gEssetal 2, 2: E0a8 The term aggregates is used to doscribe the gravels, oriished stones and other materials which are mixed with cement and water to make concrete. As aggregates form the hilk of the volume of concrete, the selection of stitable material is important. Gravels, sands and crushed stone, such as granite, basalt and the harder types of liméstone and siindstone, are in common use as aggregates for which durability and cleatiness are required. ‘Aggregates should be hard and should not contain materials which are likely to decompose or change in volume when exposed to the weather, or to affect the reinforcement. Examples of undesirable materials are coal, pyrites and lumps of clay: céal may sell, pjrites may decompose, causing iron oxide sfains to appear on the concrete surface, and lumps of clay may Wien and form Weak pockets. High-strength mixes may call for additional special properties, In , pariicular, the crushing value or impact value, density, or mineralogical type may be specified, Aggregates should be clean and free from organic impurities : aggregate containing organic material makes poor conerete. The grains should be free from coatings of dust or clay, as these ~ prevent the proper bonding of the material, An excessive amount of fine dust or stone flour may prevent the particles of stone being properly coated with cement, and this lower strength of the conerete. Gravels and sands are usually washed by the suppliers to remove clay, silt and other impurities which, if present in excessive amounts, result in a poor-quality concrete. However, washing must not be carried to such an efttent that all fine material passing through the 300 jum sieve is removed, otherwise the resulting concrete mix will be lacking in cohesion and, in particular, may be unsuitabe for a mix which is to be placed by pump. ‘Ther are two types of aggregate : fine and coarse aggregates. Fine aggregate is the term used to describe natural sand, crushed rock, crushed gravel or other material, most of which passes through a 5 mm BS sieve. The term “coarse aggregate” is used to describe material such as natural gravel, crushed gravel or crushed rock, most of which is retained on this sieve. Questions : 1°) Read carefillly the above text and give it a suitable title. 2°) Answer to the following statements by True or false accordind to the text : a: Any material which is mixed with cement and water is called aggregale. b: Gravels and sands are types of material which are in common use as aggregates. c: Aggregates, such as gravels and sands, may be hard and may not contain undesirable inaterials. d: Coal, pyrites and lumps of clay are the terms often used to describe undesirable materials, ¢: A poor concrete generally results from aggregates containing organic impurities, f: Aggregates are washed so that most of fine particles are removed. g.: Crushed rock or other crushed material, most of which is retained on a 5 mm BS sieve, are normally called coarse aggregates. hi: Any natural or crushed material, like sands or crushed gravel, most of which passes through this sieve, can be termed as fine aggregate. 3°) Translate in French the underlined words. 4°) Write down in French a short summary of the text. ue Sulfur deer, S} 14