DMU/TECNO/ ELECTRICAL

Introduction to Electrical Motor

Electrical motor is an electrical machine it used for convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Which do
opposite of this is called generator

Types of motor

Electrical motor according to voltage supply divided into two ac motor and dc motor. All types motor shown below
to the chart.

ELECTRICAL MOTOR

AC MOTOR DC MOTOR

SINGLE PHASE M THREE PHASE M SHUNT SERIES COMPOUND

1. Capacitor start m

2. Capacitor run m

3. Capacitors run & start m

ASYNCHRONOUS MOTORS SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS

1. Double squirrel cage m 1. Smooth cylindrical m

2. Squirrel cage m 2. Salient pole m

3. wound rotor (slip ring) m

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Parts of asynchronous motor

Asynchronous motor have two main parts.

Fig :- squirrel cage induction motor in display condition

1. Rotor: - is rotational part of motor which cylindrical in shape and its built up of number of laminations
having a slot no its surface, they have tree type rotor found in induction motors.
squirrel cage type :- In this rotor solid copper conductors inserted in these slots and are short
circuited at the ends of the rotor by soldering(or braizing) the copper rings. In small motors the
rotor are also manufactured with squirrel cage aluminum diecasting. The rotor is then mounted on
the shaft and supported on the bearings housed inside covers of the motor. This type of rotor has
low resistance and its cheap as compared to the other types. The gap between the rotor and stator
is kept very small which varies from 0.25 to 0.4 mm. construction of squirrel cage rotor is similar
irrespective of number of poles and phase for which the stator is wound since the rotor adjust it self
according to the stator number of poles and phase.

Wound(slipring) :- a rotor is of these motors are wound with a winding which is identically to
that of the stator of the motor , the rotor winding is wound for the same number of poles and phase
as that of the a stator winding. For the three phase winding the three ends of three phases are
generally connected in star at one junction the remaining three free ends are brought out for
connection to the slip rings mounted on the shaft of the motor. The sliprings are then connected to
the eternal starting resistance connected in star through the Carbone brushes placed brushes placed
on the sliprings. At the time of starting the rehostatic rsistance are put in the rotor circuit as shone
below to improve the starting torque and to decrease the starting current .as soon as the motor
attains its normal speed the rheostatic resistance are cut off gradually from the circuit and finally
sliprings are short circuited. If the rotor resistance of the slipring motor is connected in delta they
will form parallel circuit. In parallel circuits total resistance will be less than the least resistance
connected in parallel. Therefore the resistance when connected in delta will not fulfill the condition
of getting maximum torque. Hence the rotor resistances are connected in star instead of delta.

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Double squirrel cage :- the stator winding of this motor is exactly similarly to ordinary squirrel
cage induction motor .in squirrel cage motor has low starting torque due to low rotor resistance .
if the squirrel cage rotor is made of high starting torque ,it will have low efficiency due to
increased copper losses. To have high stating torque and high efficiency squirrel cage rotors are
manufacturing in double cage as shown below. The rotor outer squirrel cage winding is either
resistance material like brass and is done near the circumference of the rotor. The other squirrel
cage winding of (low resistance) is built of copper which is placed comparatively deep in the rotor
thus has high reactance.
Working principle motor :-when a three phase stator winding is supplied by a tree phase supply a
rotating magnetic field of constant magnitude is set up. This rotating magnetic felid cuts the
stationary rotor conductors and induces emf in them which causes the heavy circulated current to
flow due to very small resistance of rotor. The frequency of he induced current at the time of
starting is equal top the supply frequency (as the stationary rotor is similarly to the secondary of
the transformer). The rotor induced current according to lenzs low flows in such a direction that it
oppose the causes which is induced the current. In case the causes producing the rotor current is
the relatively speed between the rotor magnetic field of stator and the stationary rotor. Hence to
reduce this relative speed, rotor conductors start to rotate in them direction of the same direction in
which the felid is rotating and tries to catch it up.

Motor terminal connection:-

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I. Controlling Drives System Using Electromechanical Devices

Introduction
Motor control was a simple problem when motors were used to drive a common line shaft to which
several machines were connected. It was simply necessary to start and stop the motor a few times a day.
However, with individual drive, the motor is now almost an integral part of the machine and it is
necessary to design the motor controller to fit the needs of the machine to which it is connected. The
following are the main elements for electromechanically motor control.

The following components will be used:

1. Contactors

Contactor is an electrically controlled switch (relay) used for switching a power circuit. A
contactor is activated by a control input which is a lower voltage / current than that which the
contactor is switching.

2. Overload Relays

An "Over current Relay" is a type of protective relay. In a typical application the over current
relay is used for over current protection, connected to a current transformer and calibrated to
operate at or above a specific current level.

3. Aux. Contacts

Auxiliary contacts of a switching device are contacts in addition to the main circuit contacts and
operate with the movement of the latter.

4. Push button

It used to start and stop the controlling circuit. If the Push button is green color it
is normally open used to start the motor and otherwise the color red it is Normally Closed
used for stop the motor.

Normally Open Pushbutton Normally Closed Pushbutton

5. Timer
Timer is a switching device by give time delay in a circuit.

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Project:- 1

Full voltage Direct on line starter of 3 phase induction motor

Theory
This method of staring is ideal as along as the peak starting current is accepted and the initial staring torque of
peak starting of the motor is adequate to state the machine .the starting current peak is 4 to 8 times the rated
current this high starting current may be damage the circuits and motor windings so not recommended for
high capacity motors above 5kw. Torque during starting is always higher than the rated torque for the modern
motors. I reach about reaches maximum when the motor reaches about 80% of its speed and at this speed the
current is considerably reduced. This use for small capacity squirrel cage motors for directly connecting them
to the 3 phase ac supply. And starting torque in this method is about 1.5 times the normal torque. Therefore
this method is not recommended if smooth starting is the requirement of the lodes.
Objective:-
To understand the circuit of full voltage direct on line motors control equipments.
To learn how to install the circuit diagram of motor control system
Equipment required: amount
Contactors 1
Overload relays 1
Push buttons 2
Circuit breaker or fuse 1
Procedure:
1. Construct the circuits shown below
2. Test the motor start and stop in all circuits modes.

CONTROLLING CIRCUITE

INCHING MODE SELF HOLD MODE TO DIFFERANT POSTION

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POWER CIRCUITE

Principle operation of circuit: - when we press PB1 K1 is energized the motor start run and press PB1 K1 is de
energized the is stop rotate.

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Project:- 2

Full voltage forward reversing 3-phase induction motor

Theory
These circuits used only for change the direction rotation of the motor.
Objective:-
To understand the circuit of full voltage reversing 3-phase motors control equipments.
To learn how to install the circuit diagram of motor control system.
Equipment required: amount
Forward and Reveres Contactors 2
Auxiliary contacts 2
Overload relays 1
Push buttons 5
Fuse or circuit breaker( 3 ) 1
Procedure:
3. Construct the circuit shown below
4. Test the motor rotation in forward and reverse direction.

INCHING MODE SELF HOLD MODE

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POWER CIRCUITS

Principle operation :- when we press BP 3 k1 is energized and k2 is open by means of normally closed 11,12 k1 the

motor rotate clock wise direction and if we need the motor anti clock wise direction press BP 4 then the motor start

rotate at opposite direction from the privies.

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Project:- 3

Star-Delta / 3 phase induction motors

Theory
This form of reduced voltage starter is suitable for those 3 phase squirrel cage motors in which all the
six terminals of the stator winding are brought out. For the purpose of starting the motor windings are
connected in star and the motor is energized with 58% of the full voltage to each of the winding and
maintained at this voltage for a predetermined time. Then it is de- energized and the reconnected with
winding in delta with full line voltage across each line. The reduced voltage - 58% of the rated voltage is
constant during the first step of starting. The torque which is reduced by a ratio of the square of the voltage
is equal to one third of the torque furnished by directly started motor and the current in the supply line is
reduced by directly started motor and the current in the current in the supply line is reduced by the same
amount. This starting used for above 55kw motors.
Objective:
To understand the Star-Delta connection in controlling
To learn how to construct Star-Delta circuit diagram
Equipment required: amount
Contactors 3
Auxiliary contacts 3
Overload relays 1
Timer 1
Push buttons 2
Fuse or circuit breaker 1
Procedure:
1. Construct the circuit show below

CONTROLLING CIRCUITS

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POWER CIRCUIT

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Motor terminal connection

1 A1. To. A2
2 B1 ..To .C2
3 C1..To ..B2

Principle operation: - when we press BP2 K1 and K3 energized then the motor started in stare and K2 is open by

means of timer normally open T1. and the motor attended 75% rated speed the time relay is start work normally

open T1 is closed and normally closed T2 is open equally then K3 is out of circuit and K2 is enter to circuit and the

motor run in delta circuit.

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Method of developing three phase winding diagrame

All the three phase motors are usually wound with coils either in asingle or double layers. These coils are so
connected as to produce three separet winding know as phase . each of the phase must have the same number of
coils, the following points should be kept in whie developing awinding diagrame.

1. The number of coils in each phase must be equal and one-thaid the number of coils in the stator.
2. Each coil shouid span 180 electrical.
3. The winding shoude produce adjacment north andsouth pole (depending upon types of winding ) and coils
per pole should contain same number of coils as far as possible. There shouid be magnatic balance in the
winiding.
4. Three different windings sholud have aphase differance of 120 electrical. Total electrical degree in
amagnetic fleid may be determinee under:
Total electrical degree = 360 pair of pole
There for if athree phase 4 pole,24 slots motor has 24 coils each phase will have 8 coils (douple layer
winding). These phase are generaly know as phase A,B,and C.

The folowing rule are followed in developing winding diagrame

Rule I To find the number of coils in eache phase divade the total number of coil in the motor by the number of
phase.

Rule II To find the number of coils per pole divided the number of coils in eace phase by the number of poles in the
machine.

Rule III A single metode to determine the number of coils/pole/phase is to dividede the total unmber of coils in the
stator by the prouduct of number of polis and phase of the mahine.

Rule IV Electrical degree/slot for proper phase displacment i.e.

Electrical degree/slot

Rule V No of slot reqared for proper phase displacment of 120 elect.

Finding of the number of poles

The number of poles can be determined by the freqanct and the speed of the machine as given on the nmae plate.

No of pole =

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If the name plate is missing then the number of poles can be found with the help of pole pitch of the motor thus,

Pole pitch No of poles

Example 1. Draw a developed single layer winding diagram of a star connected three phase 50Hz , 1450rpm
squirrel cage induction motor having 24 slots.

Solution :- as the winding is in single layer ,each slot contanis one coil side only.

Total no of coils

Motor speed is = 1450 rpm

Synchronous speed N = 1500 rpm

Number of pole = = = 4 pole

Pole pitch = =6

In case of single layer winding the pole pitch is generally taken in odd number only, such as 5,7,9 etc. one slot will
remain unoccupied, if the pitch is taken as even numbers.

Let pole pitch = 5 (for short pitch winding)

Coil span or coil throw = 1 to 6

No of coils/pole/phase = 1 coil (balanced winding)

Electrical degree/slot = = = 30 electrical

No of slot required for proper phase displacement = = 4 slot

i.e. lead of phase A1 from slot no = 1

lead of phase B1 from slot no = (1+4)=5

similariy lead of phase C1 from slot no =(5+4)=9

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Winding Table

Coil No. Connection Lead Coil Span Phase and group

From no

1. ---------------- A1 1- 6 A1
2. 3-8 C4
3. ---------------- B1 5-10 B1
4. 7-12 A2
5. ----------------- C1 9-14 C1
6. 11-16 B2
7. 13-18 A3
8. 15-20 C2
9. 17-22 B3
10. 19-24 A4
11. 21-2 C3
12. 23-4 B4

Pole connection end to end and start to start from the above data the winding table and group connection can be

made as given below.

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Example 2. Draw developed diagram of three phase double layer balanced whole coil basket winding having
24 slots, 4 poles winding pitch 5.

Solution: as the winding double layer, each slot contains two coil sides.

Total no of coils = 24 coils

Pole pitch =

Coli pitch = 5 (given)

Coil throw = 1- 6

No of coils/pole/phase =

= 2 coils (balanced winding)

Electrical degree/slot =

= 30

No of slots required for phase displacement = = 4 slots

i.e. Phase A1 is brought out from slot no =1

Phase B1 at slot = (1+4) =3

`And phase C1 at slot no = (5=4) = 9

Coil connection end start in one pole

Pole to pole connection end to end and start to start

From the above data the winding table and pole connection can be done as next page

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Winding table

Coil No. Connection Lead Coil Span Phase and group

From no

1. ---------------- A1 1- 6 ---------------------- A1
2. 2-7
3. 3-8 --------------------- C4
4. 4-9
5. ----------------- B1 5-10 -------------------- B1
6. 6-11
7. 7-12 ------------------- A2
8. 8-13
9. ----------------- C1 9-14 -------------------- C1
10. 10-15
11. 11-16 ------------------- B2
12. 12-17
13. 13-18 -------------------- A3
14. 14-19
15. 15-20 ------------------- C2
16. 16-21
17. 17-22 ------------------ B3
18. 18-23
19. 19-24 ------------------- A4
20. 20-1
21. 21-2 ------------------- C3
22. 22-3
23. 23-4 ------------------- B4
24. 24-5

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Finale Project work

1. There is three phase induction motor have the following date found in the following in name plate
No of slot 24
Frequency 50 Hz
Speed 3000rpm
So you required draw developed winding diagram by in two types modes (single layer and double layer)
Flow steps for developing and do winding table pole to pole connection and draw the diagram in square
paper.
Equipment required:
1. Three phase squirrel cage induction motor
2. Coil
3. Insulation paper
4. Motor slives
5. Cotton clause
6. Wages
7. Hand tools (pliers. soldering iron. Electrician knife)
8. Soldering leads
9. Varnish

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