q = qz for the windward
wall at height z

Flexibility and height of structure above the ground

Design for main wind-resisting system, (Eqn. 1-4)
buildings components, or cladding = qh for the leeward walls, sidewalls, and roof at
height h, mean height of roof
55 56

14
 1/29/2016

Wind Gust Effect Factor, G Wall or Roof Pressure Coefficient, Cp

G = from Section 207.5.8, NSCP, 2010

= 0.85 for rigid buildings (i.e. one-story bldgs.)

Cp = See Fig. 207-6,

NSCP, 2010

57 58

Internal Pressure Coefficient, GCpi Example 3*

GCpi = depends upon the type of openings in the building The enclosed building
= signs indicate that either positive or negative shown is used for storage
(suction) pressure can occur within the building purposes and is located in
the Light Industrial Park in
Figure 207-5 Internal Pressure Coefficient, NSCP, 2010 Canlubang, Laguna on open
Enclosure Classification GCpi flat terrain. When the wind
Open Buildings 0 is directed as shown,
determine the design wind
Partially Enclosed +0.55
pressure acting on the roof
Buildings -0.55
and sides of the building
+0.18 based on NSCP provisions.
Enclosed Buildings
-0.18
59 60 *Problem 1.3, Hibbler. R. C., Structural Analysis, 8th Ed., p. 20

15
 1/29/2016

Earthquake Load Impact Load

Inertial forces that act on a  Dynamic effect of a suddenly applied load, i.e. due to
structure due to earthquake moving vehicles, weight of elevator machinery
induced ground motion
 Percentage increase of the live load due to impact is

Generally act horizontally on each called the impact factor, I
element of the structure and are
proportional to their mass.

Thus, heavier structures are more
susceptible to earthquake loads.
www. finehomebuilding.com

Computation of earthquake loads
is the subject of CE 137
61 62

1.6 Support Connections Support Connections (Cont.)

63 64

16
 1/29/2016

Supports 1.7 Structural Idealization

Replacing an actual structure with a simple system
conducive to analysis

Roller support

Link

65
Pin or hinge support 66

Structural Idealization (Cont.) Tributary Area (Beams)

When flat surfaces such as walls, floors, or roofs
are supported by a structural frame, it is
necessary to determine how the load on these
surfaces are transmitted to the supporting
elements.

The loads transferred from the slab to the
supporting beams depend on the geometry of
the slab.

67 68

17
 1/29/2016

One-Way Slab Two-Way Slab

If the ratio of width S to
length L, If the ratio of width S to
S length L,
< 0.50
L S
0.50
most of the load is carried in L
the short direction to the
supporting beams The slab is classified as two-
way slab.
one-way action is obtained
even though supports are
provided on all sides
69 70

Equivalent Slab Load Transferred to Equivalent Slab Load Transferred to

Supporting Beams (One-Way Slab) Supporting Beams (Two-Way Slab)
One-Way Slab Beam along long span Two-Way Slab

Wu Beam along long span

B D B D Wu
C D
L L C D
W (kN/m) = W (kPa) x Tributary Width
Tributary S/2 L-S S/2
Width Beam along short span
A C A 45 C w (kN/m) = w (kPa) x S/2
No load

S A C S
71 72

18
 1/29/2016

Equivalent Slab Load Transferred to

Supporting Beams (Two-Way Slab) Tributary Area (Columns)
Two-Way Slab Tributary Area
for Column A1 Tributary Area
Beam along short span for Column C2

B D
Wu Extends from the
member in question
L A C halfway to the
S adjacent members
in each direction
A 45 C w (kN/m) = w (kPa) x S/2 Tributary Area
for Column F4

S
73 74

Example 4 Example 4 (Cont.)

7.00m 4.25m 4.375m

A reinforced concrete building floor system is to
be designed for the following service loads: A A
Dead Load: The floor system
Self-weight - 23.544 KN/m3 consists of a
Topping and finishes - 1.10 KPa continuous slab
Utilities - 0.50 KPa built
monolithically
Partition loads - 1.00 KPa
with its supporting 3.375m 4@3.25 = 13.0m 3.375m
beams, as shown in Floor Plan
Live Load - 2.40 KPa plan in the figure.
75 76 Section A-A

19
 1/29/2016

Example 4 (Cont.) References

Lasco, J. D. D. 2nd Sem 2014-2015. CE 131

7.00m 4.25m 4.375m

Determine the total C1 B-1

G-3
dead load and live load C2 Lecture Notes, CE Department, UPLB.
(kN/m) acting on the B-2
Hibbler, R. C. 2012. Structural Analysis. 8th

G-2
following members:
Edition. Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
a) beams B-1 to B-4 B-3

G-1
b) girders G-1 to G-3 Kassimali, A. 2010. Structural Analysis. 4th
c) columns C1, C2 B-4 Edition. PSW Kent: Boston.
3.375m 4@3.25 = 13.0m 3.375m
Floor Plan
77 78

Thank you for

listening!

79

20