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P P
x
L
Look closely at the FBD of the left hand end of the beam as in Fig. 9.2:
M(x)
y,v
P
V(x) v
P
x
Fig. 9.2 FBD of section of length x of deflected column
P1 P1
2 EI
First mode of buckling P1 =
L2
P2 P2
4 2 EI
Second mode of buckling P2 =
L2
P3 P3
9 2 EI
Third mode of buckling P3 =
L2
L
P A Zero Bending Moment
B P
P P
LE
Fig. 9.4 Built-in column at both ends showing the effective pin-ended length
P L=LE/2
A
B P
LE
This is similar to previous case. However, this span is equivalent to 1/2 of the Euler span LE,
as illustrated in Fig. 9.5, thus:
2 EI 2 EI PE
PCrit = 2 = = (9.12)
LE 4 L2 4
Note: Since PCrit is proportional to I, the column will buckle in the direction corresponding to
the minimum value of I, as shown in Fig. 9.6:
bh 3 hb 3
Fig. 9.6 Column cross section showing the direction of buckling (here: I z = < Iy = )
12 12
2 E
Crit =
( L / r )2
L/r
89
Fig. 9.7 Critical stress vs slenderness ratio for steel
For a column not to fail by either yielding or buckling, its stress must remain underneath this
diagram in Fig. 9.7.
Example 9.1 A 2m long pin ended column of square cross section. Assuming E=12.5GPa,
allow=12MPa for compression parallel to the grain, and using a factor of safety of 2.5 in
computing Eulers critical load for buckling, determining the size of the cross section if the
column is to safely support (a) a P = 100kN load and (b) a P = 200kN load.
Lecture Notes of Mechanics of Solids, Chapter 9 4
Section a-a
I y
P A a B P
s z
a
s
Part (a)
1 3 s4
Second moment of area Iz = Iy = ss =
12 12
Buckling criterion
F fail
Using given Factor of Safety FS=2.5 FS = , we make the required critical load as
Fallow
PCrit FS P = 2.5 100kN = 250 10 3 N
Based on Eulers formula, Eq. (9.10), we have
2 EI 250 10 3 L2
PCrit = 2 250 10 3 N I
L 2 E
250 10 3 L2 250 10 3 2 2
or: s B1 4 12 = 4 12 = 0.0993m = 99.3mm
2 E 2 12.5 10 9
P P
Stress criterion = = allow A = s2
A allow
P 100 10 3
i.e. s 1 = = 0.0913m = 91.3mm
allow 12 10 6
Comparing the results from these two criteria, we have s max{s B 2 , s 2 } = 99.3mm . In this
case, the design is taken against the buckling criterion. Finally, one may select a round-up
amount, e.g. s = 100mm, as the design of the size of cross section.
Part (b)
Buckling criterion
PCrit FS P = 2.5 200kN = 500 10 3 N
2 EI 500 10 3 L2
Step 2: Eulers formula PCrit = 2
500 10 3 N I
L 2 E
500 10 3 L2 500 10 3 2 2
or: sB2 4 12 = 4 12 = 0.1181m = 118.1mm
2 E 2 12.5 10 9
P P
Stress criterion = = allow A = s2
A allow
P 200 10 3
i.e. s 2 = = 0.1291m = 129.1mm
allow 12 10 6
Comparing the results from these two criteria, we have s max{s B 2 , s 2 } = 129.1mm . In this
case, the design is taken against the stress criterion. One may select s = 130mm as the design
of the size of cross section.
Step 2: Buckling criterion FAB is in tension, we do not considered its buckling. But bar AC is
a strut and we need to check for buckling. I about y and z is computed respectively
bh 3 0.1 0.53 6 4 hb 3 0.5 0.13 6 4
Iz = = = 1.04267 10 m < I = = = 41.667 10 m
12 12 y
12 12
PCrit ,AC =
2 E AC I AC
=
( )(
2 200 10 9 1.04267 10 6 ) = 32.128kN
L2AC 8 2
Step 5: Determine the maximum allowable load P from the above three criteria
Clearly, for the safety reason, we should pick the lowest level as the allowable load
P = min{PB , P , P } = 18.55kN