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    AISC Journal 1995 Engineering-Drawings PDF

    Transféré par

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    BLO Vel ant EVE Y IE) INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION STEEL A GUIDE TO THE REQUIREMENTS FOR ENGINEERING DRAWINGS OF STRUCTURAL STEELWORK VOLUME 29 NUMBER 3 SEPTEMBER, 1995 Print Post Approved Editor: Arun Syam CONTRIBUTIONS Contributions of original papers on steel! design, research and allied technical matters are invited {rom readers of “Steel Construction’, for publication in the journal. The editor also invites readers to submitletters, comments and discussions on papers appearing in “Stee! Construction AISC OFFICES Bee Level 13, 99 Mount Street North Sydney NSW 2060 (P.O. Box 6366, North Sydney NSW 2059) Telephone (02) 9929 6866 Facsimile (02) 9955 5406 Ee State Manager ~ Queensland Telephone (07) 3371 3633, Ceres State Manager Victoria ‘Telephone (03) 9699 8138 a State Manager ~ Western Australia ‘Telephone (09) 367 0617 ‘STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 29 NUMBER 3, SEPTEMBER 1995 EDITORIAI The quality of documentation, be it in graphical or written, format ~ or both is of concern to many parties within the ‘construction industry. The effects of poor quality documen- tation include incorrect interpretation of information which can add costs to the project. This issue of Stee! Construction contains a paper which ‘embraces the topic of quality of engineering drawings for structural steelwork. Entitled "A Guide to the Require- ments for Engineering Drawings of Structural Stochwork’, the paper considers alternative forms of engineering draw- ing documentation and provides guidelines on the basic in- formation required on the most common method of documentation. This is supplemented by some further ob- servations on the impact of drawing quality and a set of six sample drawings, This paper is envisaged to be eventually published as a standalone publication (e.g. an AISC Code of Practice). However, in the interim period, this document is being pub- lished in Stee! Construction so as to allow further comment from the industry. If required, readers should direct their ‘comments to the Sydney ottice of AISC at the address listed on this page. STEEL CONSTRUCTION is published quarterly by the ‘Australian’ Insbtute of Steel Construction ~'a national body whose purpose is to promote the use of fabricated steel through ‘engineering, research and the alssemination of knowledge. Its services, which are available tree of charge to corporate members, include technical information and advice and a lary which contains local and overseas publications For deiails regarding AISC services, readers may contact the Institute's offices: AISC CONTACTS erro ow Mr Robert Thompson ‘Telephone (06) 281 1711 Coens Mr Les Nash ‘Telephone (08) 302 3300 ILLAWARRA Mr Steve Wilkinson ‘Telephone (042) 29 0113 NEWCASTLE & NORTHERN NSW Mr Neil Petherbridge ‘Telephone (049) 29 2333 Oy Mr Graham O'Byrne ‘Telephone (003) 31 7044 A GUIDE TO THE REQUIREMENTS FOR ENGINEERING DRAWINGS OF STRUCTURAL STEELWORK Edited by Arun A Syam Manager Technical Services, AISC 1 GENERAL 1.1 Introduction It is generally accepted that poor quality engineering drawings often result in ambiguity and lead to contract variations as a result of subsequent problems in fab- rication and erection. This may incur additional i volvement by the designer when such documents do not meet a minimum standard. The overall effect will add costs to some or all of the parties involved in the project In an increasingly competitive business environment, AISC believes that a minimum standard of engineer- ing documentation is required in the interests of all parties involved in the stee! construction industry. The aim of this paper (hereinafter termed the "Man- Lal) is to provide a basic set of guidelines for engi- neering drawings of Structural Steolwork. These guidelines are essentially contained in Section 3 of the Manual A section has also been included (Appendix A) which provides further advice that AISC believes will result in better pertorming contracts, less time spent by all parties in administration and disputes, and greater ‘overall economy. ‘The Manual has been prepared in response to the large variation in levels of clarity, completeness and accuracy within engineering drawings of Structural Steelwork, Its recommendations are considered to provide the basic requirements for such drawings from consulting engineers and other designers to their cli ents. ‘The ultimate result from the use of the Manual will be to enable responsible pricing, complete and accurate ‘workshop detailing and safe erection of Structural Steelwork for building structures, 1.2 Scope ‘The Manual is directed to Engineers and Draftsper- sons preparing drawings for tender to the steel fabri- cation industry and covers the basic standard of documentation necessary to enable: * Accurate and responsible tendering * Correct, economical and timely Shop Drawing preparation * Clear communication of the designer's intent 2 STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 29 NUMBER 3, SEPTEMBER 1975 * Contractually enforceable design requirements © Clarity of the allocation of responsibilty. The consequences of not abiding by these standards can be expected to be a loss of control of the project, including financial, quality and time aspects. ‘The purpose of this Manual is to provide guidelines on the basic information required on Contract Draw- ings (see definition in Section 1.3.2). However, this information is considered to be equally suitable for Working Drawings (see definition in Section 1.3.2). An ideal outcome for designers is for Contract Drawings to be essentially the same as Working Drawings. The general scope of the Manual is to consider Struc- tural Steeiwork drawings for small to medium size building structures. However, with some minor modi- fication, the information contained within the Manual would be considered to be relevant to Structural Stee!- work drawings for other types of structures ~ ¢.9. re: sources projects where the Engineer is the Principal Consultant (see definitions in Section 1.3.1). The Manual is not intended to cover design or detail ing practice - reference should be made to other AISC. and related publications on these topics. 1.3. Definitions ‘The following definitions (listed in alphabetical order) are used in the Manual 1.3.1. Industry Participants Architect ‘The design professional responsible for devel ‘ping the aesthetic, functional and overall forr of the structure to mest the building owner's requirements, See also Principal Consultant. Draftsperson The engineering technical officer preparing en- gineering drawings, under the supervision of an Engineer, for tender to the steel fabrication industry. Engineer The design consultant responsible for struc~ tural work, in particular Structural Steelwork, for the completed structure. (This may also be the Principal Consuitant or their nominee). Erector ‘The party responsible for the erection of the Structural Steelwork. Fabricator The party responsible for the fabrication of the Structural Steelwork Principal Consultant ‘The design consultant responsible for overall building design and co-ordination. (This may include the Architect, Engineer, building de- signer or project manager). Steel Detailer The person who prepares the Shop Drawings. 1.3.2 Documentation Contract Drawings ‘The drawings put out to tender and which form the basis of the Structural Steelwork contract. General Notes Information placed on the drawings which re- lates to general material specification for grades, sizes, inspection, testing etc. This in- formation may be placed on one drawing and is common to all drawings within the project See Section 3.5.1 of the Manual. Shop Drawings Drawings prepared for the Fabricator to use in the workshop. Based on Working Drawings, but with full dimensioning, and extended to show each piece of work individually. ‘Shop Drawings are the means of conveying to the workshop, in graphic form, all information required to fabricate various’ types of steel members and connections. The preparation of Shop Drawings involves the interpretation of engineering, architectural and other building information and translating this information into a format suitable for the Fab- ricator and the Erector. Specification ‘An accurate description of the materials and workmanship of the project - which includes the Structural Steelwork requirements - which are not shown on drawings. The Specification is a separate set of documentation to the drawings. See Section 3.7 of the Manual. Structural Steelwork Steelwork with a structural function, as di Quished from ‘metalwork’, which has no struc- tural function, Working Drawings The drawings issued by the Engineer for con- struction. STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 29 NUMBER 3, SEPTEMBER 1995 3 2 ALTERNATIVE CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION METHODS ‘Some alternative methods for the presentation of en- gineering drawings of Structural Steelwork include: A. The Engineer shows all member and connec- tion details to a level sufficient to allow accurate pricing and shop detail preparation, but insutf- cient information to enable direct fabrication. This is the normal procedure used in Australia The method provides sufficient information for pricing and for an enforceable contract, enables Clear risk allocation and is generally considered to be the most economical approach. B. The Engineer includes fully detailed Shop Drawings. Fabricators have traditionally pre~ ferred to choose their own Steel Detailers, who will have a better understanding of the Fabri- cator's workshop operations and generally do a better and more efficient job. However, if this method is adopted, the problem of increased liabiity for detailing errors can exist which may be offset by less disputes and quicker adjust- ‘ments or variations as well as the ability to have complete information on the one set of drawings. ©. The Engineer shows members and their end reactions only. The Fabricator/Stee! Detailer carries out connection design as well as detail ing of connections. This method is common overseas, but not in Australia. It can result in more practical and economical detailing since this is under the control of the Fabricator. D. All engineering information is shown on archi- tectural drawings. This method is suitable for small projects and may be the only option due to the cost of separate engineering drawings. The Engineer needs to check drawings thor- ‘oughly. An advantage is that Engineer/Architect documentation co-ordination problems do not arise. This Manual relates to Alternative A, which is the most common alternative. in this instance the En- gineer shows all members and connection detail Sufficient for accurate pricing and shop detailing. “Fast Track" and "Detail Design-Construct” contracts are sometimes used for Structural Steetwork. These contracts should provide sufficient detail to assist with accurate pricing. This information may be presented as either full structural information as described in this Manual or, with design loads described such that the Fabricator has absolute discretion in design and de- tailing of the structure to sustain these loads. Partially ‘complete structural drawings are not recommended for use as tender documents. 3 RECOMMENDED GUIDELINES 3.1 General Requirements ‘The Contract Drawings should show sufficient infor- mation to enable tenderers to measure and price every structural member and attribute a reasonably accurate labour and material input to every Structural Steelwork connection. The Working Drawings should show sufficient infor- mation to enable: the Fabricator to accurately and completely shop-detail, order, fabricate and erect, every Structural Steelwork item. They should also show sufficient information to enable erection to be planned for safety. ‘The ContractWorking Drawings are generally read in conjunction with architectural and building services drawings to achieve these aims. Al interpretations of the Manual should be based on the overriding provision that these general require- ments are fulfiled. 3.2. Australian Standards and Codes of Practice 3.2.1 General ‘There are a number of requirements within Standards Australia publications, relating to documentation of Structural Steelwork, that should be read in full from the relevant publication, but which are summarised below. 3.2.2. AS 1100.101 - Technical Drawing - General Practice AS 1100.501 - Structural Engineering Drawing Standards Australia has published a suite of technical drawing Standards [1,2,3,4.5]. AS 1100.101 [1] and ‘AS 1100.501 (5] specify the requirements for the pres- entation of structural engineering drawings. AS 410.501 {5] provides the more relevant information for engineering drawings of Structural Steelwork. At the time of writing this Manual AS 1100.501 [5] re- quired some updating (particularly with other refer- enced Standards, terms and examples) though the majority of its provisions are stil relevant. See Section 3.3 for further details. The use of AS 1100.101 [1] and AS 1100.501 [5] may also require reference to AS 110.201 [2], AS 110.301 [3] and AS 1100.401 [4] - for abbreviations, terms, ete. See Section 3.3 for further details. 3.2.3 AS 4100-- Steel Structures Clause 1.6 of AS 4100 [6] sets down design data and details that shall be shown on drawings. These are as follows: ‘© Number and date of design Standards ‘© Nominal loads * Corrosion protection * Fire resistance level, if applicable * Steel grades * Size and designation of each member * Sizes and categories of bolts and welds * Sizes of connection components * Locations and details of joints, connections and splices * Any constraints on construction assumed in the design * Camber of any members © Any other requirements. See Section 3.3 for further details. 3.2.4 AS 1554.1 - Structural Steel Welding Part 1 : Welding of Steel Structures Clause 3.1.3 of AS 1554.1 [7] sets down the require- ments for information to be shown on drawings and documents for welded connections. These include: * Grade of parent metal * Nominal tensile strength of weld metal * Location, type, size of weld and effective length of all welds ‘* Whether welds are to be made in the shop or at the site © Weld category * Details of non-standard welds ‘* Where seal welds are required, details of such welds * Type and extent of inspection, including any spe- cial inspection requirements ‘* The relevant design Standard * Any special requirements which would affect op. erations. See Section 3.3 for further details. 3.2.5 SAA/SNZ HB62.1 - Code of Practice for Safe Erection of Building Steelwork, Part 1: Low Rise Buildings and Structures SAA/SNZ HB62.2 - Code of Practice for Safe Erection of Building Steelwork, Part 2: Multi Storey Buildings and Structures SAAISNZ HB62.1 [8] and SAA/SNZ HB62.2 [9] spec- ity matters relevant to the erection of Structural Stee!- work and are available from Standards Australia and AISC. Although much of these publications relate to the safe and efficient erection of Structural Steelwork, they also highlight the role of the Engineer in this area. ‘The Engineer's primary function is to ensure the struc- tural adequacy of the design during its erection. These publications provide guidance on the various aspects, to be considered by the Engineer to satisfy this func- tion. ‘Appendix 5 of SAA/SNZ HB62.1 [8] provides an erec- tion procedure for portal frame buildings. Reference to SAA/SNZ HB62.1 [8] can furnish the Erector with a satisfactory erection procedure for such structures. In general, reference to SAAISNZ HB62.1 [8] and SAA/SNZ HB62.2 [9] within the General Notes (see Appendix B) and/or Specification will ensure an ade- 4 ‘STEEL CONSTRUCTION VOLUME 29 NUMBER 3, SEPTEMBER 1995 quate and defined role for the Engineer in the erection, of Structural Steelwork, 3.3. Drawing Presentation 3.3.1. Dimensioning AS 1100.501 [5] refers to AS 1100.101 [1] which pro- vides the fundamental details of linework (dimen- sion/projection/extension lines), lettering and methods for dimensioning. See Section 3.3.2 for thickness of dimension lines Structural Steelwork drawings use either an arrow- head or diagonal line (slash) at the end of dimension lines. The latter case is sometimes used in Structural ‘Steelwork drawings when the use of an arrowhead is, too large for the overall dimension or when the detail is small and the arrowhead is not resolute. The arrowhead is considered to be suitable at the ends of dimension lines and Clause 4.3.4.5 of AS 1100.101 [1] suggests that siashes at the ends of di- mension ines may be used in lieu of arrowheads (e.g. on architectural drawings) but are not preferred. Either method may be used on engineering drawings of Structural Steelwork though the method chosen must ‘not reduce the clarity of the information presented and must be generally consistent. ‘The responsibiities for dimensioning are: ‘* Principal Consultant - Primary and building dimen- sions. * Engineer - Structural dimensions - eg truss and beam depths, bolt centres, plate dimensions, beam and purlin locations, splice locations, and other specific dimensions which are critical to the struc- tural design * Steel Detailer - Detail dimensions on the basis of information shown on the Principal Consultant, En- gineer and building services consultant drawings. | separate architectural drawings are not provided, the Engineer would generally assume the role and responsibilty of Principal Consultant and should there- fore provide fully dimensioned drawings For complex setouts involving intersecting planes, cir- les, parabolas, ete. the Principal Consultant should ensure these are able to be calculated by a competent Stee! Detailer. 3.3.2 Lines Clause 2.2.1 of AS 1100.501 [5] provides guidance on the type of line appropriate to the application. Some examples include: Continuous - thick: Diagrammatic representation of structural element centreline (e.g. beams, columns); structural bolts, etc. Continuous - medium: Visible outlines; intersecting beam outlines in elevations only, etc. Continuous thin: Dimension lines and leaders, diago- nals across holes or recesses (under or over), etc Continuous - thin, ruled with zig-zag: Breaklines in in- dividual elements as at sections, etc. Dashed - medium: Hidden outlines of structural or supporting elements, diagrammatic representations of temporary bracing members or structural elements, ete, Chain - thin: Grid lines, centre lines. Reference should be made to Table 2.1 of AS 110.501 [5] for the dimensions of dashed lines (e.g. length and spacing) and Clause 3.2.1 of AS 1100.101 [1] for the thickness of lines. 3.3.3. Abbreviations ‘AS 1100.101 [1] states abbreviations "should only be used where brevity and conservation of space make it necessary and then only when their meanings are unquestionably clear to the intended reader". Abbre- viations are generally written in upper-case letters in line with general practice, Some abbreviations commonly used on engineering

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