312 APPENDIX C: IDENTIFICATION TABLES

170 150 130 110 90 70 50 30 10 2Vx

Mineral
10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 2Vz

Chabazite .002 - .010

Pigeonite .023 - .029
Gibbsite .012 - .019
Chlorite .000 - .015
Zoisite .005- .020
Natrolite .012 - .013
Heulandite .001 - .011
Riebeckite .006 - .017
Crossite .010 - .016
-1-- Monazite .045 - .052
Pumpellyite .012 - .018
Clinozoisite .004 - .012

--- - Titanite
Sillimanite
.100 - .192
.018 - .022
Augite .018 - .034
Natroapophyllite .008
Pectolite .026 - .039
- Barite .012
Chloritoid .005 - .022
Tridymite .002- .004
Thomsonite .006 - .021
Anhydrite .044
- Norbergite .024- .027

-- - Topaz
Gedrite
.008 - .011
.017- .027
Piemontite .025 - .088
Orthopyroxene .007 - .020
Hornblende .014 - .034
Clay .000- .040

" Celestite
Kieserite
.009 - .010
.064
Colemanite .028
Omphacite .012 - .028
Allanite .013- .036
Gypsum .010

-- Spodumene
Anthophyllite
.014 - .027
.013- .028

_,._,_____ _ (+)---~~1..1 - - - - - (-) --~~-.1

Figure C.1 2Vand birefringence () for biaxial minerais.

 APPENDIX C: IDENTIFICATION TABLES 313

170 150 130 110 90 70 50 30 10 2Vx

Mineral
10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 2Vz

Jadeite .006 - .021

-- - Rhodonite .011 - .021

- Prehnite .020- .035

-~~ Humite .029 - .036
Cummingtonite .020- .045
Sapphirine .005 - .012

' Sulfur .287

.. Carnallite .029
Aegirine-augite .028 - .050
1 -.... Chondrodite .028 - .034
- Clinohumite .028- .041
- Ulexite .026
Cordierite .005 - .016

-- Lawsonite .020
.007 - .013
Plagioclase

Mesolite .001
,__ Staurolite .009 - .015

- -
,__ _,_
Boehmite
Wairakite
.006- .020
.003- .004
Arfvedsonite .005- .016
Olivine .033 - .052
Thenardite .015
-
-----
Diaspore .040- .048
Epidote .012 - .049

--
Tremolite- acti no- .017 - .027
lite
1- Andalusite .009 - .011
,_ Monticellite .012 - .020
- --~ Microcline .005- .008
.009- .014
Axinite
xyhornblende .i - ..3
Chloritoid .005-.022
-
-
-- Richterite
Kyanite
.015 - .029
.012 - .016
--- Kaersutite .019 - .083
Lepidocrocite .057
Kernite .032
Eckermanite .009- .020

,... (+) ., .. (-) _,

Figure C.1 Continued.
314 APPENDIX C: IDENTIFICATION TABLES

170 150 130 110 90 70 50 30 10 2Vx

.,,
10 30 50 70 90 110 130 150 170 2Vz

Serpentine .001 - .010

Trona .126
Nahcolite .206
- Polyhalite .020
- Acmite .040- .060
Orthoclase .005- .008
Margarite .010- .014
- Pyrophyllite .046- .062

- -- Wollastonite .013- .017

- -- Lepidolite
Scolecite
Anorthoclase
Du~ortierite
.018- .038
.007- .010
.005- .008
.011 - .027
--
Katophorite .009- .021
1-
-
--
Stilbite
Muscovite
.006- .014
.036- .049
- -~ Laumontite .008 - .016
High sanidine .005- .008
Glaucophane .008- .029
lo Borax .025
Low sanidine .005- .008
Paragonite .028- .038
Chlorite .000 - .015
Clintonite .012- .015
Chabazite .002- .010
Tale .03- .05
Goethite .080- .140
-- -
--


Biotite
Glauconite
Aragonite
Witherite
.03- .07
.014- .032
.155
.148
- Strontianite .148 - .165
Glauberite .021
Stilpnomelane .030 - .110
? - .... -- ....... ..... ..... .... ? Clinoptilolite .003- .006
,_ __
? - . --- H- ? Palygorskite .020- .035

--lr-----(+)-----1..~- (-)--.-.I
Figure C.1 Continued.
 APPENDIX C: IDENTIFICATION TAHLES 315
Table C.1. Color in thin section

Colorless and Gray Pink and Red Yellow Green Blue and Violet Tao and Brown
ISOTROPIC
Amesite Leucite Fluorite Allanite Amesite Fluorite Allanite
Analcime Nosean Garnet Collophane Berthierine Hayne Chromite
Berthierine Opa! Hematite Fluorite Chio ri te Nosean Clay
Clay Periclase Spinel Garnet Fluorite Spinel Collophane
Collophane Perovskite Volcanic glass Limonite Garnet Sodalite Garnet
Fluorite Sodalite Sphalerite Greenalite Limonite
Garnet Sphalerite Spinel H ydrogrossular O pai
Greenalite SpineI Perovskite Perovskite
Halite Sylvite Serpentine Sphalerite
Hayne Volcanic glass Spinel Volcanic glass
H ydrogrossular
UNIAXIAL ( - )
Ankerite lndialite Anatase Biotite Anatase Anatase Anatase
Apatite Magnesite Corundum Colophane Biotite Corundum Ankerite
Apophyllite Melilite Hematite Melilite Chlorite Tourmaline Biotite
Beryl Nepheline Rhodochrosite Siderite Glauconite Colophane
Calcite Rhodochrosite Tourmaline Stilpnomelane Stilpnomelane Dolomite
Cancrinite Scapolite Tourmaline Vesuvianite Hematite
Chabazite Siderite Vesuvianite Siderite
Corundum Tourmaline Stilpnomelane
Cristo bali te Vesuvianite Tourmaline
D oi omite Vishnevite Vesuvianite
UNIAXIAL ( +)
AI uni te Leucite Cassiterite Cassiterite Cassiterite Cassiterite
Apophyllite Melilite Rutile Melilite Chlorite Chalcedony
Brucite Osumilite Rutile Chloritoid Rutile
Cassiterite Ouartz Vesuvianite Vesuvianite Vesuvianite
Chabazite Vesuvianite Xenotime Xenotime
Chalcedony Xenotime Zircon
Eucryptite Zircon
BIAXIAL (-)
Andalusite Margarite Andalusite Andalusite Acmite Arfvedsonite A emite
Anorthoclase Monticellite Lepidocroci te Anthophyllite Actinolite Axinite Allanite
Anthophyllite Muscovite Orthopyroxene Axinite Aegirine-augite Crossite Anthophyllite
Aragonite Nahcolite Oxyhornblende Geothite Arfvedsonite Dumortierite Arfvedsonite
Axinite Olivine Sapphirine Lepidocrocite Biotite Glaucophane Axinite
Boehmite Orthopyroxene Olivine Chlorite Kyanite Biotite
Borax Palygorskite Richterite Chloritoid Richterite Clay
Chabazite Phlogopite Riebeckite Cummingtonite- Riebeckite Clintonite
Chio ri te Plagioclase Sapphirine grunerite Sapphirine Gedrite
Clay Polyhalite Staurolite Dumortierite Goethite
Clinoptilolite Pyrophyllite Eckermanite Hornblende
Clintonite Richterite Epidote Iddingsite
Cordierite Sapphirine Glauconite Katophorite
Cummingtonite- Scolecite Hornblende Kaersutite
grunerite Serpentine Orthopyroxene Lepidocrocite
Epidote Stilbite Oxyhornblende Orthopyroxene
Glauberite Strontianite Sapphirine Oxyhornblende
Glaucophane Tale Serpentine Stil pnomelane
K-feldspar Tremolite
Kernite Trona
Kyanite Wairakite
Laumontite Witherite
Lepidolite Wollastonite
316 APPENDIX C: IDENTIFICATION TABLES
Table C .1. Continued.

Colorless and Gray Pink and Red Yellow Green Blue and Violet Tan and Brown
BIAXIAL (+)
Andalusite Mesolite Andalusite Andalusite Aegirine-augite Arfvedsonite Aegirine-augite
Anhydrite Monazite Orthopyroxene Anthophyllite Arfvedsonite Crossite Allanite
Anthophyllite Natrolite Piemontite Humite group Augi te Riebeckite Anthophyllite
Augi te Olivine Rhodonite Monazite Chio ri te Sapphirine Arfvedsonite
Barite Omphacite Sapphirine Olivine Chloritoid Augi te
Boehmite Orthopyroxene Thulite Piemontite Cummingtonite- Clay
Carnallite Pectolite Pumpellyite grunerite Gedrite
Ceies ti te Pigeonite Riebeckite Hornblende Iddingsite
Chaba.ihe Plagioclase Sapphirine Monazite Orthopyroxene
Clay Prehnite Sillimanite Omphacite Pumpellyite
Clinozoisite Pumpellyite Staurolite Orthopyroxene Sillimanite
Colemanite Rhodonite Sulfur Pigeonite Staurolite
Cordierite Sapphirine Titanite Pumpellyite Titanite
Cummingtonite- Sillimanite Sapphirine
grunerite Spodumene
Diaspore Thenardite
Gibbsite Thomsonite
Gypsum Topaz
Heulandite Tridymite
Humite group Ulexite
Jadeite Wairakite
Kieserite Zoisite
Lawsonite
 APPENDIX C: IDENTIFICATION TABLES 317
Table C.2. Opaque minerais Table C.4. Indices of refraction of uniaxial minerais

Mineral Color in Reflected Light nw nE Mineral

Graphite Black UNIAXIAL ( - )

Pyrite Pale brassy yellow 1.462-1.515 1.460-1.513 Chabazite
Pyrrhotite Bronze 1.486-1.488 1.482-1.484 Christobalite
Chalcopyrite Brass-yellow to yellow-gold 1.490-1.528 1.488-1.503 Cancrinite
Leucoxene White-gray 1.529-1.546 1.526-1.544 Nepheline
Ilmenite Metallic black 1.531-1.542 1.533-1.543 Apophyllite
Hematite Metallic black with red highlights 1.532-1.607 1.522-1.571 Scapolite
Magnetite Gray 1.540 1.535 Kalsilite
Chromite Gray or brownish gray 1.560-1.608 1.557-1.599 Beryl
Clay Gray-earthy 1.576-1.745 1.543-1.634 Stilpnomelane
1.578 1.560 Indialite
Produced by shining a light on thc top surface of a thin section and 1.587 1.336 Soda niter
obscrving through a convcntional pctrographic microscope. 1. 603-1. 628 1. 598-1. 619 Carbonate-apatite
1.629-1.672 1.624-1.661 Melilite
1.631-1.698 1.610-1.675 Tourmaline
1.633-1.667 1.629-1.665 Apatite
Table C.3. Index of refraction of isotropic or nearly isotro- 1.658 1.486 Calcite
pic minerais 1.679-1.690 1.500-1.510 Dolomite
1.690-1. 750 1.510-1.548 Ankerite
1.700 1.509 Magnesite
n Mineral
1. 702-1. 795 1. 700-1. 775 Vesuvianite
1. 766-1.794 l. 758-1. 785 Corundum
1.43 -1.46 O pai 1.816 1.597 Rhodochrosi te
1. 433-1. 435 Fluorite 1.875 1.633 Siderite
1.470-1.495 Nosean 2.561 2.488 Anatase
1.479-1.493 Analcime 3.15 -3.22 2.87 -2.94 Hematite
1.48 -1.62 Volcanic glass
1.48 -1.65 Clay UNIAXIAL ( +)
1.483-1.487 Sodalite 1.460-1.513 1.462-1.515 Chabazite
1.490 Sylvite 1.461 1.473 Tincalconite
1.494-1.510 Hayne 1.508-1.511 1.509-1.511 Leucite
1.5 -1.6 Chlorophaetite 1.53 -1.544 1.53 -1.553 Chalcedony
1. 508-1.511 Leucite 1.531-1.542 1.533-1.543 Apophyllite
1.544 Halite 1.540-1.547 1.546-1.551 Osumilite
1.58 -1.63 Collophane 1.544 1.553 Quartz
1.59 -1.62 Amesite 1.559-1.590 1.580-1.600 Brucite
1.62 -1.67 Berthierine 1.572 1.586 Eucryptite
1.65 -1.68 Greenalite 1.572-1.620 1.592-1.641 Alunite
1.675-1.734 Hydrogrossular 1.629-1.672 1.624-1.661 Melilite
1. 714-1. 920 Spinel series 1.690-1. 724 1.760-1.827 Xenotime
1. 720-1. 890 Garnet 1. 702-1. 795 1. 700-1. 775 Vesuvianite
1. 735-1. 756 Periclase 1. 920-1. 960 1. 967-2.015 Zircon
1.90 -2.12 Chromite 1.990-2.010 2.091-2.100 Cassiterite
2.0 -2.4 Limonite 2.61 -2.65 2.80 -2.90 Rutile
2.27 -2.40 Perovskite
2.37 -2.50 Sphalerite NOTE: Many phyllosilicatcs may bc sensibly uniaxial, and the carbon-
ates may display ndices intcrmediate betwcen the cnd-mcmbcr valucs.
318 APPENDIX C: IDENTIFICA TION TABLES
Table C.5. lndices of refraction of biaxial negative minerais arranged in order of increas-
ingn~

n na ny Mineral 2Vx()

1.462-1.515 1. 460-1. 513 1.462-1.515 Chabazite 0-30

1.469 1.447 1.472 Borax 39-40
1.472 1.455 1.487 Kernite 80
1.479-1.493 1.476-1.491 1.479-1.497 Clinoptilolite Small to large
1.489-1.507 1.482-1.500 1.493-1.513 Stilbite 30-49
1.49 -1.63 1.48 -1.61 1.50 -1.65 Clay 0-90
1.494 1.416 1.542 Trona 75
1.501 1.377 1.583 Nahcolite 75
1.501 1.498 1.502 Wairakite 75-90
1.512-1.524 1.502-1.514 1.514-1.525 Laumontite 25-47
1.516-1.520 1.507-1.513 1.517-1.521 Scolecite 35-56
1.518-1.530 1.514-1.526 1.521-1.533 Microcline 65-88
1.518-1.530 1.514-1.526 1.521-1.533 Orthoclase 40-70
1.518-1.530 1.514-1.526 1.521-1.533 Sanidine 0-47
1.524-1.534 1.519-1.529 1.527-1.536 Anorthoclase 0-55
1.524-1.574 1.521-1.561 1.527-1.578 Cordierite 40-90
1.530-1.603 1.529-1.595 1.537-1.604 Serpentine Variable
1.531-1.585 1.527-1.577 1.534-1.590 Plagioclase 78-90
1.535 1.515 1.536 Glauberite 7
1.54 -1.56 1.50 -1.52 1.54 -1.56 Palygorskite Variable
1.548-1.585 1.525-1.548 1.554-1.587 Lepidolite 0-58
1.548-1.672 1.522-1.625 1.549-1.696 Biotite 0-25
1.55 -1.69 1.55 -1.67 1.55 -1.69 Chlorite 0-40
1.562 1.547 1.567 Polyhalite 62-70
1.575-1.599 1.538-1.554 1.575-1.602 Tale 0-30
1.576-1.745 1.543-1.634 1.576-1. 745 Stilpnomelane -o
1.58 -1.65 1.56 -1.61 1.58 -1.65 Glauconite 0-20
1.582-1.620 1.552-1.580 1.587-1.623 Muscovite 30-47
1.586-1.589 1.534-1.556 1.596-1.601 Pyrophyllite 53-62
1.594-1.609 1.564-1.580 1.600-1.609 Paragonite 0-40
1.602-1.670 1.588-1.660 1. 613-1. 680 Anthophyllite 65-90
1.61 -1.71 1.60 -1.70 1.62 -1.73 Hornblende 35-90
1.612-1.697 1.599-1.688 1. 622-1. 705 Tremolite- 75-88
actinolite
1.615-1.700 1.605-1.685 1.622-1.712 Richterite 64-87
1.622 1.592 1.623 Minnesotaite Small
1.622-1.66 1.606-1.65 1.627-1.66 Glaucophane 10-45
1.625-1.652 1.612-1.636 1. 630-1. 654 Eckermanite 15-80
1.628-1.652 1.616-1.645 1.631-1.656 Wollastonite 36-60
1. 633-1. 644 1.629-1.640 1.638-1.650 Andalusite 71-88
1.635-1.710 1.627-1.694 1.644-1.722 Gedrite 72-90
1.638-1.709 1. 630-1. 696 1.655-1. 729 Grunerite 82-90
1.642-1.648 1.630-1.638 1. 644-1. 650 Margarite 26-67
1.643-1.709 1.638-1. 700 1.650-1.700 Arfvedsonite 0-90
1.645-1.684 1. 640-1. 681 1.652-1.692 Jadeite 84-90
1. 646-1. 664 1.638-1.654 1.650-1.674 Monticellite 69-88
1.649-1.657 1. 640-1. 648 1. 655-1. 668 Boehmite -80
1. 653-1. 770 1.649-1.768 1.657-1. 788 Orthopyroxene 48-90
1.655-1.662 1.643-1.648 1.655-1.663 Clintonite 0-33
1. 658-1. 688 1.639-1.681 1.660-1.690 Katophorite 0-50
1.660-1.701 1.654-1.694 1.668-1. 705 Axinite 61-88
1.66 -1.70 1.65 -1.69 1.66 -1.70 Crossite 0-90
1. 664-1. 686 1.516-1.525 1. 666-1. 690 Strontianite 7-10
1.67 -1.78 1.65 -1.70 1.68 -1.80 Oxyhornblende 56-88
1.675-1.722 1.655-1.686 1.685-1. 723 Dumortierite 13-52
 APPENDIX C: IDENTIFICATION TABLES 319

Table C.5. Continued.

nfJ na ny Mineral 2Vx()

1.676 1.529 1.677 Witherite 16

1.680 1.530 1.685 Aragonite 18
1. 684-1. 869 1.664-1.827 1.701-1.879 Olivine 46-90
1. 69(}-l.741 1.67(}-l. 707 1. 700-1. 772 Kaersutite 66-84
1.70 1.75 lddingsite Variable
1. 7(}-1. 711 1.69-1.701 1.7(}-l. 717 Riebeckite 45-90
1.700-1.815 1.69(}-l. 791 1.706-1.828 Allanite 4(}-90
1. 703-1. 741 1. 701-1.731 1. 705-1. 743 Sapphirine 47-90
1. 708-1. 734 1. 705-1.730 1. 712-1. 740 Chloritoid 55-88
1. 71(}-1.800 1.700-1. 760 1. 73(}-1.813 Aegirine-augite 7(}-90
1. 719-1.725 l.71(}-1.718 1. 724-1. 734 Kyanite 78-84
1. 725-1. 784 1. 715-1. 751 1. 734-1. 797 E pidote 64-90
1. 74(}-l. 754 1. 736-1.747 1.745-1.762 Staurolite -90
1. 78(}-1.820 1. 75(}-1.776 1. 795-1. 836 A emite 6(}-70
1.807 1.770 1.817 Tephroite 70
2.20 1.94 2.51 Lepidocrocite 83
2.22 -2.409 2.15 -2.275 2.23 -2.415 Goethite (}-27

Table C.6. Indices of refraction of biaxial positive minerais arranged in order of increas-
ingnfJ

n13 na ny Mineral 2Vz ()

1. 46(}-l. 513 1. 46(}-l. 513 1.462-1.515 Chabazite (}-30

l.47(}-1.484 1. 468-1. 482 1.474-1.486 Tridymite 4(}-90
1.474 1.466 1.495 Carnallite 70
1.475 1.469 1.484 Thenardite 83
1.476-1.491 1.473-1.490 1. 485-1. 502 Natrolite (}-64
1.487-1.507 1.487-1.505 1.488-1.515 Heulandite (}-70
1.500 1.499 1.502 Wairakite 8(}-90
1. 504-1. 508 1. 504-1. 508 1.505-1.509 Mesolite -80
1.506 1.493 1.519 Ulexite 73-78
1.513-1.533 1.497-1.530 1.518-1.544 Thomsonite 42-75
1.522-1.526 1.519-1.521 1.529-1.531 Gypsum 58
1.524-1.574 1.521-1.561 1.527-1.578 Cordierite 75-90
1.531-1.585 1.527-1.577 1.534-1.590 Plagioclase 45-90
1.533 1.520 1.584 Kieserite 55
1.538 1.536 1.544 N atroapophyllite 32
1.55 -1.69 1.55 -1.67 1.55 -1.69 Chlorite (}-60
1.56 -1.57 1.56 1.56 -1.57 Clay 5(}-90
1.563-1.579 1.558-1.567 1.582-1.593 Norbergite 44-50
1.568-1.579 1.568-1.578 1.587-1.590 Gibbsite (}-40
1.576 1.570 1.614 Anhydrite 44
1.592 1.586 1.614 Colemanite 56
1.602-1.635 1.592-1.617 1.621-1.646 Chondrodite 71-85
1.602-1.670 1.588-1.660 1.613-1.680 Anthophyllite 58-90
1.603-1.615 1.592-1.610 l.63(}-1.645 Pectolite 35-63
1.609-1.637 1. 606-1. 635 1.616-1.644 Topaz 44-68
1.61 -1.71 1.60 -1.70 1.62 -1.73 Hornblende 5(}-90
1.615-1.647 l .61(}-1.637 1.632-1.670 Prehnite 64-70
320 APPENDIX C: IDENTIFICATION TABLES
Table C.6. Continued.

nfl na ny Mineral 2Vz ()

1.619-1.653 1.607-1.643 1.639-1.675 Humite 65-84
1.623-1.624 1.621-1.622 1.630--1.632 Celestite 51
1. 633-1. 644 1. 629-1. 640 1.638-1.650 Andalusite 71-88
1.635-1.710 1.627-1.694 1.644-1. 722 Gedrite 47-90
1.636-1.639 1.634-1.637 1.646-1.649 Barite 36-40
1. 638-1. 709 1.630--1.696 1.655-1. 729 Cummingtonite 65-90
1.641-1.679 1. 628-1. 668 1.662-1.700 Clinohumite 73-76
1.643-1.709 1.638-1.700 1.650--1. 700 Arfvedsonite 80--90
1. 645-1. 684 1. 640--1. 681 1.652-1.692 Jadeite 60--90
1.649-1.657 1. 640--1. 648 1.655-1.668 Boehmite -80
1.651-1.684 1. 636-1. 664 1.669-1. 701 Forsterite 82-90
1.653-1. 770 1. 649-1. 768 1.657-1.788 Orthopyroxene 50--90
1.655-1.671 1. 648-1. 668 1. 662-1. 682 Spodumene 58-68
1.657-1.662 1.653-1.661 1.672-1.683 Sillimani te 20--30
1.66 -1.70 1.65 -1.69 1.66 -1.70 Crossite 0--90
1. 670--1. 712 1.662-1.701 1.685-1. 723 Omphacite 56-84
1.672-1.753 1.664-1.745 1.694-1. 771 Augi te 25-70
1.674 1.665 1.686 Lawsonite 76-87
1.670--1. 717 1.665-1. 711 1. 683-1. 727 Pumpellyite 10--85
1.684-1. 732 1. 682-1. 732 1.705-1.757 Pigeonite 0--32
1.688-1. 711 1.685-1.707 1.698-1.725 Zoisite 0--60
1.70 1.75 lddingsite Variable
1.70 -1.711 1.69 -1.701 1.70 -1.717 Riebeckite 45-90
1.700-1.815 1.690--1. 791 1. 706-1. 828 Allanite 57-90
1. 703-1. 741 1.701-1.731 1.705-1.743 Sapphirine 66-90
1.707-1.725 1. 703-1. 715 1. 709-1. 734 Clinozoisite 14-90
1. 708-1. 734 1. 705-1. 730 1.712-1.740 Chloritoid 36-72
1.710--1. 800 1.700-1.760 1. 730--1. 813 Aegirine-augite 70--90
1. 715-1. 722 1. 700-1. 702 1.740-1.750 Diaspore 84-86
1. 715-1. 748 1.711-1.739 1. 724-1. 760 Rhodonite 63-87
1. 730--1.813 1. 725-1. 794 1.750-1.860 Piemontite 50-86
1. 740-1. 754 1.736-1. 747 1.745-1.762 Staurolite 80-90
1.778-1.801 1. 777-1. 800 1.823-1.849 Mo nazi te 6-19
1.870-2.034 l. 843-1. 950 1.943-2.110 Titanite 17-40
2.037 1.958 2.245 Sulfur 69
 APPENDIX C: IDENTIFICATION TABLES 321
Table C.7. Birefringence Table C.7. Birefringence Continued.

Relief in Thin Relief in Thin

Mineral Section Mineral Section
UNIAXIAL ( - ) 0.005--0.016 Cordierite L- to L+
0.000--0.003 Apophyllite L+ toL- 0.005-0.022 Chloritoid H+
0.000--0.011 Melilite M+ 0.006-0.014 Stilbite L- toM-
0.001--0.007 Apatite M+ 0.006-0.017 Riebeckite H+
0.001--0.020 Vesuvianite H+ o. 006-0. 020 Boehmite M+
0.002-0.004 Cristobalite M- 0.006-0.021 Jadeite M+
0.002-0.010 Chabazite L- toM- 0.007--0.010 Scolecite L-
0.002--0.025 Cancrinite-vishnevite L- toM- 0.007-0.013 Plagioclase L- to L+
0.003-0.005 Nepheline L+ or L- 0.007-0.020 Orthopyroxene M+ toH+
o. 003--0. 009 Beryl L+ toM+ 0.008-0.016 Laumontite L-
0.004-0.038 Scapolite L+ toM+ o. 008-0. 029 Glaucophane M+
0.005 Kalsilite L+ to L- 0.009-0.013 Andalusite M+
o. 008--0. 009 Corundum H+ 0.009-0.014 Axinite M+ toH+
0.015-0.035 Tourmaline M+ toH+ o. 009--0. 020 Eckermanite M+
0.018 Indialite L+ 0.009-0.021 Katophorite H+
0.030-0.110 Stilpnomelane L+ to H+ 0.010--0.014 Margarite M+
0.073 Anatase VH+ 0.010-0.016 Crossite M+ toH+
0.172 Calcite M- toH+ 0.011--0.037 Dumortierite H+
0.179-0.182 Dolomite L-toM+ 0.012-0.015 Clintonite M+
0.182-0.202 Ankerite L-toM+ 0.012-0.016 Kyanite H+
0.191 Magnesite L- to H+ 0.012-0.020 Monticellite M+
0.219 Rhodochrosite L+ toH+ 0.012-0.049 Epidote H+
0.242 Siderite M+ toH+ 0.013-0.017 Wollastonite M+
0.251 Soda niter H- to L+ 0.013-0.028 Anthophyllite M+ toH+
0.28 Hematite VH+ 0.013-0.036 Allanite H+
0.014-0.032 Glauconite M+
UNIAXIAL ( +) 0.014--0.034 Hornblende M+ toH+
0.000-0.001 Leucite L+ to L- 0.015-0.029 Richterite M+ toH+
0.000-0.003 Apophyllite L- 0.017--0.027 Gedrite M+ toH+
0.000-0.011 Melilite M+ 0.017-0.027 Tremolite-actinolite M+ toH+
0.001-0.009 Vesuvianite H+ 0.018-0.038 Lepidolite L+ toM+
0.001--0.010 Chlorite L+ toM+ 0.018--0.083 Oxyhornblende H+
0.002--0.010 Chabazite L- toM- 0.019-0.083 Kaersutite H+
o. 004--0. 006 Osumilite L+ 0.020 Polyhalite L+
o. 005--0. 009 Chalcedony L- to L+ 0.020-0.035 Palygorskite L- toL+
0.009 Quartz L+ 0.020-0.045 Grunerite M+ toH+
0.010--0.021 Alunite M+ 0.021 Glauberite L-
0.010--0.021 Brucite M+ 0.025 Borax M-
0.013 Tincalconite M- o. 028--0. 038 Paragonite M+
0.014 Eucryptite M+ 0.028--0.050 Aegirine-augite H+
o. 036--0. 065 Zircon VH+ 0.03 -0.05 Tale L+ toM+
0.070-0.107 Xenotime H+ 0.03 --0.07 Biotite L+ toM+
0.09 -0.10 Cassiterite VH+ 0.030-0.110 Stil pnomelane H+
0.15 -0.29 Rutile VH+ 0.032 Kernite M-
0.033--0.052 Olivine M+ toH+
BIAXIAL (-) 0.035-0.040 Minnesotaite M+
0.000-0.015 Chlorite L+ toM+ 0.036-0.049 Muscovite L+ toM+
o. 000-0. 040 Clay L- to L+ 0.040-0.050 Iddingsite H+
0.001--0.010 Serpentine L- to L+ o. 040--0. 060 A emite H+
0.002-0.010 Chabazite L- to M- o. 046--0. 062 Pyrophyllite L+ toM+
0.003-0.004 Wairakite M- 0.047 Tephroite H+
o. 003-0. 006 Clinoptilolite L- toM- 0.057 Lepidocrocite VH+
0.005-0.008 Anorthoclase L- 0.080-0.140 Goethite VH+
0.005-0.008 K-feldspar L- 0.126 Trona L- toM-
0.005-0.012 Sapphirine H+ 0.148 Witherite M+
0.005--0.016 Arfvedsonite H+ 0.148-0.165 Strontianite L- toM+
322 APPENDIX C: IDENTIFICATION TABLES
Table C. 7. Birefringence Continued. Table C. 7. Birefringence Continued.

Relief in Thin Relief in Thin

Mineral Section Mineral Section
0.155 Aragonite L- toM+ 0.014-0.034 Hornblende M+ toH+
0.206 Nahcolite H- to L+ 0.015 Thenardite M-
0.017-0.027 Gedrite M+ toH+
BIAXIAL (+) 0.018-0.022 Sillimanite H+
0.000-0.015 Chlorite L+ toM+ 0.018-0.034 Augite H+
0.001 Mesolite L- 0.020 Lawsonite M+ toH+
0.001-0.011 Heulandite L-toM- 0.020--0.035 Prehnite M+
0.002-0.004 Tridymite M- 0.020--0.045 Cummingtonite M+ toH+
0.002-0.010 Chabazite L- toM- 0.023-0.029 Piemontite H+
o. 003-0. 004 Wairakite M- 0.024-0.027 Norbergite L+ toM+
o.004-0 .008 Clay L+ 0.025-0.088 Piemontite H+
0.004-0.012 Clinozoisite H+ 0.026 Ulexite L-
0.005-0.012 Sapphirine H+ 0.026-0.039 Pectolite M+
0.005-0.016 Cordierite L- to L+ 0.028 Colemanite M+
0.005-0.016 Arfvedsonite H+ 0.028-0.034 Chondrodite M+
0.005-0.020 Zoisite H+ 0.028-0.041 Clinohumite M+
0.005-0.022 Chloritoid H+ 0.028-0.050 Aegirine-augite H+
0.006-0.017 Riebeckite H+ 0.029 Carnallite M-
0.006-0.020 Boehmite M+ 0.029--0.036 Humite M+
0.006-0.021 Jadeite M+ 0.033-0.052 Olivine M+ toH+
0.006-0.021 Thomsonite L- o.040--0. 048 Diaspore H+
0.007-0.013 Plagioclase L- to L+ 0.040-0.050 Iddingsite H+
0.007-0.020 Orthopyroxene M+ toH+ 0.044 Anhydrite M+
0.008 Natroapophyllite L+ to L- 0.045-0.052 Monazite H+
0.008-0.011 Topaz M+ 0.064 Kieserite L- to L+
0.009-0.010 Ceiesti te M+ 0.100-0.192 Titanite H+
o. 009-0 .13 Andalusite M+ 0.287 Sulfur VH+
0.009--0.015 Staurolite H+
0.010 Gypsum L- Relief is based on comparison with cement whose ndex of refraction is
0.010--0.016 Crossite M+ toH+ 1.537. Cements with other ndices of refraction are in common use and
0.011-0.021 Rhodonite H+ may yield relief that is somewhat different than shown here. The index
0.012 Barite M+ of refraction ranges for the different relief categories are as follows:
0.012-0.013 Natrolite M- (+) (-)
0.012-0.019 Gibbsite L+ toM+ L=Low 1.54-1.58 1.50-1.54
0.012-0.018 Pumpellyite H+ M = Moderate 1.58-1.66 1.42-1.50
0.012-0.028 Omphacite H+ H = High 1.66-2.00 < 1.42
0.013-0.028 Anthophyllite M+ toH+ VH = Very high >2.0
O.ot3-0.036 Allanite H+ NOTE: Some phyllosilicates may be sensibly uniaxial and the birefringence
0.014-0.027 Spodumene M+ of some carbonates may be intermediate between the end-member values.
 APPENDIX C: IDENTIFICA TION TABLES 323
Table C.8. Minerais that may display anomalous inter- Table C.11. Normally birefringent minerais that may be
ference colors sensibly isotropic

Anatase Clinozoisite Pumpellyite Allanite (metamict) Leucoxene

Apatite Crossite Richterite Apophyllite Limonite
Apophyllite Eckermanite Sapphirine Chio ri te Melilite
Arfvedsonite Epidote Serpentine Clay Serpentine
Borax Glaucophane Titanaugite Collophane Zircon ( metamict)
Brucite Jadeite Vesuvianite
Chlorite Melilite Zoisite
Clinohumite Prehnite

Table C.9. Isometric minerais that may display anomalous Table C.12. Biaxial minerais that may be sensibly uni-
birefringence axial

Analcime Anorthoclase Gibbsite Riebeckite

Gahnite Arfvedsonite Glauconite Sanidine
Garnet (grossular and spessartine) Biotite Goethite Serpentine
Leucite Chlorite Heulandite Stilpnomelane
Sodalite Crossite Lepidolite Tale
Sphalerite Clay minerais Phengite Zoisite
Clintonite Pigeonite

Table C.10. Tetragonal and hexagonal minerais that may

be anomalously biaxial

Table C.13. Minerais that may produce pleochroic halos in

Analcime Calcite Quartz
surrounding minerais
Anatase Cassiterite Rutile
Apatite Chabazite Scapolite
Apophyllite Cristobalite Vesuvianite Allanite Xenotime
Beryl Corundum Zircon Monazite Zircon
Brucite Osumilite Titanite