7 110914PresoMaster E

Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit
Guidelines for Haitian Masonry

Housing
Build Change Post-Earthquake
Housing Reconstruction Technical
Assistance Program, Haiti
Build Change
Degenkolb Engineers
Mark Sinclair, Principal, S.E.
April-May, 2011
M.T.P.T.C.
Outline
Introduction
Course Summary
Background
Applicable Haitian Building Types
Building Performance in January 2010 Earthquake
Building Evaluation and Retrofit
Standards and Principles
Seismic Performance Levels
Proposed Rapid Evaluation Procedure
Example and Spreadsheet Tool
Checklist
Review Plans and Details
Future Development
Wall Testing Facility
Class Exercise
M.T.P.T.C.
Degenkolb Engineers
Founded in 1940. 170+ professional and technical staff
San Francisco, Los Angeles, Portland, Oakland, San Diego, Seattle
Full Range of Seismic and Structural Engineering

Services
Innovative structural engineering, while promoting seismic

safety worldwide
M.T.P.T.C.
Degenkolb Engineers
Experts in seismic program
development and code research
FEMA 310 / ASCE 31
FEMA 356 / ASCE 41
FEMA 2000 Report to Congress
UBC / IBC / ASCE-7 / CBC
ACI-318
SAC Moment Frame Guidelines
AISC Seismic Guidelines
Concrete and Masonry Construction
Guidelines
Innovative structural engineering,
while promoting seismic safety worldwide
M.T.P.T.C.
the difference International Earthquake
Reconnaissance
between reading a
Mexico City, 1957
report and seeing Caracas, Venezuela , 1967
Philippines, 1968
it there is no Philippines, 1970
Managua, Nicaragua, 1972
comparison. No Guatemala, 1976
Friuli, Italy, 1976
matter how much Mindanao, Philippines, 1976
Argentina, 1977
you read the El Asnam, Algeria, 1980
Mexico City, 1985
reports, the impact Armenia, USSR, 1988
Mazanillo, Mexico, 1995
doesnt really Guam, 1995
Kobe, Japan, 1995
strike you until Puebla, Mexico, 1999
Kocaeli, Turkey, 1999
youve seen the Chi-Chi, Taiwan , 1999
Gujarat, India, 2001
damage. Edgecumb, New Zealand, 2001
Padang, Indonesia, 2004
LAquila, Italy, 2009
Henry J. Degenkolb Sumatra, Indonesia, 2009
Port Au Prince, Haiti, 2010
Concepcion, Chile, 2010
Darfield, New Zealand, 2010
Christchurch, New Zealand, 2011
M.T.P.T.C.
Outline
Introduction
Course Summary
Pre-Test
Background
Checklist
Future Development
Class Exercise
M.T.P.T.C.
In Plane and Out of Plane Stress
2006 Design of Reinforced Masonry Structures

by Concrete Masonry Association of California and Nevada
M.T.P.T.C.
Infill vs. Confined Masonry
Credit: Confined Masonry Design Manual: April 2010 Draft
M.T.P.T.C.
Structural Systems:
Unreinforced (URM), Infill (IM) and Confined Masonry (CM)
Confined Wall
Larger beams and columns Small beams and columns

Gaps at top and sides Concrete confines masonry
Tends to fail out of plane faster Physical strut and tie system
Independent gravity support Wall carries gravity load
Credit: Confined Masonry Design

Manual: April 2010 Draft
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Infill Masonry
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Infill Masonry
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Infill Masonry Failure Sequence
Credit: Confined Masonry Design

Manual: April 2010 Draft
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Confined
Masonry
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Confined
Masonry
M.T.P.T.C.
CM Behavior In-Plane, Solid
27 k
For Reference:
As x Fy
2#4 = 16k
15 k 31 k 4#4 = 32k
M.T.P.T.C.
CM Behavior In-Plane, Door
18 k
For Reference:
As x Fy
2#4 = 16k
25 k 18 k 4#4 = 32k
M.T.P.T.C.
CM Behavior, In-Plane - Window
9k 9k
For Reference:
As x Fy
9k 13 k 9 k 13 k
2#4 = 16k
4#4 = 32k
M.T.P.T.C.
CM Behavior, In-Plane - Door
9k 9k
For Reference:
As x Fy
2#4 = 16k
16 k 18 k 4#4 = 32k
M.T.P.T.C.
CM - Failure Sequence
M.T.P.T.C.
In-plane shear failure of poorly confined masonry construction,
2010 Maule, Chile Earthquake (M. Astroza)
M.T.P.T.C.
In-plane shear failure due to poorly confinement around window opening, 2001 El
Salvador Earthquake, (EERI, 2001)
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URM and CM - Out of Plane Behavior
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Common Construction Types URM
ADD PIC OF URM

ORPHANAGE
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URM Clay Brick
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Material
Problems
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What Worked? Critical Wall Density
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Low Wall
Density
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What Worked? Plastered & Paint?
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What Worked? Pharmacy Building
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What worked? Digicel Building
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What Worked? - Floor Systems
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What Worked? - Parts of Downtown
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Downtown Commercial Buildings
Did not collapse,

potentially salvageable
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Outline
Introduction
Course Summary
Pre-Test
Background
Checklist
Future Development
Class Exercise
M.T.P.T.C.
Evaluation/Retrofit vs. New Design
New Design
You have a blank slate
New materials give you control of ductility
Better construction quality control
Evaluation and Retrofit Design

You have what you have
Existing materials have varying ductility
Maximize the use of the existing building
Minimize cost and disruption
M.T.P.T.C.
Evaluation/Retrofit Procedure Goals
Informed by experience
Reasonable match to performance in January 2010
Same procedure for evaluation and retrofit
Deficiencies determined by initial evaluation
inform potential retrofit techniques
Based on rational engineering principles
Reflective of the local resources and
construction techniques.
Expandable to other construction types
M.T.P.T.C.
Building Damage
(Joes Bar) State?
Earthquake Occurs
0.6
Acceleration (g's)
0.3
1989 Loma Prieta - Corralitos (128 deg.)
+
0
-0.3
-0.6
=
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (Seconds)
M.T.P.T.C.
M.T.P.T.C.
Higher Performance / Less Loss
Backup utility services maintain

Operational
functions. Very little damage.
Damage
The building remains safe to occupy; Immediate
Control
any repairs are minor. Occupancy
Range
Structure remains stable and has significant Life Safety

reserve capacity; hazardous nonstructural Limited
damage is controlled. Safety
Collapse Range
The building remains standing, but only
barely; any other damage or loss is Prevention
acceptable.
Lower Performance / More Loss
M.T.P.T.C.
Operational
Damage
Immediate
Control
Occupancy
Range
Life Safety
Limited
Safety
Collapse Range
Prevention
M.T.P.T.C.
ASCE-31 Evaluation Process
focus is on passing buildings
Tier 1 Screen for ID Potential Deficiencies
Select performance level, determine seismicity and
model building type
Check for Benchmark Building
Complete Checklists - Geologic, Structural, Non-
Structural
Perform required evaluation
Tier 2 Evaluate Deficiencies

Follow Chapter 4 requirements
Tier 3 Detailed Evaluation

Follow Provisions for Seismic Rehabilitation Design
or New Building Design using .75 factor
We follow ASCE 41
M.T.P.T.C.
ASCE 31
Checklist
limited calculations
apply judgment
identify deficiencies
use as a basis for describing
expected damage
covers multiple performance
levels
M.T.P.T.C.
ASCE 31
Checklist
limited calculations
apply judgment
identify deficiencies
use as a basis for describing
expected damage
covers multiple performance
levels
M.T.P.T.C.
Inelastic Structural Response
Elastic Response
V = CSaW
Pseudo Lateral Force
C
m
SaW Yield Capacity, or

Force
QCE
Inelastic
Structural
Response
Expected
Displacement Maximum
Displacement
M.T.P.T.C.
Unreinforced Masonry
Unreinforced
Masonry
V=CSaW
m=1.25
Force
y 1.25y
Displacement
M.T.P.T.C.
Confined Masonry
Confined Masonry
V=CSaW
m=2.5
Force
y 2.5y
Displacement
M.T.P.T.C.
Confined Masonry
Unreinforced Masonry
V=CSaW
m=1.25
Force
m=2.5
y 1.25y 2.5y
Displacement
M.T.P.T.C.
Capacity-Based Design
Designate specific elements

to yield, which are called
deformation-controlled
elements
Every other element should

not yield, rupture, or fail,
those are called force-
controlled elements
Structure dissipates seismic energy through controlled

yielding
No brittle failures occur which could lead to instability
M.T.P.T.C.
Acceptance Criteria
Deformation-Controlled Actions
m QCE QUD
Evaluate using m-factors which vary
based on component and material type
Force-Controlled Actions
QCL QUF
Evaluate for max force that can be
delivered to component
M.T.P.T.C.
Existing Building Codes vs.
New Building Codes
m factors versus R factors
m can vary by direction, floor, and component.
R is single value for the whole building.
Use expected material strengths instead of
nominal (+10% to +50%).
No strength reduction factors ( = 1.0)
Can accommodate non-compliant systems,
e.g. URM
M.T.P.T.C.
Outline
Introduction
Course Summary
Pre-Test
Background
Checklist
Future Development
Map Based Screening
Class Exercise
M.T.P.T.C.
Evaluation Proceedure
Identify Building
Locate on Map
Determine Hazard Parameters
Visit Site
Draw Plan
Identify Building Type (CM, IM, or URM)
Identify Lateral Walls Retrofit
Specific
deficiencies
Complete Deficiency
Identification
Checklist Yes
Yes
Includes Wall Area
Percentage Check Retrofit
YES Possible Using
Do Deficiencies Yes Manual?
Exist?
No NO No NO
Building is Life-
Perform additional
Safe. Repair if
evaluation or suggest
necessary
building replacement
M.T.P.T.C.
Evaluation Process
Identify building or evaluation
Locate on map
Determine seismic hazard parameters, and other available
Visit site, document existing conditions
Draw Plan
Identify Building Type (CM or URM), assume URM if unsure
Identify Lateral Walls
Complete checklist
Including evaluation spreadsheet
Identify suitable retrofit schemes
Review with owner
Develop retrofit alternatives
Approximate scope and cost
Select preferred scheme
Include repair scope
Develop construction documents
M.T.P.T.C.
Evaluation Requirements
Single site visit for Engineer / Evaluator
Aim to complete in one site visit
Entire checklist, generate recommendations, estimate costs,
and select preferred option with owner during single visit
Electronic tools, Spreadsheet, tables, forms
Complete access to building required
Calculator, tape measure and camera needed, sketch
plans, take photos, etc
Engineer / evaluator requirements
Must have completed required training
Demonstrate ability to make engineering judgments
M.T.P.T.C.
Creating As-Built Plans/Elevations
1. Start with a grid and approximate scale (i.e. 2cm = 1m). The plan
doesnt have to be drawn exactly to scale, but use it as a guide.
2. Fill in the title block with the following:

a) Title (describing floor plan and level)
b) Name and phone number of homeowner
c) Sheet number (E for existing, R for retrofit)
d) Project number (ie CVM000X)
e) Date
f) GPS coordinates
g) Name of engineer
3. Draw the existing floor plan remember that walls have width,
they arent just lines.
4. Use the correct symbols from the legend to represent the

elements of the structure.
M.T.P.T.C.
Creating As-Built Plans/Elevations
5. Add gridlines along the walls.
6. Label the front of the house.
7. Draw the dimensions of the following on the plan:

a) lengths of walls (note which side of wall dimensions are to)
b) length and locations of window and door openings
c) positions and sizes of columns
d) thickness of walls
e) lengths of overhangs and/or balconies
f) Distance to adjacent buildings
g) Wall height
h) Parapet height
8. Note any other important information, such as the slope, about

building or site next to plan
M.T.P.T.C.
M.T.P.T.C.
Complete Checklist
M.T.P.T.C.
M.T.P.T.C.
M.T.P.T.C.
Complete Checklist
M.T.P.T.C.
Torsion
BUILDING CONFIGURATION
TORSION: Walls are located on all exterior sides of the
C NC N/A building, or within 25% of the plan dimension at the wall location,
including L-shaped and T-shaped plans.
Alternatively the estimated distance between the center of mass
and the center of rigidity shall be less than 20% of the maximum
building width in either plan dimension.
M.T.P.T.C.
URM Versus CM Walls
1.0m typ.
1.3m typ.
Columns, typ.
Unreinforced Masonry or Confined Masonry?
M.T.P.T.C.
(1) Identify Wall Edges
Define Wall Edges

At exterior of building
Around all corridors, doors and openings wider
than 1.0m
At Wall Intersections
From opposite direction walls
M.T.P.T.C.
In-plane shear failure of poorly confined masonry construction, 2010 Maule, Chile
Earthquake (M. Astroza)
M.T.P.T.C.
(2) Identify Reinforcement Present
Locate reinforcement present in wall

Identify boundary columns (4-bars) and trim
reinforcement (1-or-2 bars)
M.T.P.T.C.
(3) Identify Reinforcement Required
<4.5m <0.6m
Confined Masonry Walls

Have reinforcement within 0.6m of all edges
4- bars at building edges, corridors, and doors
1-or-2 bars at windows
Maximum 4.5m spacing between 4-bar columns
Reinforcement must be developed
Into beam or masonry wall above
Below window opening or into
M.T.P.T.C. foundation
(4) Confirm Wall Lengths
>1.0m
Required reinforcement for Confined Masonry
Determine Wall Lengths

Minimum wall length for lateral resistance is 1.0m
for full wall adjacent door or full height opening,
0.6m for wall adjacent to window or partial height
opening
M.T.P.T.C.
(5) Ignore Small Openings <1.0m and 10% of
Wall Area
Required reinforcement for Confined Masonry
Determine Wall Lengths

Minimum wall length for lateral resistance is 1.0m
for full wall adjacent door or full height opening,
0.6m for wall adjacent to window or partial height
opening
M.T.P.T.C.
Default is to treat as URM
URM Walls
Minimum required length = 0.6m adjacent to
windows or partial height openings
Or at least 1.0m when wall is adjacent to full
height openings, both sides
URM wall is longer than CM wall but has
lower m-factor (1.25 versus 2.5)
M.T.P.T.C.
` Default is to treat as URM
<0.6m for walls

>1.0m for walls adjacent to doors or adjacent to
full height openings, both sides. ok windows. Not
counted
URM Walls
Minimum required length = 0.6m adjacent to windows
or partial height openings
Or at least 1.0m when wall is adjacent to full height
openings, both sides
URM wall is longer than CM wall but has lower m-
factor (1.25 versus 2.5)
M.T.P.T.C.
Derivation of Method
Starting Block Compressive Strength
Use expected strength, e for expected
fme = 4.8 MPa (700psi)
fme = 3.9 MPa (560psi)
(Depends on mortar type)
Vme = 0.43 Mpa (62 psi) estimated from calculation/testing
Masonry Wall Shear Strength
Confirmed by calculations (IBC 2009, Section)
Vcapacity = 2.9 x (fm) x Aw
Vcapacity = 0.47MPa x Aw
Higher, use 0.43 Mpa conservative
By testing, Cavalheiro et. Al, 2004
Final assumption
Vcapacity = 0.43 MPa (62 psi) x 0.55 x Aw
No factors, assume RN = 0.55, and 0.15cm block
Area of Wall Aw = Lw x tw
M.T.P.T.C.
Derivation of Method: Continued
Earthquake Demand
Use starting reference values
m=1 (no ductility)
SDS = 1.0g
Building Area = Ab, Number Floors = N
Maximum tributary weight at each level
w = 7.2kPa (150psf)
including walls at each level)
Use 1.5 factor for torsion and relative stiffness
Use 1.4 Modification factor from ASCE-31
Earthquake Demand
Vdemand = 1.5 x 1.4 x w x AB x N x SDS / m
M.T.P.T.C.
Seismicity
Map of Haiti showing areas covered by each seismic

criteria case
(Low Hazard covers only the yellow regions;
Moderate Hazard covers the yellow and orange
regions; High Hazard covers the yellow, orange and
red regions) (based upon 2010
USGS data)
M.T.P.T.C.
Earthquake Acceleration
F = ma
M.T.P.T.C.
Pseudo Lateral Force Concept
Elastic Response
V = CSaW
Pseudo Lateral Force
C
m
SaW Yield Capacity, or

Force
QCE
Inelastic
Structural
Response
Expected
Displacement Maximum
Displacement
M.T.P.T.C.
Derivation of Method: Continued
Earthquake Capacity
Vcapacity = 0.43 MPa x 0.55 x Aw
Earthquake Demand
Vdemand = 1.5 x 1.4 x w x AB x N x SDS / m
Set equal and rearrange
Aw / AB = 1.5 x 1.4 x w x N x SDS
m x 0.43 MPa x 0.55
Aw / AB = 1.5 x 1.4 x 7.2kPa x N x SDS
1 x 430kPa x 0.55
Aw / AB = 6.4% x N x SDS = bPSMRequirs
WD = 6.4% now modify using factors
M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Percentage: Required
Calculate basic Wall Area Percentage required
bWAPRequired = Sds x N x WD (Tabulated for convenience)
Sds = Seismicity Factor: Sds = 0.5, 1.05 or 1.67
N = Number of floors
WD = Baseline area percentage = 6.4%, for 4.8 MPa (700psi) block
No. of Elevated bWAP (%)

Levels (Incl. Sds
Roof) Then apply
0.50 1.05 1.67 modification
factors..
3 9.6% 20.1% 32.1%
2 6.4% 13.5% 21.5%
1 3.2% 6.7% 10.7%

M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Percentage: Factors
Calculate required Wall Area Percentage (WAP)
WAPRequired = bWAPRequired x CBCQCRCLCNCI / m
m = Seismic Force Reduction Factor

CB = Block Strength Factor (0.8 to 1.8)
CQ = Construction Quality Factor (1.0 to 1.5)
CR = Evaluation/Retrofit Factor (0.75 or 1.0)
CL = Level Factor (0.33 to 1.0)
CN = Net Area Factor (0.5 to 1.8)
CI = Importance Factor (1.0 to 1.5)
M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Factors: Ductility, m
Seismic Force Reduction Factor, m
Vary according to block strength and structural system.
Low fm = lower ductility
URM = lower ductility than CM and IM
m factor may decrease up the building but not increase
Elastic Response
m for
Ductile
m for System
Limited Masonry System
Lateral Force
Ductile
System fm URM CM and IM
Yield
< 10 Mpa 1.25 2.5
Inelastic Capacity
Structural >= 10 Mpa 1.5 3
Response
Displacement Ductile System

Limited Ductility
M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Factors: Block, CB
Block Strength Factor, CB
= 1.0 fm = 4.8 MPa (700 psi) Masonry fm
= (555 / (51.2 + 0.724 fm )) MPa (psi)
for other block strengths, fm in psi CB Factor
1.7 (250) 1.55
A procedure will be developed 2.8 (400) 1.28
for field estimating block
4.8 (700) 1.00
strengths in-situ
6.9 (1000) 0.85
10 (1450) 0.71
A value of 2.8 MPa (400 psi)
may be assumed if no 11.7 (1700) 0.66
information is available
M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Factors: Quality, CQ
Construction Quality
Factor, CQ
= 1.0 average quality
= 1.5 poor quality
See photo-guide to help determine

appropriate factor.
Not intended to capture weak masonry,

see CB factor.
Reduce factor by applying similar

techniques to those included in the
MTPTC Repair Manual.
M.T.P.T.C.
Examples of CQ = 1.5
Visible rebar tree is very short,
Ongoing construction shows poor
detailing
Selective demo to confirm

detailing.
M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Factors: Retrofit, CR
Evaluation/Retrofit Factor, CR
= 0.75 when evaluating an existing structure
= 1.0 when evaluating a proposed retrofit scheme
Operational
Damage
Immediate
Control
Occupancy
Range
New Design
Life Safety Retrofit
Limited
Safety Evaluation
Collapse Range
Prevention

M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Factors: Net Area, CN
Net Area Factor, CN
= 1.0 for 15cm block with 50% to 60% net solid
area, including both webs and flanges
= 0.55 x Gross Area / Solid Area
Example: If block
was solid, then
CN = 0.55
i.e. less wall is
required
M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Factors: Level, CL
Evaluation is required at each level of the building
Level Factor, CL, required to account for different
seismic demands at building levels
Important when there are:
Setbacks, i.e. less weight
Significant reductions in wall area
Used to decide how much, if any, retrofit is required at
upper levels
Cantilevered upper stories must be retrofit per checklist
M.T.P.T.C.
Heavy Roof
Level 1 Story 2 Story 3 Story
Building Building Building
-
3 - 0.39
-
2 0.57 0.67
1 1.00 0.86 0.79
M.T.P.T.C.
Light Roof
-
3 - 0.14
-
2 0.20 0.43
1 0.33 0.50 0.57
M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Factors: Importance, CI
Importance Factor, CI
= 1.0 for the Life-Safety performance level
= 1.5 for the Immediate Occupancy performance level
Typically most buildings are evaluated or retrofit to the

life-safety performance level.
May be desirable to select a higher level for schools,
hospitals, etc. This requires input from MTPTC.
Also requires additional checklist items.
May also require an evaluation of the bracing of the
building contents.
URM is not usually permitted for in seismically active areas,
may want to require CM/IM for Immediate Occupancy level
M.T.P.T.C.
M.T.P.T.C.
Limitations
Applicable for concrete masonry construction
URM, CM or IM with concrete floors/roof and lightweight roofs.
Up to three stories for CM/IM. Does not apply for URM when:
3-story buildings with Sds >= 1.05g
2-or-3-story buildings with Sds >= 1.67g
Minimum WAP required is 2.5%
Applies to life-safety performance level
Propose CI for Important Buildings
Needs MTPTC Review
M.T.P.T.C.
Example1 Plans and Elevation
M.T.P.T.C.
Example Building Layout
Unreinforced Masonry Example
3.6m x 8.1m, two story
Concrete floor and roof, with
second story over front patio
15cm block and columns
fm = 4.8 MPa (700 psi)
Located on flat site in Port Au
Prince, Sds = 1.05g
Calculate Wall Area Percentage

WAPActual = Sum (tw x lt / Ar )
WAPactual = 4.2% longitudinal

= 2.8% transverse
M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Percentage: Required
Calculate basic Wall Area Percentage required
bWAPRequired = Sds x N x WD (Tabulated for convenience)
Sds = Seismicity Factor: Sds = 0.5, 1.05 or 1.67
N = Number of floors
WD = Baseline area percentage = 6.4%, for 4.8 MPa (700psi) block
No. of Elevated bWAP (%)

Levels (Incl. Sds
Roof) Then apply
0.50 1.05 1.67 modification
factors..
3 9.6% 20.1% 32.1%
2 6.4% 13.5% 21.5%
1 3.2% 6.7% 10.7%

M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Percentage: Factors
Calculate required Wall Area Percentage (WAP)
WAPRequired = bWAPRequired x CBCQCRCLCNCI / m
m = Seismic Force Reduction Factor

CB = Block Strength Factor (0.8 to 1.8)
CQ = Construction Quality Factor (1.0 or 1.5)
CR = Evaluation/Retrofit Factor (0.75 or 1.0)
CL = Level Factor (0.5 to 1.0)
CN = Net Area Factor (0.5 to 1.8)
CI = Importance Factor (1.0 to 1.5)
M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Factors: Ductility, m
Vary according to block strength and structural system.
Low fm = lower ductility
URM = lower ductility than CM and IM
m factor may decrease up the building but not increase
Elastic Response
m for
Ductile
m for System
Limited Masonry System
Lateral Force
Ductile
System fm URM CM and IM
Yield
< 10 Mpa 1.25 2.5
Inelastic Capacity
Structural >= 10 Mpa 1.5 3
Response
Displacement Ductile System

Limited Ductility
M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Factors: Block, CB
= 1.0 fm = 4.8 MPa (700 psi) Masonry fm
= (555 / (51.2 + 0.724 fm )) MPa (psi)
for other block strengths, fm in psi CB Factor
1.7 (250) 1.55
A procedure will be developed 2.8 (400) 1.28
for field estimating block
4.8 (700) 1.00
strengths in-situ
6.9 (1000) 0.85
10 (1450) 0.71
A value of 2.8 MPa (400 psi)
may be assumed if no 11.7 (1700) 0.66
information is available
M.T.P.T.C.
Construction Quality
Factor, CQ
= 1.0 average quality
= 1.5 poor quality
See photo-guide to help determine

appropriate factor.
Not intended to capture weak masonry,

see CB factor.
Reduce factor by applying similar

techniques to those included in the
MTPTC Repair Manual.
M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Factors: Retrofit, CR
Evaluation/Retrofit Factor, CR
= 0.75 when evaluating an existing structure
= 1.0 when evaluating a proposed retrofit scheme
Operational
Damage
Immediate
Control
Occupancy
Range
New Design
Life Safety Retrofit
Limited
Safety Evaluation
Collapse Range
Prevention

M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Factors: Net Area, CN
Net Area Factor, CN
= 1.0 for 15cm block with 50% to 60% net solid
area, including both webs and flanges
= 0.55 / RN where RN is the net area ratio for the
block under consideration
Example: If block
was solid, then
CN = 0.55
i.e. less wall is
required
M.T.P.T.C.
Heavy Roof
-
3 - 0.39
-
2 0.57 0.67
1 1.00 0.86 0.79
M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Area Factors: Importance, CI
Importance Factor, CI
= 1.0 for the Life-Safety performance level
= 1.5 for the Immediate Occupancy performance level
Typically most buildings are evaluated or retrofit to the

life-safety performance level.
May be desirable to select a higher level for schools,
hospitals, etc. This requires input from MTPTC.
Also requires additional checklist items.
May also require an evaluation of the bracing of the
building contents.
URM is not usually permitted for in seismically active areas,
may want to require CM/IM for Immediate Occupancy level
M.T.P.T.C.
Example: Two Story URM Evaluation
Basic Wall Area Required
bWAPreqd = 13.4%
Level 1 Adjustment factors
m = 1.25
CB = 1.0 Block is 4.8 MPa
CR = 0.75 Evaluation not retrofit
CL = 0.86
CQ = 1.5 Poor quality
WAPreqd = 10.4%
WAPactual = 4.2% to 2.8%
D/C Ratio = 3.7 Transverse
= 2.5 Longitudinal
D/C Ratio > 1.0
Existing condition is no good
M.T.P.T.C.
Spreadsheet Tool
M.T.P.T.C.
Outline
Introduction
Course Summary
Pre-Test
Background
Checklist
Future Development
Class Exercise
M.T.P.T.C.
Retrofit Schemes: Adjust Factors
Changing the factors:
Test the block to improve the assumed
masonry strength (reduce CB)
Improve masonry quality and/or concrete
detailing (reduce CQ)
Confirm block net area (increase RN)
Remove a upper level (reduce N and CL)
Change the occupancy (reduce CI)
M.T.P.T.C.
Retrofit Schemes: URM to CM
Changing the system
Converting URM to CM:
Adding new structural elements
New walls / thicker walls
Plaster both sides of existing walls
Add Miyamoto concrete overlay
For some buildings, replacement is best.
M.T.P.T.C.
Retrofit Schemes Details
Details for the following
New walls / thicker walls
Plaster both sides of
existing walls
Add concrete overlay
M.T.P.T.C.
Retrofit: Effective Area Factors
New Masonry Effective Area Factor, Km
Existing Masonry When adding new block to
New Masonry fm MPa (psi) existing lower strength block
fm 2.8 (400) 4.8 (700)
4.8 (700) 1.3 1.0
6.9 (1000) 1.5 1.2
10 (1450) 1.5 1.4
12 (1740) N/A N/A
New Plaster Effective When adding plaster to each side

Area Factor, Kp = 0.5 of existing block, max 1.5cm
thickness
New Concrete Effective When adding concrete overlay to one
side of existing block back 7.5 cm
Area Factor, Kc = 1.5
thickness
M.T.P.T.C.
New Masonry Wall Area Adjustment Factor, Km
If Km = 1.5:
=
L 1.5 x L
New Masonry Wall Additional Existing
Masonry Wall
M.T.P.T.C.
New Plaster Area Adjustment Factor, Kp
= 1.5L = L + 0.5 x L
L
Existing Masonry Wall Existing Masonry
With 2.5 cm New Plaster Wall
M.T.P.T.C.
New Reinforced Concrete Overlay Area Adjustment
Factor, Kp
=
L 2.5L = L + 1.5 x L
Existing Masonry Wall Existing Masonry
With 7.5 cm New Wall
Reinforced Concrete
Overlay
M.T.P.T.C.
Aexistingwall 0.15 ( K m Lm + 0.5 L p + 1.5 Lc )
WAPeffective = +
Ar Ar
WAPactual WAPretrofit
M.T.P.T.C.
Retrofit Evaluation
Wall Area Percentage Check

(Retrofit Section)
Checklist Notes
M.T.P.T.C.
Example: Two Story URM Retrofit#1
Level 1: Retrofit adjustments
Add new 0.3m URM walls at patio and interior
Add plaster to selected walls
Infill patio to provide additional walls
m = 1.25
CR = 1.0 Retrofit not evaluation
CQ = 1.0 Average quality (repair made)
CL = 0.86 Average quality (repair made)
WAPreqd = 9.2%
WAPactual = 11.4% Transverse
= 11.0% Longitudinal
= 0.84 Longitudinal
D/C Ratio <= 1.0 OK
M.T.P.T.C.
Add 0.15m new wall with plaster
m = 1.25
CQ = 1.0 Average quality
WAPreqd = 6.1%
= 6.2% Longitudinal
= 0.99 Longitudinal
D/C Ratio < 1.0 Long and Trans
Retrofit condition OK for Level 2
M.T.P.T.C.
Add 0.15m new wall and convert to CM
m = 2.5
CL =0.86
WAPreqd = 4.6%
= 7.1% Longitudinal
= 0.65 Longitudinal
Remove wall at
intersections.
Replace with Tie
Columns
M.T.P.T.C.
Add 0.15m new wall
m = 1.25
CL = 0.57
WAPreqd = 6.1%
= 6.2% Longitudinal
= 0.99 Longitudinal
M.T.P.T.C.
Add 0.15m new wall and convert to CM
Plaster all walls at level1
Strengthen patio columns
m = 2.5
WAPreqd = 4.6%
= 6.1% Longitudinal
= 0.75 Longitudinal
Remove walls at
intersections.
Replace with Tie
Columns
M.T.P.T.C.
Add 0.15m new wall
m = 1.25
WAPreqd = 6.1%
= 6.2% Longitudinal
= 0.99 Longitudinal
Remove walls at
intersections.
Replace with Tie
Columns
M.T.P.T.C.
Example - Retrofit 2
Plans
Retrofit Spreadsheet
Retrofit Costs
M.T.P.T.C.
Outline
Introduction
Course Summary
Pre-Test
Background
Checklist
Future Development
Class Exercise
M.T.P.T.C.
Future Development
Address flexible roof systems
Incorporate input from MTPTC and others
Validate and test before implementation
Monitor early applications
Field measurement of masonry properties
Map-based initial screening
Wall test program
M.T.P.T.C.
Wall Test Facility: Schematic
Reinforced concrete Hydraulic Ram, Hand
or steel tie-beam Pump and Gauge
R.C. Shear
Wall each
side
Reusable Confined Masonry

attachment detail Wall Specimen. Reinforced
at base of column Approximate size concrete
2.7m tall x 3m long footing
Notes:
Not shown: lateral stability bracing, guides,
gravity load mechanism, dial gauges for
deformations.
Section at Section at
Side Wall
M.T.P.T.C. Specimen
Build Change Wall Testing Facility
M.T.P.T.C.
M.T.P.T.C.
M.T.P.T.C.
Outline
Introduction
Course Summary
Pre-Test
Background
Checklist
Future Development
Class Exercise
M.T.P.T.C.
Evaluation and Retrofit: Exercise
Existing CM Building
Two story, heavy roof and
porch
Typical 15cm block
Port Au Prince
Sds = 1.05g
fm = 6.9 MPa (1000 psi)
Average masonry quality
and detailing (1.0)
No existing damage
Evaluate (0.75)
and design retrofit if
required
M.T.P.T.C.
Evaluation and Retrofit, Site Visit
Building 2: Two story Building 1: Two story

Existing URM or CM Building Existing URM or CM Building
Red Tag, Open front Yellow Tag, Poor masonry
Extensive wall damage Irregular configuration
M.T.P.T.C.
Batiment #1, Rez-de-Chaussee
M.T.P.T.C.
Batiment #2, Rez-de-Chaussee
M.T.P.T.C.
Questions and Discussion
M.T.P.T.C.

7 110914PresoMaster E

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Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit

Guidelines for Haitian Masonry

Full Range of Seismic and Structural Engineering

Innovative structural engineering, while promoting seismic

2006 Design of Reinforced Masonry Structures

Credit: Confined Masonry Design Manual: April 2010 Draft

Larger beams and columns Small beams and columns

Credit: Confined Masonry Design

Credit: Confined Masonry Design

ADD PIC OF URM

Did not collapse,

Evaluation and Retrofit Design

Backup utility services maintain

Structure remains stable and has significant Life Safety

Lower Performance / More Loss

Tier 2 Evaluate Deficiencies

Tier 3 Detailed Evaluation

SaW Yield Capacity, or

Designate specific elements

Every other element should

Structure dissipates seismic energy through controlled

No brittle failures occur which could lead to instability

2. Fill in the title block with the following:

4. Use the correct symbols from the legend to represent the

6. Label the front of the house.

7. Draw the dimensions of the following on the plan:

8. Note any other important information, such as the slope, about

Unreinforced Masonry or Confined Masonry?

Define Wall Edges

Locate reinforcement present in wall

Confined Masonry Walls

Required reinforcement for Confined Masonry

Determine Wall Lengths

Required reinforcement for Confined Masonry

Determine Wall Lengths

<0.6m for walls

Map of Haiti showing areas covered by each seismic

SaW Yield Capacity, or

No. of Elevated bWAP (%)

2 6.4% 13.5% 21.5%

1 3.2% 6.7% 10.7%

m = Seismic Force Reduction Factor

Displacement Ductile System

See photo-guide to help determine

Not intended to capture weak masonry,

Reduce factor by applying similar

Selective demo to confirm

Higher Performance / Less Loss

Lower Performance / More Loss

1 1.00 0.86 0.79

1 0.33 0.50 0.57

Typically most buildings are evaluated or retrofit to the

Calculate Wall Area Percentage

WAPactual = 4.2% longitudinal

No. of Elevated bWAP (%)

2 6.4% 13.5% 21.5%

1 3.2% 6.7% 10.7%

m = Seismic Force Reduction Factor

Displacement Ductile System

See photo-guide to help determine

Not intended to capture weak masonry,

Reduce factor by applying similar

Higher Performance / Less Loss

Lower Performance / More Loss