Automatic Street

Light

(Using IC555 and L.D.R.)

By: PULKIT GUPTA

CLASS XII - D
Year : 2017 2018
 Acknowledgement

I would like to thank my School and my Physics Teacher for introducing me to

scientific research, giving me a chance to accelerate my research skills and
encouraging me to work in the field of Physics. Their expertise along with their
vision has been the source of inspiration to me. The present project work
would, therefore, would have never been completed without their proper
guidance, regular supervision, and constant encouragement.

I would also like to thanks my internal all faculties, Lab Assistant: Lalit
Mohan for helping me in doing this project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my friends and family & Friends for
making this research work successful with their constant support.

~~~*~~~
 This is to certify that
PULKIT GUPTA
Of Class XII D
Completed investigatory project on
Automatic Street Light
For class XII Physics Practical Examination of
Central Board of Secondary Education in the
academic year 2016 -2017.
It is further certified that the project is the
individual work of student.

________________________________ ___________________________________
Teachers Signature Examiners Signature
 INDEX

Sr. Page
No. TITLE No.

1. Introduction 1

2. Theory 2

3. Parts Used & Circuit Diagram 4

4. Working 5

6. Bibliography 6

~~~*~~~

INTRODUCTION
This project Automatic Street Light Control System aims at designing
and executing the advanced development in embedded systems for
energy saving of street lights by using light dependent resistor (LDR).

Nowadays, human has become too busy and he is unable to find time
even to switch the lights on or off. This can be seen more effectively in the
case of street lights. The present system is like, the street lights will be
switched on in the evening before the sun sets and they are switched off
the next day morning after there is sufficient light on the roads. But the
actual timing for these street lights to be switched on are when there is
absolute darkness on the roads. This project gives the best solution for
electrical power wastage. Also the manual operation of lighting system is
completely eliminated. In our project we are using LDR, which varies
according to the amount of light falling on its surface; this gives an
indication for us whether it is a day/night time. This project can be
configured by using transistors, CMOS ICs and IC 555. Here, we
implement this project by using IC 555. The 555 timer IC is an integrated
circuit used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator
applications. Derivative provide up to four timing circuits in one package.
Also we are using relay. We are using Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in this
project instead of a bulb. Light-emitting diodes are elements for light
signalization in electronics. By using this project as the basic principle we
can design centralized intelligent system for the perfect usage of
streetlights in any place.

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Theory
LDR or a Photoresistor: A photoresistor or light
dependent resistor (LDR) or photocell is a light-
controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a photo-
resistor decreases with increasing incident light
intensity; in other words, it exhibits photoconductivity.
A photoresistor can be applied in light-sensitive
detector circuits, and light- and dark-activated
switching circuits. [in this project function of the
LDR is to sense the sunlight or torch light so that the LED may go on
or off accordingly].

L.D.E. (Light Emitting Diode): A light-

emitting diode (LED) is a two- lead
semiconductor light source. It is a pn
junction diode, which emits light when
activated. When a suitable voltage is applied
to the leads, electrons are able to recombine
with electron holes within the device,
releasing energy in the form of photons. This
effect is called electroluminescence, and the
color of the light (corresponding to the
energy of the photon) is determined by the
energy band gap of the semiconductor. [in
this project the role of LED is to function as a street light but we
can change this LED with Electronic Relay for fully functional real
circuit].

IC 555 (Timer IC): The 555 timer IC is

an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety
of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator
applications. The 555 can be used to provide
time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop
element.
Introduced in 1971 by American company
Signetics. It is now made by many companies in the original bipolar and
also in low-power CMOS types. [in this project I used this IC to act as a
flip flop switch & because it is easily available in the market / the
circuit is easily available on internet and in most project hobby
books].
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Battery (or Dry Cell): A Dry cell is a type
of chemical cell, commonly used today, in the form
of batteries, for many electrical appliances. It was
developed in 1886 by the German scientist Karl
Gassner.
A common dry cell is the zinccarbon battery,
sometimes called the dry Leclanch cell, with a
nominal voltage of 1.5 - 12 volts, the same as
the alkaline battery (since both use the same zinc
manganese dioxide combination). (in the project I have used 9volt Dry
Cell). [the role of the 9V battery in this circuit is to give power to the
whole circuit as well as LED acting as street light] .

Diode: is a two-terminal electronic component that

conducts primarily in one direction; it has low
(ideally zero) resistance to the flow of current in
one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance
in the other. A semiconductor diode, the most
common type today, is a crystalline piece of
semiconductor material with a pn junction
connected to two electrical terminals. Semi-
conductor diodes were the first semiconductor
electronic devices. The first semiconductor diodes,
called cat's whisker diodes, developed around
1906, were made of mineral crystals such as galena. Today, most diodes
are made of silicon, but other semiconductors such as selenium or
germanium are sometimes used. [in this project I used the Diode just
to give direction to output pulse from the output terminals].

Variable Resistance (Potentiometer): A resistor

may have one or more fixed tapping points so
that the resistance can be changed by moving
the connecting wires to different terminals.
A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with
a continuously adjustable tapping point controlled
by rotation of a shaft or knob or by a linear
slider. It is called a potentiometer because it can
be connected as an adjustable voltage divider to
provide a variable potential at the terminal connected to the tapping point.
[In this project the role of Potentiometer is to adjust the amount of
light on LDR].
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 Parts Used & Circuit Diagram
==================================================
Part Name Quantity
==================================================
1. IC 555 x 1
2. L.D.R. (Light Dependent Resistance) x 1
[Normal Rating general purpose]
3. Variable Resistance (Potentiometer) x 1
[5-10 Kilo Ohms approx.]
4. PCB (Printed Circuit Board) x 1
(2.5 x 1.5 size approx)
5. Switch (normal on off switch) x 1
6. LED (Light Emitting Diode) x 1
7. Battery (9 Volts) x 1
8. Base Board (5 mm thick Sunboard) x 1
(A4 Size = 8.3 x 11.7)
9. Wires (Multi Colour Meter or 1 Meter) x 1 Mtr.
10. Nut Bolts or Screw cm or 1 cm height x 2-4 Nos.
[or as per availability] Optional.
11. Soldring Wire (1-2 Mtr.) x 1 Mtr.
12. Cable Tie or Fevibond Rubber Adhesive x 1 No.
13. A4 Sticker Sheet (for Base Making) x 1
14. Some Decorative materials (like road x --
car, light pillar etc.)

==================================================

Circuit Diagram for Automatic Street Light:

Page:4
 Working

This circuit uses a popular timer I.C which is 555. Now when I.C 555 is

connected as comparator with pin 6 connected with positive supply, the output
goes high-1 when the trigger pin 2 is at lower than 1/3 level of the supply
voltage. Conversely the output goes low-0 , when it is above 1/3 level. So small
change in the voltage of pin 2 is enough to change the output of pin 3 from 1 to 0
and 0 to 1.

The output has only two states high and low and can not remain in any
intermediate stage. It is power by 9V battery for portable use. The circuit is
economic in power consumption. Pin 4,6&8 is connected to the positive supply
and pin 1 is grounded. To detect the present of light we have used LDR and a
source of light. LDR is a special type of resistance whose value depends on the
brightness of the light which is falling on it. It has a resistance of about 1 mega
ohms when in total darkness, but a resistance of only about 2-5 k ohms when
brightly illuminated. It responds to a large part of the light spectrum. The source
of light and LDR is so adjusted in the night lamp that light will directly fall on the
LDR but when there is no light in the atmosphere and LDR will be under
darkness. We have made a potential divider circuit with LDR and 100 K variable
resistance connected in series. Voltage is directly proportional to conductance so
more voltage we will get by this divider when LDR is getting light and low
voltage in darkness. Divided voltage is given to pin 2nd of 555.

Now as soon as LDR gets dark the voltage of the pin 2 drops 1/3 of the supply
voltage and pin 3 gets high and LED glows. We can also use two LED at output
pin 3, for present LED 1 and for absent LED 2. For this method one LED is
connected as forward bias and other is connected as reverse bias to indicate both
high and low conditions. To limit the current of LED resistance is used in series.

..Page:5
 Bibliography

1. Wikipedia (www.wikipedia.com)

2. Google (www.google.co.in)

3. Hobby Electronic Circiuts (BPB Publication Delhi).

4. Physics Text Book Class 12th, (N.C.E.R.T.)

-------THANKS------

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