Contents

Certificate

Acknowledgement

Introduction

Aim of the project

Apparatus

Theory

Procedure

Observation

Result

Bibliography
 Certificate
This is to certify that the project entitled Dyes has been

submitted by Prateek Jaiswal a student of class XII-F under

the Roll no.__________ for the academic session 2009-

2010. He has completed the project work Chemistry

Department under direct supervision of the undersigned as

per the requirement for the Board Examination.

Department of Chemistry

Mount Carmel School

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We want to express our sincere gratitude to our Chemistry

teacher _______ for her guidance, encouragement and kind

cooperation without which my first ever chemistry project

wont have been possible.

We are also grateful to _______________,

LABORATORY ASSISTANT, CHEMISTRY

DEPARTMENT for her valuable help during the

preparation of his project.

Prateek Jaiswal

XII-F

Roll No.________________
 Dyes
Dyes are colored substances which adhere to the surface of

materials and are used to give color to paper, food stuffs,

and various textiles such as cotton, wool etc.

Chemically a dye contains.

Some groups such as azo, anthraquinone which is

responsible for the color of the dye.

Some groups such as-COOH, NHSSO3H which make

the dye stick to the fabric by formation of some salt.

The dye fabrics appear to be colored because a particular

dye absorbs radiation of some specific wave lengths from

the visible region of electromagnetic radiation that fall on its

surface. The remaining radiations of light are reflected. For

example. If a dye absorbs the light in the wavelength region.

Corresponding to red, then it would appear green which is

the complementary color or red.

1) APPARATUS

Funnel, distilled water, filter paper, mortar.

2) CHEMICALS USED

White, sodium carbonate, lead nitrate, lead chromate.

Light green, copper sulphate, sodium hydrogen

carbonate.

Oxford blue, phthalic anhydride, urea hydrated copper

(II) chloride, ammonium or sodium molybdate.

Yellow, Potassium chromate, lead nitrate.

WHITE
Dissolve 10g anhydrous sodium carbonate Na2CO3 in 100

ml water. Cool the solution to room temperature. To this

solution add a solution of 30g lead nitrate {Pb(NO3)2}

dissolved in 15ml water. The lead to solution is added

slowly with steady stirring. The formed precipitate of white

lead if filtered using a funnel. The product is washed with

water several times. The cake is spread on dryness.

Pb(NO3)2+Na2CO3 Pb(NO3)2+2NaNO3

PbCO3+H2O Pb (OH)2+CO2
LIGHT GREEN
To a solution of 5g sodium hydroxide carbonate (NaHCO3)

in 50 ml water is added with brisk stirring a solution of 15g

copper sulphate in 100 ml water in a beaker. Evolution of

carbon dioxide occurs with the formation of a pale green

precipitate. This ppt in CuCO3 and is isolated by filtration.

Washing with water and air dried.

CuSO4+NaHCO3 CuCO3+NaHSO4
OXFORD BLUE
A mixture of 6g phthalic anhydride, 8g urea, and 2g

hydrated copper (II) chloride and a small crystal of

ammonium or sodium molybdate is powdered in a mortar.

Take it in a test tube and heat very gently. The mixture

melts to a green liquid gas is evolved and it turns dark green

and then blue. It solidifies partly at this stage the heating it

continued until the fine blue solid first obtained changes to

a brownish green solid. The reaction product is cooled and

powered in a mortar. This is crude pigment. This is difficult

to filter. A wet mass is obtained on filter paper. It is dried in

warm air.

3K4{Fe(CN)6}+4FeCl3 Fe4{Fe(CN)6l3+12 KCL

YELLOW
(Lead chromate or chrome yellow)

Dissolve 7 g of potassium chromate (K2CrO4) in 5ml water

and 10g Pb(NO3)2 100ml water in two separate beakers. In

case heating or warming is necessary to effect complete

dissolution both the solution are separately cooled to room

temperature. Pour the chromate solution with stirring into

the lead nitrate solution. The required pigment, lead

chromate separates as yellow precipitate. It is filtered,

washed with water and air dried.

K2CrO4+Pb(NO3)2 PbCrO4+2KNO3
 RESULT
Now that dyes/paints have been made, they can be used as

oil bases on pastel sheets. The prepared colors include

white, yellow, blue and green.

1. Pradeep Fundamental Chemistry

2. Laboratory Manual in Chemistry- Together with

Chemistry