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TOC is
A measure of present-day organic carbon content
as received in the laboratory
It is reported in weight percent but can be
converted to volume percent
It can be restored to original values with
knowledge of original kerogen composition
It, as most measurements, will be affected by the
presence of organic additives
TOC (wt.%)
TOC (wt.%)
Generative
Non-Generative Organic Carbon
Organic
(wt.%)
Carbon (wt.%)
Carbon in
expelled TOC (wt.%)
petroleum
(wt.%)
Wildcat Technologies, LLC
HAWK WorkStation www.wildcattechnologies.com
TOCpresent-day is now reduced from TOCoriginal
as a result of generation and expulsion
TOCPD (wt.%)
Generative
Non-Generative Organic Carbon
Organic Carbon
(GOCPD ) (NGOCPD) (wt.%)
Notes:
TOCPD (wt.%)
Generative
Non-Generative Organic Carbon
Organic Carbon
(GOCPD )
(NGOCPD) (wt.%)
TOCPD (wt.%)
TOC (wt.%)
Type I
10% TOC Non-Generative
Generative Organic Carbon (wt.%) Organic Carbon
(wt.%)
TOC (wt.%)
Type II
10% TOC Generative Organic Carbon Non-Generative Organic
(wt.%) Carbon (wt.%)
TOC (wt.%)
Type II
5% TOC Non-Generative Organic
Carbon (wt.%)
TOC (wt.%)
Type III
8% TOC Non-Generative Organic Carbon (wt.%)
GOCo = 0.40
NGOCO = 0.60 wt.%
wt.%
With an HIo of 475mg/gT, it is estimated that approx. 60% of generated products are
expelled and 40% is retained in the source rock.
As these are easy units to work with, you can multiple any organic richness with a HIo
of 475 mg/gT by a given TOC and thickness to estimate total generation, expelled,
and retained.
The problem in this case is that the petroleum is dispersed over 1000 ft. of shale
and percent recovery will drop dramatically in this case to 1%.
Total EUR
Shale Generation at 1% recovery
Thickness Potential 8 wells/section
GOCo C in TOC S2 (mg/g) S2 Conversion boe/a-f (feet) (boe/section) (boe/section)
0.40 0.085 4.71 21.89 103 1000 65,927,529 82,409
Of course if a hybrid system is present, i.e., with organic-lean rocks with matrix porosity,
there is increased likelihood of a commercial play. And certainly a different development
approach would enhance recovery, costs permitting.
Tmax
Time
S1free oil
S2kerogen yield
Tmax
S3
Normalized oil content (Jarvie and Baker, 1984); Oil Saturation Index (Jarvie, 2011)
free oil (S1) divided by TOC x 100 (mg HC/g TOC)
an indication of thermal maturity, but also reservoir intervals
TOC (wt.%)
Generative
Non-Generative Organic Carbon
Organic
Carbon (GOC) (NGOC) (wt.%)
S
S2 S4
1
Sufficient for
all work
including
mineralogy,
fluid inclusion,
etc.
lithofacies
Middle Member
Bakken Formation
Stored for exactly the
same amount of time
and conditions, the
shale member retains
far more hydrocarbons
Produced Oil
than the Middle Middle Member
Member
10
Yield (mg/gR)
6.21
6
4 3.57
2
0.58
0
S1 S2
S1 S2
usu. lacustrine
(usu. marine)
50
40
Mixed Type II / III
Oil / Gas Prone
30
20 Barnett Shale
Maturation Type III
Trend Gas Prone
Organic
Lean
10 Difference is the
amount of
Dry
petroleum Gas Prone
0 generated
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON (TOC, wt.%)
TR = 98.6%
2000
4000
S1 / (S1+S2)
Depth (feet)
6000
Skerogen decreases
10000
For example,
TOCpd = 10.00
HIo = 400
TOCo = 16.00
which is about
TOC is 7 weight percent 14 volume percent
Assumptions:
7.00 wt.% TOCo
Kerogen density is
1.2g/cc
Measured Tmax-Equivalent
%VRo %VRo
0.20 409
0.40 420
0.55 428
0.85 445
1.00 455
1.10 460
1.20 465
1.40 475
2.00 510
440
Extracted Rock Tmax (oC)
438
436
434
432
430
428
426
426 428 430 432 434 436 438 440 442 444
1000
Hydrogen Index (mg HC/g TOC)
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200 y = 3E+76x-28.03
R = 0.9434 Maturation
100 Trend
0
380 400 420 440 460 480 500
Tmax (oC)
0.60 430
0.75 440
0.95 450
1.10 460
1.30 470
1.50 480
403
396oC: Immature
403oC: 20% TR
426oC: 50% TR
449oC: 75% TR
517oC: 95% TR
449
517
Tmax (oC)
70%
60% %Roe <0.80% Early Oil Window
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
%Roe from TR
%Ro
-500
Case 1: -1000
-1500
maturation
-2000
Depth (feet)
-2500
profile -3000
Barnett Shale
points -4000
measured %Ro in
oil window
-4500
regressed) -5000
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 2.0
Ro (%)
-500
maturation
-1000
profile
-1500
(only samples
-2000
above Barnett
Depth (feet)
-2500
Shale regressed)
-3000
showing gas
-3500
and TR
-5000
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 2.0
Ro (%)
%Roe from TR
%Ro
%Roe from TR
%Ro
Type I
800 700-1200
700
600
Immature Maturation Decarboxylation
Type II Pathway
500
300-700
400
Immature
300 Mixed II - III
200-350
200
Immature Type III - III 50 - 200
100
Immature Type IV 0-50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Worldwide
Collection of
Marine Shale
Source Rocks
(n=157)
HIo: 250-850
mg/g
Jarvie, 2011, AAPG Memoir 97
35
30
25
Count
20
15
10
0
200-299 300-399 400-499 500-599 600-699 700-799
Original Hydrogen Index (mg HC/g TOC)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
>200 >300 >400 >500 >600 >700
HIo Values
Distribution HI original
P90 340
P50 475
P10 645
i.e., 90% of the marine shale source rocks studied would have an HIo > 340;
only 10% would have a HIo value > 645
Jarvie, 2011, AAPG Memoir 97
i.e., a source rock with a HIo of 375, would have 32% of its TOCo as generative organic carbon
20 80
40 60
60 40
80 20
Very Poor 90 10 Dry Gas Prone
Inertinite 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Vitrinite
Organic Kerogen
Matter Kerogen Coal Maceral Type Depositional Internal Principal
Classification Description Petrography Description Assignment H/C O/C HI OI Environment Structures Products
Sapropelic Algal Alginite Type I, II > 1.4 ~0.1 >700 10-40 Anoxic (saline); Finely Laminated Oil
Amorphous usu. lacustrine;
rare marine
Sapropelic Amorphous Liptinite (Exinite) Amorphous Types I, II 1.2 - 1.4 ~0.1 350-700 20-60 anoxic Laminated; Oil, gas
Algal usu. marine well bedded
Sapropelic Hebaceous Sporinite Type II 1.0 - 1.2 ~0.2 200-350 40-80 Variable; Poorly bedded Gas, oil
Cutinite often deltaic Gas, oil
Resinite Oil, gas
Humic Woody Vitrinite Teleinite Type III 0.7 - 1.0 ~0.4 50-200 50-150 Midly Oxic; Poorly bedded; Gas
Collinite Shelf/Slope; bioturbated
Coals
Humic Coaly Inertinite Fusinite Type III, IV 0.4 - 0.7 ~0.3 <50 20-200 Highly Oxic Massive; Dry Gas
Micronite bioturbated
Sclerotinite
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
I II III
KEROGEN TYPE
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15
T.O.C. (wt.%)
Longjiang and Barker 1989 adapted from Hunt, 1995
When oil crossover does not occur, variable results but usually
negative
Thus, risk is lower when crossover occurs
Utilizing the
Oil Crossover
Effect:
S1/TOC > 1
or when
Oil Saturation
Index
(S1/TOCx100)
> 100 mg oil/g
TOC
Data extracted from Lopatin et al., 2003; Jarvie, 2011, AAPG Memoir 97
Suppose a rock sample has a TOC of 0.50% with a total oil content of 1 mg/g rock:
Description of oil preservation S1 (mg/gR) original Loss Adj S1 (mg/gR) TOC (%) (S1/TOC)x100 Units
At no loss (100% of oil remains): 1.00 0% 1.00 0.50 200 mg oil/g TOC
Assume 50% oil loss: 1.00 50% 0.50 0.46 109 mg oil/g TOC
Assume 60% oil loss: 1.00 60% 0.40 0.45 89 mg oil/g TOC
Assume 70% oil loss: 1.00 70% 0.30 0.44 68 mg oil/g TOC
Assume 80% oil loss: 1.00 80% 0.20 0.43 46 mg oil/g TOC
Assume 90% oil loss: 1.00 90% 0.10 0.42 24 mg oil/g TOC
Thus, at 50% evaporative loss S1/TOC will still exceed 100 mg/gT.
i.e., the light, free oil plus the heavy, free oil
Jarvie et al., 2011, RMAG Special Pub