DFCs are criminal acts carried out by means of administering a substance to a person with the intention

of impairing behaviour, perceptions or decision-making capacity. It also extends to taking advantage of an

impaired person, without their consent, after their voluntary intake of an incapacitating substance.

Minuman beralkohol merupakan minuman

Apa itu alkohol

Etil Alkohol merupakan senyawa memabukkan yang terdapat dalam bir, anggur (wine), dan khamar
(liquor). Diproduksi dari hasil fermentasi jamur, gula, dan pati. Alkohol merupakan depresan pada sistem
saraf pusat. Intensitas efek alkoholterhadap tubuh tergantung dari jumlah yang dikonsumsi. Reaksi tubuh
terhadap alkohol dapat bervariasi, tergantung dari umur, jenis kelamin, kondisi fisik, penggunaan obat-
obatan, riwayat medis keluarga, dan kecepatan minum.

Alkohol merupakan minuman bersifat psikoaktif dan dapat menurunkan kesadaran. Bentuk umum dari
alkohol adalah Etil Alkohol (C2H5OH).

Etanol termasuk ke dalam Drug-Facilitated Crime, yaitu zat yang disalahgunakan untuk tindak kejahatan
(liat slide bu Wiwik). Selain itu, kebiasaan meminum alkohol jangka panjang dapat menyebabkan
ketergantungan. Konsumsi alkohol berlebih sering menjadi katalisator dan faktor pendukung dalam kasus
kriminalitas, seperti kekerasan, kejahatan seksual dan pembunuhan.

Alcohol is the name for a family of chemicals of the general formula CnH2n+1OH. Ethyl alcohol, also called
ethanol, is the common form of potable alcohol and has the formula C2H5OH.

ethanol is also a drug of abuse and chronic drinking eventually leads to dependence and craving for alcohol
with serious consequences for the individual and society [2]. Binge drinking and drunkenness have
emerged as major public health problems and overconsumption of alcohol is frequently a catalyst and
contributing factor in violent crimes such as physical and sexual assault and homicide [3]. This means that
alcohol ranks as the foremost psychoactive substance encountered in forensic investigations of unnatural
deaths such as suicides, drowning, and especially road-traffic fatalities where 2040% of crashes are
caused by drunken drivers.

Most of the ethanol a person drinks (9598%) is removed from the body by oxidative metabolism and a
minor fraction (<0.2%) undergoes conjugation reactions to produce ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl
sulfate (EtS), which are the major nonoxidative metabolites [10]. The remainder of the dose of alcohol (2
5%) is eliminated unchanged via the kidney in the urine, through the skin by perspiration and also by
pulmonary excretion via the lungs

Signs of alcohol abuse

Decreased involvement in extracurricular activities.

Loss of interest in work or school.
Depression.
Lack of interest in family or friends.
Preoccupation with drinking.
Restlessness.
Inability to control drinking.
 Erratic behavior.
Violent behavior.

Posisinya dalam ranah hokum

Peraturan mengenai Pengendalian dan pengawasan terhadap pengadaan, peredaran, dan penjualan
minuman beralkohol diatur dalam Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan No. 20/M-DAG/PER/4/2014

Perannya dalam kejahatan

Alcohol plays a large role in criminal activities and violence. Excessive drinking has the ability to lower
inhibitions, impair a persons judgement and increase the risk of aggressive behaviors.

Types of Crimes Associated with Alcohol

1. Drinking and driving (DUI)

Getting behind the wheel of a vehicle car, truck, motorcycle or any other motorized vehicle after
consuming alcohol is a serious crime. Drinking and driving is referred to as driving under the influence
(DUI) or driving while intoxicated (DWI), and involves operating a vehicle with a blood alcohol content
(BAC) level of at least 0.08 percent.

Alcohol can cause: reduce vision, slow reaction time, lack of coordination, reduce concentration, and
inhibit judgement

2. Robbery

Alcohol can intensify a robbers feelings of desperation and cause them to steal someones money or
property. While some robbers desire a better lifestyle or want to make a quick buck, others can turn into
repeat offenders

3. Sexual assault

A sexual assault is a forced sexual act and may involve touching, kissing and intercourse. An estimated 37
percent of sexual assaults and rapes are committed by offenders who were under the influence of alcohol.
For victims, excessive alcohol consumption can increase their vulnerability to become a target of sexual
aggression. For perpetrators, drinking may intensify their aggressive behavior. This can make them
become more forceful when someone tries to resist them. Sexual assault can occur when there is a lack
of consent, as well as when the victim is unable to give consent due to intoxication or mental state.

4. Aggravated assault

A common warning sign of alcohol abuse is irritability and extreme mood swings. Because of this, some
individuals turn violent after an episode of heavy drinking. Poor decisions and impaired judgment,
combined with aggression and hostility, can quickly become dangerous. If violent thoughts and feelings
are acted on, it can lead to an aggravated assault charge.

5. Intimate partner violence

Alcohol can play a dangerous role in intimate partner violence, leading to aggression, intimidation, forced
sexual activity and other forms of controlling behavior. Intimate partner violence happens when a
romantic partner causes physical, psychological or sexual harm to their significant other.

6. Child abuse

Stress, money trouble, professional instability and a host of other factors can influence the amount of
alcohol a person consumes. However, alcoholism not only affects an individual, it impacts family members
and friends including children.

7. Homicide

Excessive drinking can lead to more severe forms of violence that can quickly escalate to extremely
dangerous situations. The short- and long-term effects of alcohol blur a persons mental state,
contributing to an increased risk of committing violent crimes.

(https://www.alcoholrehabguide.org/alcohol/crimes/)

Types of forensic case involving alcohol

Liquor licensing
All commercial sources of alcohol (off-licence, pubs, hotels, etc.) by law are required to inform
the customer of the amount of alcohol within the liquor. This is specified in notices and on the
labels of bottles and canned drinks. The forensic scientist may be asked to determine whether a
liquid contains alcohol or whether the percentage of alcohol matches that claimed.
Drinking in public areas
An analyst might be asked to examine seized bottles, cans, etc., to analyse their contents for
alcohol. This is also the case where under-age drinking is suspected, with a view to prosecuting
the supplier of the alcohol. Any drink suspected of containing alcohol would be seized, collected
in a flame tin and submitted to the laboratory for examination.
Being under the influence of alcohol (driving and behavioural changes)
This is one of the most important analyses that the forensic scientist is asked to perform, to
determine whether someone was under the influence of alcohol at the time heshe was stopped
from driving or at the time of an incident or accident. The legal limit for driving has been set
according to the known effects of alcohol at a given concentration
(Buku A. Langford)

Pengaruhnya dalam kesehatan

Short-Term Effects

Nausea.
Vomiting.
Headaches.
Slurred speech.
Impaired judgment.
Long-Term Effects

Blackouts.
Memory loss.
Liver disease.
Thiamine deficiency.

Other Concerns Risk of:

Cetain cancers.
Brain damage.
Immune system obstruction.

xxxAlkohol

Alcohol is both a volatile and an oxidisable compound and correct storage conditions are required to
minimise the loss of alcohol and the preservation of the evidence. Any biological material should be stored
at 4 C prior to analysis and thereafter stored at 020 C. This is necessary in case the sample needs to be
re-examined at a later date and thus ensures minimum loss of the volatile component. Any suspect liquid
would be collected in a flame tin, essentially a metal tin, sealed with two caps, an inner airtight seal and
an outer screw-top cap. These seals prevent any evaporation of the volatile components, including
alcohol.

Samples and sampling

Four main types of biological sample are presented for alcohol analysis depending on the case:

1. Breath for example taken in relation to driving under the influence of alcohol.

2. Blood for example taken in relation to driving under the influence of alcohol, or post mortem to
determine whether the death was alcohol related, such as acute alcohol poisoning or the pathological
changes associated with chronic alcohol abuse. A clinical blood sample may also be taken to determine
whether the amount of alcohol present could account for someones behaviour, or whether that person
would be fully aware of hisher actions.

3. Urine for example, taken in relation to driving under the influence of alcohol where a blood sample is
refused, or taken post mortem.

4. Vitreous humour the fluid from the eyeball is only taken post mortem and is most useful when post-
mortem blood is either not available or is unsuitable for analysis.
Alcohol is both a volatile and an oxidisable compound and correct storage conditions are required to
minimise the loss of alcohol and the preservation of the evidence. Any biological material should be stored
at 4 C prior to analysis and thereafter stored at 020 C. This is necessary in case the sample needs to be
re-examined at a later date and thus ensures minimum loss of the volatile component. Any suspect liquid
would be collected in a flame tin, essentially a metal tin, sealed with two caps, an inner airtight seal and
an outer screw-top cap. These seals prevent any evaporation of the volatile components, including
alcohol.

Cara mendeteksinya

Quantitative value of ethanol should be determined in blood and urine samples. If the analysis for ethanol
is negative, particularly in cases of late sampling, the determination of ethylglucuronide and sulphate may
be considered.

1. Alcohol saliva strip

Alcohol saliva strip contains Tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) 0.12mg, Alcohol Oxidase 0.5 IU, Peroxidase 0.35
IU and Proteins 0.15mg.. The AST strip is based on the high specificity of alcohol oxidase (ALOx) for ethyl
alcohol in the presence of peroxidase and enzyme substrate such as tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) as shown
in the following:

EtOH + TMB ALOx/Peroxidase CH3CHO + Colored TMB

The distinct color on reactive pad can be observed in less than 20 seconds after the tip is contacted with
saliva samples with the ethyl alcohol concentration greater than 0.02%

Alcohol Saliva Strip mengandung Tetrametilbenzidin (TMB) 0,12 mg, Alkohol Oksidase 0,5 IU, Peroksidase
0,35 IU andProtein 0,15 mg. Deteksi alkohol dilakukan berdasarkan spesifisitas tinggi alkohol oksidase
(ALOx) terhadap etil alkohol dengan adanya peroksidase and substrat enzim seperti TMB:

EtOH + TMB ALOx/Peroksidase CH3CHO + TMB Berwarna

Perubahan warna pada strip akan muncul setelah 20 detik setelah strip kontak dengan sampel saliva yang
memiliki konsentrasi etil alkohol lebih dari 0,02%

The AST has few limitations, such as: the AST strip is designed for use with human saliva only; a positive
result indicates only the presence of alcohol and does not indicate or measure intoxication, and there is a
possibility that technical or procedural errors, as well other substances in certain foods and medicines
may interfere with the test and cause false results. But still the AST has good reliability and validity for the
non-invasive, quantitative estimation of BAC and has an edge over the other methods. The advantages of
this method are as follows: 1) the AST results are not influenced by the presence of blood in the oral
cavity, 2) the non invasive nature of AST minimizes the risk of needle stick injuries for staff and multiple
needle punctures for patients, 3) AST provides a determination of the BAC within 5 minutes and 4) it could
also be used in determining postmortem saliva ethanol levels. Last but not the least, because of the
relatively low cost of the AST, the saliva test could be a cost-effective alternative in public health settings
where mildly to moderately intoxicated persons are encountered

2. Gas Chromatography

Alkohol dari berbagai sampel biologis (darah, plasma, serum, vitreous humour), pada kasus criminal dan
post-mortem, dapat dianalisis menggunakan kromatografi gas headspace dengan detektor ionisasi nyala.
Analisis ini berdasarkan Hukum Henry: Jika sampel cair diletakkan dalam vial headspace tersegel dan
dipanaskan, alkohol dalam cairan akan terdistribusi di antara cairan dan atmosfer di atasnya. Injektor akan
mengambil sampel pada atmosfer (headspace) dan menginjeksikannya ke kromatografi gas.

Kurva kalibrasi harus dibuat dengan minimal 5 standar pada rentang 20-300 mg per 100 mL. Analisis ini
juga membutuhkan internal standar, seperti alkohol tert-butil.

Identifikasi etanol dicapai dengan membandingkan waktu retensi senyawa sampel denngan standar baku
etanol, dan dikuantifikasi dengan mengukur rasio area puncak etanol terhadap internal standar.
Konsentrasi etanol dihitung menggunakan kurva kalibrasi.

Alcohol analysis for all other samples can be analysed using headspace gas chromatography (GC) with a
flame ionisation detector (see Chapter 40). This method can be used to analyse alcohol in biological
samples (blood, plasma, serum, vitreous humour) in both criminal and post-mortem cases; This allows
detection of ethanol, as well as other similar volatile compounds, such as methanol (often found in illicitly
produced liquor) and acetone (often found when investigating deaths associated with chronic alcoholism).
The principle of headspace sampling is based on Henrys Law: when aliquid sample is placed into a sealed
headspace vial and heated, the alcohol within the liquid is distributed equally between the liquid and the
atmosphere above it. The injector takes a sample of this atmosphere (the headspace) and injects this into
the gas chromatograph.

This method is used for:

the analysis of blood or urine samples submitted from subjects suspected of drinking and driving;

biological samples (blood, plasma, serum, vitreous humour) in both criminal and post-mortem cases;
and

samples of alcoholic beverages.

You should create a calibration curve (see Chapter 48) consisting of a minimum of 5 standards to cover
the range 20300 mg per 100 mL. The analysis will also require an internal standard, such as tert-butyl
alcohol.

The identification of ethanol is achieved by the comparison of the retention times of any compounds with
that of the certified ethanol standard, and quantifiedby measuring the ratio of the peak area of ethanol
to the peak area of the internal standard. The concentration can then be calculated from the calibration
curve

3. Roadside breath test

a hand-held breathalyser used as soon as a person has been stopped by a police officer

Alcohol that a person drinks shows up in the breath because it gets absorbed from the mouth, throat,
stomach and intestines into the bloodstream. Alcohol is not digested upon absorption or chemically
changed in the bloodstream. As the blood goes through the lungs, some of the alcohol moves across the
membranes of the lung's air sacs (alveoli) into the air because alcohol will evaporate from a solution --
that is, it is volatile. The concentration of the alcohol in the alveolar air is related to the concentration of
the alcohol in the blood. As the alcohol in the alveolar air is exhaled, it can be detected by the breath
alcohol testing device. So instead of having to draw a driver's blood to test his alcohol level, an officer can
test the breath on the spot and determine whether there is a reason to arrest the driver.

Because the alcohol concentration in the breath is related to that in the blood, you can figure the BAC by
measuring alcohol on the breath. The ratio of breath to blood alcohol is 2,100 to 1. This means that 2,100
milliliters of alveolar air will contain the same amount of alcohol as 1 milliliter of blood.

4. Calibrated breathalyser

a commercial instrument such as the Lion Intoxilyser (Fig. 49.1). The instrument is calibrated to 35 g
alcohol per 100 mL with certified reference material and the subject is required to blow into the
instrument. The alcohol concentration in the breath is calculated and, in the UK, if it is more than 45 g
alcohol per 100 mL, the person is automatically prosecuted. Between 35 and 45 g alcohol per 100 mL, a
blood or urine sample is normally required to confirm the alcohol concentration.

5. Teknik Mikro Difusi Conway

Menggunakan reagensia K2CO3 jenuh dan reagen Antie (kalium dikromat, asam sulfat pekat, akuades).
Reagen Antie dituang di bagian tengah chamber, dan darah/urin sampel dituang ke bagian outer chamber.
Kemudian, ditutup dengan K2CO3. Chamber digoyangkan agar terjadi mikrodifusi selama 1 jam pada suhu
kamar. Amati bagian tengah chamber.

Kuning: negaatif

Kuning kehijauan biru kehijauan: positif. Tergantung kadar

 (((MASIH ADA BANYAK DI
BUKU STEVEN B. KARCH DRUG
ABUSE HANDBOOK SECOND
EDITION)))

Karch, S.B. 2006. Drug Abuse Handbook. 2nd Ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Langford, A., et al. 2005. Practiccal Skills in Forensic Science. London: Pearso Education Limited.
Thokala, M.R., et al. 2014. Alcohol Saliva Strip Test. DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2014/8164.4177
Watanabe, K. and O. Suzuki. 2005. Drugs and Poisons in Humans: A Handbook of Practical
Analysis. Hamamatsu: Springer.
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