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Abstract Microwave imaging technology has attracted GHz to 10.6 GHz for ultra-wideband (UWB) technology [4].
many interests nowadays. This imaging system has been Therefore, UWB technology has become very popular in
used in a variety of applications such as: non-destructive different areas. One of these applications of this technology
testing and evaluation, through-the-wall imaging, is UWB MI technique for several aims. MI technology has
attracted many interests nowadays. This imaging system
concealed weapon detection at security check points,
has been used in a variety of applications such as: non-
structural health monitoring and medical imaging. There
destructive testing and evaluation, through-the-wall
are several microwave imaging methods. One of these is imaging, concealed weapon detection at security check
radar-based ultra-wideband technique. A key component of points, structural health monitoring and medical imaging.
this technique is the sensor that is used to radiate and
receive the ultra-wideband pulses. This system requires MI systems have in recent decades experienced strong
ultra-wideband, compact, stable and directive antennas as growth as a research topic in biomedical diagnostics,
their sensors. Planar monopole antennas can provide these particularly breast tumor detection [5]. MI methods use
properties in the case of proper design and optimization. In nonionizing radiation which is safer than ionizing
this study, an elliptical planar monopole antenna with radiation. Low illumination power levels used in
parabolic shaped ground structure is developed by using microwave imaging also make regular screening possible.
simulation program. Return loss and radiation pattern Another advantage of microwave imaging that is low cost.
results are shown and discussed briefly in the paper. Results
show that the designed antenna has broad frequency band 2. MICROWAVE IMAGING TECHNIQUES
and it has stable and directional radiation patterns.
Therefore we say that it can be used for radar-based UWB Classification of the microwave imaging systems for
MI system. breast cancer diagnosis mentioned up to this point can be
seen clearly in the Figure 1.
Key Words: Microwave imaging, Ultra-wideband system,
Planar monopole antenna, Directional antenna
1. INTRODUCTION
In general, The Federal Communication Commission Fig -1: Microwave imaging techniques
(FCC) in the USA has allocated a frequency band from 3.1
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1978
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 11 | Nov -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
2.1 Radar-Based and UWB MI System Because of these explained reasons, the planar
monopole antennas give very large impedance bandwidth
In UWB applications, it is desirable for impedance with reasonably good radiation pattern in azimuthal plane.
bandwidth to be at least 50% to cover the lower UWB band
of 3.15 GHz or the upper band of 610.6 GHz or 110% to Various regular shaped printed monopole antennas
cover the entire UWB band of 3.110.6 GHz [6]. UWB radar such as printed square monopole, printed rectangular
imaging, uses an UWB pulse which involves low to high monopole, printed hexagonal monopole, printed triangular
frequencies. The lower frequency band provides sufficient monopole, printed circular monopole, and printed elliptical
depth of penetration while the higher frequency band monopole antenna use in UWB applications. However, it is
ensures the adequate resolution of the creating images. not sufficient for the antenna to be used in the MI system to
Hence, both the deeply buried and small size tumor can be have UWB but it should have also a stable and high
detected based on the lower and higher frequencies of the directional pattern and low HPBW which provides the high
UWB bands [7]. resolution capabilities for the antenna to recognize two
adjacent radiating sources or radar targets through worked
This method has been increasingly recommended as a frequency band [16].
regular examination and detection tool for early breast
cancer detection but it is under research and investigation For this aim, a directional elliptical monopole UWB
stage till today [8]. A key component of the system is the antenna with L-shaped ground plane is designed. Detailed
antenna that is used to radiate and receive the ultra- design process is given in the next Section.
wideband pulses. The designed antenna for radar-based
UWB MI system should radiate UWB signals and have small 3.1 UWB and Directive Elliptical Monopole
size. Good impedance matching, high directivity and Antenna
narrow beamwidth are desirable properties for the
antenna. Multiple resonant modes can be obtained by using the
elliptical monopole antenna which has a partial ground
For microwave imaging, researchers are interested in plane whereas only one resonant mode is obtained with a
the 1-11 GHz frequency range because it appears to conventional patch antenna which has a complete ground
balance the conflicting demands of better spatial resolution plane [17]. A printed elliptical monopole antenna
(higher frequencies) and better penetration depth (lower configuration which is fed along the major axis is shown in
frequencies) [9]. Fig. 2. We decided that the major axis would be twice the
minor axis b. Our first aim is to obtain the broad frequency
Recent researches are on UWB antenna is planar band which has the lower edge about the 3.1 GHz. Analysis
technologies as they are more practical in term of and the performance optimization of the proposed antenna
manufacturing and integration with the entire system. have been performed by HFSS software [18].
There are several compact UWB antennas are proposed in
planar technology but they exhibit omini directional
radiation property [10-13]. However, in the radar-based
microwave imaging system, antenna's Half Power
Beamwidth (HPBW) is one of the main parameters
determining the resolution; finer details can be resolved by
using a narrower beam. Planar and printed monopole
antennas are the good candidates for use in UWB
technology because of their wide impedance bandwidth. If
some modifications make to achieve it directional, then
these antennas is valid for microwave imaging, too.
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1979
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 11 | Nov -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
7.
z
*( r p) k+
where , r b/4, b and p 1mm, and b are the
major and minor axis radius, respectively. The empirical
value of k was reported as 1.15 for a dielectric substrate
with =4.4 and h=0.159 cm in [21,22]. Therefore, for our
study we take the k as 1.15, too.
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1980
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 11 | Nov -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
The new antenna is given in Fig. 6. The curve of the The radiation patterns of the proposed antenna have
parabole is provided by clipping the part from the L- been obtained with HFSS at different frequencies as shown
shaped ground plane. Clipping part is obtained by using a in Fig. 8. The good stability of the radiation patterns is
circle, which has a radius of r and the center of it is demonstrated in the frequency band.
positioned at the 17 mm and 12 mm for the x axis and y
axis, respectively. 9 GHz
7 GHz
12 GHz
4 GHz
Parameters Values
(mm)
Major radius () of the elliptical patch 10
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1981
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 11 | Nov -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
[6] R. Azim, M. T. Islam and N. Misran, Microstrip line-fed [19] N. P. Agrawall, G.Kumar, and K. P. Ray, "Wide-Band
printed planar monopole antenna for uwb", Arabian Planar Monopole Antennas", IEEE Transaction
Journal for Science and Engineering. vol. 38 pp. 2415 Antennas Propagation, vol.46, no.2, pp.294295, 1998.
2422, 2013.
[20] G. Kumar and K. P. Ray, Broad Band Microstrip
[7] X. Xiao, T. Kikkawa, "Influence of the Organism Antennas. Boston, MA: Artech House, 2003.
Interface on the Breast Cancer Detection by UWB",
Applied Surface Science. vol:255 pp.597599, 2008. [21] C.J. Shanon, E.C. Fear, M. Okoniewski, "Dielectric-filled
Slotline Bowtie Antenna for Breast Cancer Detection",
Electronics Letters, vol.41, pp.388-390, 2005.
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1982
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 11 | Nov -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1983