Carpentry Notes On Basic Roof Ceiling Framing

Carpentry - Housing
Basic Roof and

Ceiling Framing
CARP11
BASIC ROOF and CEILING FRAMING
Publishing details:
These notes were prepared by
Teachers of Carpentry
TAFE NSW
2003 Edition
NSW TAFE Commission / DET
CONSTRUCTION & TRANSPORT DIVISION
WESTERN SYDNEY INSTITUTE OF TAFE
For Construction and Transport

Division TAFE NSW
Victoria Road
Castle Hill NSW 2154
Ph. (02) 9204 4600
First Published 1999

Second Edition 2003
ISBN 0 7348 1007 5
Construction and Transport Division TAFE NSW, 1999

Copyright of this material is reserved to Construction and Transport Division TAFE NSW
Reproduction or transmittal in whole or part, other than for the purposes and subject to the provision of the Copyright Act, is
prohibited without the written authority of Construction and Transport Division, TAFE NSW
Published by
Construction and Transport Division
Printed and Distributed by

Resource Distribution - TAFE Manufacturing and Engineering Division
TAFE NSW Construction and Transport Division

CARPENTRY - HOUSING
Overview 1
Introduction to Pitched Roof Framing - definitions and roof types 2
PART 1: Ceiling Framing - Introduction to ceiling framing 10
Ceiling trimmers 12
Hanging beams 14
Set Out and Erection of Ceiling Frames 15
Ceiling frame calculations 18
Alternative Ceiling Types 23
Skillion roof construction 25
Lean-to roof construction 26
PART 2: Gable Roofs - parts, proportions and definitions 27
Structural Roof Members 29
Wind bracing 31
Purlins 32
Struts 33
Patent Type Strutting 38
Collar ties 39
Gable Ends 40
Calculating Drop-off 46
Eaves finishes 48
Erection Procedure for the Gable Roof 50
Roof Pitch 56
Setting Out and Cutting Rafters 60
The Steel Square 62
Calculating Frame Quantities 68
78
Glossary of Terms
Further Reading 80

Acknowledgments:
Acknowledgment is due to the following for their permission to reproduce product materials
and copyright materials or for development of this text;
ACE Guttering Pty Ltd - for use of the fascia and gutter details contained in their sales
brochure
Ivanka Susnjara - for desktop publishing and preparation work for printing.
Rob Young - for preparation and editing of these notes, including development of new
graphics.
Special thanks - to Bob Bulkeley for the many years of dedication to research,
development and production of quality resources for use in the area of vocational
education.

CARPENTRY - HOUSING
ISBN 0 7348 1007 5

CARPENTRY - HOUSING
BASIC ROOF
and CEILING
FRAMING
This text introduces subject matter related to ceiling framing and basic roofing.
Reference may be made to Basic Building and Construction Skills, produced by
TAFE and Addison, Wesley, Longman Australia Pty Limited, to re-examine and
reinforce these basic skills.
There are two parts to the text, PART 1 Ceiling Framing and PART 2 Gable
Roofing, which address the following:
Ceiling frames, roof types and terminology are explained, with special reference to
gable roofs. Structural members are detailed and their purpose defined.
Methods for determining lengths of members, setting out, cutting and erection
processes are covered, including eaves construction for various situations and the
various materials used.
The text also covers calculation of members, their lengths, quantities and costs.
Note: Only conventionally pitched roofs are dealt with in this text, as Trussed roofing
will be dealt with in a separate text.
A comprehensive Glossary of Terms is included at the end of the text, which provides
a detailed description of trade terms, technical content and some trade jargon.

1
INTRODUCTION TO PITCHED ROOF FRAMING
Definitions:
Roof: A roof is the weatherproofed upper covering of a building or structure, which is

designed to protect the interior from atmospheric elements such as sun, rain, hail, snow, frost
and wind.
Flat roof: Is a roof with a minimum of slope to allow water run-off, usually with a fall of 1 in
40 but a minimum of 1 in 60. These are usually confined to sheet roofs with the sheets being
full length, no joins, for a slope less than 1 in 40.
Pitched roof: This is a roof with a slope, or pitch, greater than 1 in 12 or 5 degrees. A roof may
have a single pitch, like a skillion, a double pitch, like a gable, or an unequal pitch, where both
sides of the roof have different angles.
Coupled roof: This is where pairs of rafters are attached on opposite sides of a ridge and the
feet are fixed to the wall plate. There is no tie between the feet, allowing the rafters to spread
under load. It is restricted to small span gable roofs, which may be simply coupled.
Close-coupled roof: This is the same as the coupled roof except there is a tie, such as a ceiling
joist, placed between the feet of the rafters. This method is used for most roof construction,
especially for gables with a wide span.
Cut roof: Also known as a conventionally pitched roof, has all of its members cut and
assembled individually. These roofs are made up of separate rafters, ridge, purlins, collar ties,
struts, etc.
Free roof: This refers to any roof, which does not have enclosed walls under it. It is typically
used for a freestanding carport, portico, covered walk-way, lichgate, etc.
Gablets: These are simply small versions of gables. They may be used on the ends of ridges for
ventilation, over a dormer window or as an adornment to the main roof surface.
Monoslope roof: Also known as a Monopitch roof, it is any roof with a continuous slope,
which has no ridge. Skillion and lean-to roofs are monoslope roofs.
Open roof: Any roof, which is not enclosed underneath. Verandah, free roofs and garage roofs
are typically not lined or framed with a ceiling and therefore classified as open roofs.
Shell roof: Made from a thin self-supporting and curved structural membrane used over long
spans. Precast, prestressed concrete is commonly used for this construction.
Southlight roof: Generally refers to the vertical glass of a sawtooth roof, which faces south to
allow glare-free light to enter the building.
Umbrella roof: This is a roof placed over a structure, but does not form part of the structure.

2
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
THE ROOF
The roof, and roof covering, makes up a large part of the external fabric of the building. It may
be designed and constructed to create a picturesque roofscape using a variety of materials or
they may be very plain and use only one type of material.
The design of roofs has changed dramatically from the early part of the 20th century where
common features included ornate gables, gablets, turrets, spires, crested ridge capping, finials,
vents, and complex chimneys decorated with terracotta pots.
These steeply pitched and highly decorative roofs have given way to the modern low pitched,
plainly coloured roofs of today commonly seen in most new housing developments.
Roofing materials such as glazed and unglazed terracotta, slate and fibro have been generally
superseded by concrete tiles and Colorbond roof sheeting.
As with most styles in building, the older types of design eventually become incorporated into
contemporary design, or make a comeback, therefore methods of development and construction
of roof types should not be forgotten.
Fig. 1 Complex older style roofs

3
TYPES OF ROOFS
There are many styles of roof, most of which are made up from variations on specific types.
Some of these roof types are described below:
A-frame: This is a steeply pitched roof,

which forms a shape similar to the
letter A. More commonly used
in snow areas to allow the snow to
slide off easily, rather than have it
add excessive load to the roof
frame.
Wall of cottage
A-Frame
Bellcast: This is a roof, which changes its

pitch to a lower pitch or angle near
the eaves. It is commonly used
where the main roof pitch meets
the lower pitch of a covered
balcony or verandah.
Bellcast
Clerestory: This is a roof having two levels Clerestory

separated by a row of windows, Windows
which provide light and/or
ventilation to the rooms below. It
gets its name from the upper part
of a church nave, which is the
main source of light.
Clerestory
Deck: This roof type takes the form of a Flat section

truncated or cut-off top pyramid with a handrail
around
with a flat or near flat section in
perimeter
the middle. This may occur where
a hip roof has a deck or landing on
top, with a handrail around it, used
for entertaining or an observation
deck.
Deck

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CARPENTRY - HOUSING
Gablet
Dutch gable: This is a hip type roof with small
gables or gablets at either end of
the ridge. It may also be referred to
as a half-hipped roof or a
Gambrel.
Dutch gable
Gable: This is a roof with a double pitch

and vertical ends. It may also be
used as an add-on to a main roof in
the form of gablets over entries or
simply decorating the main roof
surface in the form of a dummy
gable.
Gable
Gablet
Gambrel roof: This is similar to the Dutch gable
having gablets at either end of the
ridge on a hip roof. In recent times
the size of the gablet has increased
providing a more distinctive style
of roof surface.
Gambrel
Half-pitch : This refers to a roof, which has a Boxed gable end

pitch angle where the rise is equal
to the half span of the roof, i.e.
forms a 45 angle.
Half-pitch

5
Gables on
Helm : This is a pyramidal roof, having a Four sides
square base, with four gables
connected at the bottom horizontal
position. The remaining roof
surfaces are diamond-shaped. This
type of roof was commonly used
for spires on square towers.
Helm
Hip or Hipped: This is a roof with four sloping

sides on a rectangular base. The
ends are triangular in shape and the
sides form a trapezoidal shape.
Hip or Hipped
Valley
Hip & valley: This is basically a hip roof, which Hip
is T or L shaped on plan. The
ridge lines are the same height for
the main and extended roof
sections.
Hip & Valley
Broken hip
(Broken) Hip & Again it is similar to the hip &
valley: valley type except the ridge(s) of
the extended sections are not at the
same height as the main roof. This
creates a shortened or broken hip
used to link the minor ridge to the
major ridge.
Broken Hip & Valley

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CARPENTRY - HOUSING
Hyperbolic This is a form of shell roof

paraboloid: construction, which has raised
diagonally opposite corners on a
square base. This creates a convex
curve between the low corners and
a concave between the high ones.
They have been used for small
architecturally designed airport
terminals and swimming centre
shade roofs. Hyperbolic paraboloid
Jerkin head: This is a roof, which is hipped Hip end

from the end of the ridge half way
down to the eaves, and gabled from Gable end
half way to the eaves. It is also
sometimes called a Hipped gable
or a Clipped gable.
Jerkin Head
Mansard: This is similar to a hipped roof

except all four sides have a double
pitch. Each side has a steeply
sloping section up from the eaves,
then the top section flattens out up
to the ridge. It was named after the
French architect Francois Mansart,
who died in 1666. It has also been
referred to as a Curb roof or a
French roof.
Mansard
Monitor: This is a portion of a roof, which Window

has been raised up above the main area
roof, usually flat, with continuous
vertical glazing around the
perimeter for natural lighting.
Mainly used for industrial
buildings.
Monitor

7
Monoslope: Also known as a Monopitchroof,

it is any roof with a continuous
slope, which has no ridge. Skillion
and lean-to roofs are monoslope
roofs.
Monoslope
Pyramid: This is a roof with square or other

regular polygon shaped base, with
all hips being equal and
converging at a pointed apex.
Pyramid
Sawtooth: This is a made up of a series of Glass along

connected monoslope roofs, which vertical
appear to be sawtooth-shaped faces
when viewed from the end. The
shape is a series of right-angled
triangles connected at the base or
trough with a common box gutter.
The vertical face is usually glass
to allow natural light to enter.
Commonly used for commercial
and industrial work.
Sawtooth
Station: This type of roof is typically used

for train and bus stations where
the roof is to cantilever past
supports on both sides to provide
shelter.
Station

8
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
Troughed: This is a double-pitched roof with

a valley between the two surfaces.
This roof is also referred to as a
"Valley Roof" or a "Butterfly
roof".
Troughed
Tudor: This is a steeply pitched roof,

usually a gable style, with dormer
windows on one or both sides.
Tudor
Fig. 2 Typical modern combination style hip and gambrel roof

9
PART 1 : CEILING FRAMING

INTRODUCTION TO CEILING FRAMING
The ceiling frame is the horizontal area between the top of walls and the roof, which is
designed to enclose the room by providing a dust barrier, insulation and security.
The frame consists of ceiling joists, ceiling trimmers, hangers and hanging beams. This system
is designed to tie-in with a conventionally pitched skillion, gable or hip roof.
Note: The ceiling frame of a trussed roof is made up of the bottom chords of the individual
trusses and does not require additional ceiling joists, hangers or hanging beams.
Ceiling joists
These are the horizontal members with ends that rest on top of the wall plates. They carry the
ceiling sheets, and provide a lateral tie between the feet of opposing rafters to form a strong,
coupled frame. They may be nailed or bolted to the rafters.
They are spaced at maximum centres of 450 mm and 600 mm depending on their stress grade,
section size and thickness of ceiling lining being used. They may be joined in length over a
wall or under a hanger, where the join can be supported.
Refer to AS 1684 for sizes and stress grades.
Vertical
deflection
Ceiling Joist
X1 +X2 = lateral deflection
FAILURE UNDER LOAD STABILITY UNDER LOAD
Fig. 3 Position and purpose of ceiling joists
Ceiling joist fixed

next to rafter position
CEILINGS JOIST FIXED TO TOP RAFTER FIXED NEXT TO CEILING JOIST

PLATE
Fig. 4 Placement and fixing of ceiling joists

10
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
CEILING TRIMMERS
These are short lengths of ceiling framing material, fixed at right angles between ceiling joists,
placed at the same maximum spacings as the joists.
They are designed to:

Provide fixing for the ends of ceiling sheets and cornices;
Provide fixing for the top internal wall plates; and
Provide continuous lateral stability for the ceiling frame once hangers are fixed.
Ceiling Joists
Trimmers
Top plate to
internal wall
Fig. 5 Placement and fixing of ceiling trimmers over an internal wall.

11
Patent type metal connectors may be used to provide a secure load-bearing connection between
hangers and ceiling joists, which is particularly useful when work or an inspection is to be
carried out inside the roof space in the future. The connectors are fixed on alternate sides, every
second joist, to assist in preventing the hanger from overturning.
Hanger
Ceiling joist
JOIST STRAP TRIPLE GRIP (Trip-L-grip) CEILING DOG
Fig. 8 Final fixing of joists to hanger with typical patent connectors
When very deep, narrow hangers are used it may be necessary to fit a timber brace or hoop iron
strap to the ends to prevent the hanger from twisting or rolling over. Alternatively, if the end of
the deep hanger runs past the face of a hip end rafter or gable stud it may be bolted to it.
Hoop iron strap Timber batten
Solid blocking
Solid blocking
Top wall plate
Top wall plate
Fig. 9 Methods used to prevent rolling and twisting of hangers

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CARPENTRY - HOUSING
Where hangers run across ceiling

joists with the end protruding past the Approved metal strap Hanger
line of the rafters, as would occur at Hanger bolted to rafter Rafter
the end of a hip roof, the load is Ends cut to roof pitch
transferred to the wall plate via a
ceiling trimmer. The top end of the
hanger is bolted to the rafter and then
the hanger is strapped to the ceiling
trimmer.
Note: The end of the hanger is cut to Ceiling dog

the pitch of the roof before being fixed Ceiling joist
into place. Trimmer
Top plate
Trimmer
support
to hanger
Approved
metal
connector
Bolted joint
Fig. 10 Method of supporting end of hanger

13
Hanging beams
A hanging beam, also known as a counter beam, runs at 90 to the line of hangers and supports
them where their length exceeds the allowable span. The hangers are cut onto a bearing cleat on
either side of the hanging beam to allow continuous support for the length of the room. The
ends of the hanging beam are packed up slightly to allow for deflection. The section size and
stress grade will be greater than the hanger. Refer to AS 1684 for stress grades and section
sizes.
Note: The roof frame must not be supported off hangers or hanging beams unless designed and
specified by a structural engineer
Hanger checked out
Hanger
over hanging beam
Ceiling dog or other

Underside of ceiling approved fastener
joists adjusted to a
common level Ledger
Hanging/Strutting beam packed
SECTION at end support points to allow
for deflection
Hanger
Hanging
beam
Ledger
Packing
Reinforcement blocking
Fig. 11 Method of supporting the ends of hangers onto a hanging beam

14
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
SET OUT AND ERECTION OF CEILING FRAMES
The set out of the ceiling frame is based on the set out for the roof rafters. Whether the roof
type is a gable or a broken hip and valley the set out of the rafter positions is carried out first so
the joists may be fixed alongside.
Procedure
STEP 1 Check the top wall plates for straight and that the wall frames are square overall.
Gable:
Mark the positions of the gable end rafters, at each end, then working from one end
set out the positions of the common rafters, in-to-over, at the specified maximum
spacing, i.e. 450 or 600 mm.
Place a mark on one side, R or X to represent the position of the rafter and a J
on the other side to represent the position of the joist.
Note: Ends are trimmed later at

90 to the ceiling joists to provide
fixing for the ceiling sheets.
Top wall
plates
00
006 Top plate
06
60
Gable end rafter
position for a flush gable
Joist
Common
rafter
TYPICAL DETAIL
Fig. 12 Setting out plates for a gable roof
Hip:
Measure in the distance equal to the half span from both ends. This represents the
centre line of the centring rafters. Measure half the rafter thickness on either side of
this line and place an R between the two outside marks. Place a J on one side of
the rafter position to show the joist position.
Repeat this process for the other end of the roof, and then work from the centring
rafter to the end of the walls marking rafters, in-to-over, at the maximum spacings.
Mark rafter positions at both ends of the roof working from the centre to the outside.
Finally, start from the centring rafter position at one end and mark rafter spacings to
wards the other centring rafter, until the spacings run out. Mark these with an 'R' or
'X' and then place a 'J' beside them to show joist positions.

15
Centre line position

of hip roof members
CL
00
006
06
00 60
06
0 60
60
Top plate
60
0 Joist
60
06
00
Centring
sp an
an sp Rafter

C
L
TYPICAL DETAIL
Fig. 13 Setting out plates for a hip roof
STEP 2 Cut all ceiling joists to length and fix into position by double skew nailing the ends.
Cut and fix ceiling trimmers to ends and above internal walls, which run parallel to
the joists.
Internal walls
Ceiling joists fixed beside
rafter positions
End trimmers may

be laid flat to allow
for rafter over
Top wall plates
Ceiling trimmers fitted

over internal walls
End of ceiling trimmed to take ceiling sheets and

cornice
Fig. 14 Fix ceiling joists and ceiling trimmers into position for a Gable roof

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CARPENTRY - HOUSING
STEP 3 Fit hangers to the centre of the ceiling joist length over each room as required.
Hangers are joined over internal walls and should be blocked off the top wall plate
equal to the depth of the ceiling joists. Where ceiling trimmers are close to the
required hanger position they may be used as the means of blocking.
Note: Hangers may be run continuously over walls, but it may be more economical
to treat each room separately and reduce unnecessary cost by using smaller
sectioned members where possible.
Cut the end to suit the

pitch of the roof, for a
hip roof.
Smaller sectioned Ceiling dogs on

hangers over short alternate sides
spans of hanger
End of deep hanger

strapped with hoop
iron and supported
on a ceiling trimmer
End of hanger bolted to

gable stud to prevent
twisting, for a gable roof
Fig. 15 Fix hangers into position for the ceiling of a Gable or Hip roof
Note: Where hangers are over their allowable length, hanging beams may be required to
support them at mid span.
Refer to AS 1684 - 1999 Part 2, for all member section sizes, spacings, spans and stress grades.

17
CEILING FRAME CALCULATIONS
The basic procedures are similar to that used for wall framing.
Once a system is adopted and formulae are identified it will be necessary to gather the
following details for calculation purposes:
Plan - This will be required so the dimensions of rooms can be identified to allow
a cutting list of material to be formed; and
Specification or The specification or AS 1684 tables will provide section sizes and stress
Tables - grades of framing members.
METHOD OF CALCULATING FRAME QUANTITIES
Joists - Where possible the joists should run the short dimension of the room, but
should always be placed to tie the feet of the rafters for the length of the
roof.
Calculate the ceiling joists for each room separately.
Formula = (width of room) - 1 (as there is no 1st joist)
Max. spacing
Length of joists = internal room length + (2 x wall plate width)
Ceiling trimmers are calculated separately.
Ceiling Allow for ceiling trimmers where ever internal or external walls run paral-
Trimmers - lel to the ceiling joists.
Calculate each wall separately.
Formula = (internal room length of wall) - 1 (as there is no 1st trimmer)
Max. spacing
Length of trimmers = maximum spacing of joists (2 x joist thickness)
Hangers - Allow one hanger at 2100 mm maximum centres, unless otherwise speci-
fied.
Length of hangers = internal room width + (2 x wall plate width)
Hanging beam- Placed where the length of the hanger is greater than its maximum allow-
able span. (as per tables or specification)
Length of hanging beam = between supporting walls + (2 x plate width)
Hanger / joist Type as per specification.

connectors - Allow one per ceiling joist for each row of hangers, per room.

18
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
WORKED EXAMPLE FOR CEILING FRAME QUANTITIES and COSTS
The following worked example provides details of how the quantities are arrived at and how
the individual materials are presented and costed.
Details are as per plan and specification based on AS 1684 - 1999 Part 2.
SPECIFICATION
Joists - 150 x 38 sawn Oregon F8 at 600 mm max. c/c (max. 3.6m continuous span)
Joists are to be joined on a hanger where they exceed 3.6m in length.

Where joists are joined on hangers the joins should be staggered, if possible.
Trimmers 100 x 38 sawn Oregon F5 at 600 mm max. c/c
Hangers - Hangers to be spaced at max. 3600 mm c/c
Max. span Section size (mm) Stress grade Material

(mm)
5400 240 x 45 F27 Seasoned hardwood
3000 190 x 35 F11 Seasoned hardwood
Hanging beams - Not required.
Hanger / joist Allow one for each joist, per hanger, per room.
connectors - Fit ceiling dogs on alternate sides for the length of the hangers.
Material costs - Material Cost
150 x 38 F8 sawn Oregon $ 4.20/m

100 x 38 F5 sawn Oregon $ 3.10/m
240 x 45 F27 Hardwood (seasoned) $19.20/m
190 x 35 Hardwood (seasoned) $12.45 /m
Ceiling dogs $ 0.55/ each
Fig. 16 Typical plan of frame for a brick veneer cottage

19
Ceiling joists
Length = internal room length + (2 x wall thickness) + (100 mm for laps if required)
Number = width of room 1

Max. spacing
Room A1 = 5250 1 = 91 = 8
600
Max. span is 3600 mm, therefore join joists on the hanger in the centre of the room;
Length = 6700 + 200 + 100 for join = 3.5m
2
Order - 16 / 3.6
Room A2 = 4200 1 = 71 = 6
600
Length = 3400 + 200 = 3.6m
Order 6 / 3.6
Room A3 = 2650 1 = 51 = 4
600
Length = 4200 + 200 = 4.4m
Order 4 / 4.5
Room A4 = 4200 1 = 71 = 6
600
Length = 3200 + 200 = 3.4m
Order 6 / 3.6
plus = 2650 1 = 51 = 4
600
Length = 2400 + 200 = 2.6m
Order 4 / 2.7
Order = 150 x 38 sawn Oregon F8 4/ 4.5, 28/ 3.6, 4/ 2.7

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CARPENTRY - HOUSING
Ceiling trimmers
Length = max. spacing (2 x joist thickness)
Number = length of wall 1

Max. spacing
Room A1 = (6700 1) x 2 walls = (12 1) x 2 = 22
600
Room A3 = (4200 1) x 2 walls = (7 1) x 2 = 12

600
Room A4 = (2400 1) = (4 1) = 3
600
Length = 600 (2 x 38) = 524 mm
37 x 0.524m = 19.4m
Order = 100 x 38 sawn Oregon F5 1/ 6.0, 3/ 4.5
Hangers
Required as per specification.
Length = span of room + (2 x wall plate width)

Room A1 = 5250 + ( 2 x 100) = 5450 = 1/ 5.7
Order = 240 x 45 seasoned hardwood F27 1/ 5.7
Room A3 = 2650 + ( 2 x 100) = 2850 = 1/ 3.0
Order = 190 x 35 seasoned hardwood F11 1/ 3.0
Connectors
Allow one per joist, per hanger, per room

Room A1 = 16
Room A3 = 4
Order = 20 ceiling dogs

21
Cost sheet

22
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
ALTERNATIVE CEILING TYPES
Flat Roof Construction
Generally, the construction for a flat roof combines the roof frame and ceiling frame to form one
structure, which carries the load of the roof and the ceiling linings.
A flat roof is one which is pitched at less than 10 or has a slope of less than approximately 1in 6.
To allow for this extra load the rafters/ceiling joists are increased in section size and stress grade.
They normally have a single span and are lined on-the-rake, either on top or under the rafters.
The roof surface is covered with full-length sheets of corrugated iron, metal tray or decking
sheets, clear or coloured fibreglass sheets and/or clear or coloured polycarbonate sheets.
Batten
Sarking
Trimmer
Solid blocking
Rafter
Stud
Top plate
FLAT ROOF CONSTRUCTION SMALL SLOPE PROVIDED
Solid Metal tray decking

Blocking
Fascia
Sarking
CeilingTrimmer
Barge Internal
board wall
Trimmer Rafter
Batten Top plate
CONSTRUCTION DETAIL
Fig. 17 Flat roof construction
To provide a fall for the roof covering, where the ceiling frame is to be level, different thickness
battens may be used. These are referred to as grading battens. The batten at the guttering end is
the thinnest and the other battens gradually increase in thickness to the high end of the roof. This
may require some battens to be laid on their flat, some on their edge and some may need to be
checked-in slightly to achieve the correct height, at the nominated spacing.
To prevent sideways movement of the ceiling frame members, solid blocking is provided where
the joists span more than 2100 mm. Ceiling trimmers are fixed the same as for gable and hip
roofs where the internal walls run parallel to the joists.

23
CONVENTIONALLY LINED CEILING:

Batten thickness
graded to provide
Fall
fall
Metal tray decking
Vapour barrier sarking

insulation
Solid blocking where span
exceeds 2100
ALTERNATE FINISH LAY-IN PANEL INFILLS TO CEILING:
Fall
Metal tray decking
Batten thickness graded to

provide fall to roof gutter
Vapour barrier, sarking, insulation

laid loosely over joists
Metal tray decking

EXPOSED JOISTS CEILING:
Fall
Batten thickness
graded to provide
fall to roof gutter
Sarking lapped and taped

Sheets joined over a joist
Fig. 18 Various methods used to line ceilings

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CARPENTRY - HOUSING
Skillion Roof Construction
This type of freestanding roof/ceiling frame is usually constructed by having the wall frame at
one end of the building higher than the other end. Internal walls running parallel to the end
walls would be built at different heights, depending on their location in the building. Walls
running at 90 to the end walls would taper in height to fit under the sloping rafters/joists.
This type of roofing system may also have its ceiling lined on-the-rake or be fitted as a false
ceiling and placed level, as shown below:
RAKED CEILING
LEVEL CEILING
Fig. 19 Basic design of the skillion roof/ceiling system
The simplest method of marking the skillion rafters/ceiling joists is to scribe them over the
supporting plates in position. Once cut they are spaced at the maximum centres, to suit the
battens and roof sheets, and then fixed into position by double skew nailing to the plates.
They are also connected to the plates with patent metal connectors to prevent wind uplift
forces.
Rule (first position) Rafter rested on wall plates
Mark Rule (first position)
Stud Rule
Mark
(second position)
High wall
Rule
(second position)
Low wall
Notching at top
Notching at foot
Eave width
Eave width
Fig. 20 Practical method of marking rafters/ceiling joist

25
Lean-to Roof Construction
This type of roof system is constructed

against an existing wall or other roof
structure. Attached to wall
It is mainly used for simple extensions, under eaves
carports, awnings, verandahs, etc. and
provides an alternative to re-pitching the
existing main roof to cover the extra room or
space.
The ceiling finish may be one of the
following:
Top of rafters may
i) The rafters and the covering may be left be lined with fibrous
cement sheeting to
exposed for a carport, verandah, awning, improve appearance
etc;
ii) The ceiling may be fixed to the underside

of the rafters, making it a raking ceiling; or
i) OPEN, EXPOSED RAFTER TYPE
iii) A separate ceiling frame or false ceiling
may be installed to give a level ceiling line.
Adjoining high wall Abutting main roof
ii) ENCLOSED, LINED RAKED CEILING iii) ENCLOSED, LINED LEVEL CEILING
Fig. 21 Various methods used to line a lean-to roof/ceiling

26
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
PART 2: GABLE ROOFS
The gable roof is classified as being double-pitched and one of the simplest roof forms, due to
the fact that all rafters in the roof are exactly the same length and have the same bevels.
Gables are best suited for use on buildings or structures with a simple quadrilateral shape,
which is typical of the freestanding car garage, most outbuildings, lichgates (or lychgate),
porticos, etc.
They may also be used in a modified form, such as a gablet, to enhance the surface of any other
roof type or may also be used as a means of providing light and ventilation to a room or roof
space. Many modern roof designs use dummy gables to enhance plain designs or to break up
large areas of straight roof surface.
In a conventionally pitched gable roof there are many individual members, which have specific
structural roles to perform. Each member is reliant on the next to form an unyielding structure
and at the same time provide a framework for the roof covering.
PARTS, PROPORTIONS and DEDINITIONS
Span: This is the horizontal width of the roof, measured overall the wall plates.
Half span or This is the horizontal distance measured from the centre of the ridge to the
Run of rafter: outside of the wall plate. It is also the plan length of the rafter.
Centre line This is measured along the top edge of the rafter taken from the centre of
length of the ridge to plumb over the outside of the wall plate. It is equal to the length
rafter: of the hypotenuse of the right-angled triangle formed by the rise and half
span.
Hypotenuse: This is the sloping length of a right-angled triangle.
Rise: This is the vertical distance between the X-Y line and where the
hypotenuse meets the centre of the ridge.
X-Y line: This is an imaginary horizontal line, which passes through the position
where the outside of the walls is plumbed up to meet the hypotenuse or top
edge of the rafter. It is used to identify the centre line positions to calculate
rafter set out length and the rise of the roof.
Plumb bevel: This is the angle found at the top of the right-angled triangle, formed by the
rise, half span and top of rafter edge. This bevel is used for the angled cut
on the top end of the common rafters.
Level bevel: This is the angle found at the bottom of the right-angled triangle, formed by
the rise, half span and top of rafter edge. This bevel is used for the angled
cut on the foot of the common rafters, where they rest on the wall plates.
27

28
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
Eaves width: This is the horizontal distance measured between the outside face of the
wall frame, for a timber-framed cottage, or the outside face of the
brickwork, for a brick veneer and cavity brick cottage, to the plumb cut on
the rafter end .
Eaves This is the distance measured along the top edge of the rafter from the
overhang: position plumb up from the outside of the wall frame, where the X-Y line
passes through the hypotenuse, to the short edge of the plumb cut on the
end of the rafter.
Birdsmouth: This is a right-angled notch taken out of the lower edge of the rafter, where
it rests on the top wall plate. The purpose of the birdsmouth is to locate the
bottom of the rafter over the wall plate and to provide an equal amount
left-on so the top edges of the rafters will all be the same. This is only
necessary when rough sawn timber is used. The depth of the notch should
not be greater than /3 the width or depth of the rafter, to prevent it from
being weakened.
Height of the This is the vertical distance taken from the top of the wall plates to the top
roof: of the rafters where they butt against the ridge.
Note: this should not be confused with the Rise of the roof.
STRUCTURAL ROOF MEMBERS

COMMON RAFTERS
These are the main sloping members, which all have the same length, running from the wall plate
to either side of the ridge. They are spaced at 450 to 600 mm centres for tiled roofs, and up to
900 mm centres for sheet roofs. They support the roof battens, which in turn support the roof
covering.
The rafters may be set out using a variety of methods, which include use of the steel square, full
size set out and by calculating length.
Since the rafters are all the same lengths, they are usually set out from a pattern. This pattern has
the cutting length, plumb cuts and birdsmouth marked on it to allow for consistent accuracy
during repetitive mark transfer.
Note: Section size, timber species and stress grades for rafters may be obtained from AS 1684.
Ce
n tr
e
Tru line l
e l e eng
ng th Tru
th o
o f f ra f t of o e len
raf e ver gth
te r r han
g
X Y
Fig. 23 Set out of the common rafter

29
True length of reduction

for thickness or ridge
Allowance for
Plumb bevel plumb cut
Level bevel
Birdsmouth notch
Thickness of
ridge on plan
PLUMB LEVEL LEVEL BEVEL
Fig. 24 Bevels for the common rafter
RIDGE
Usually a deep and narrow member, it is the highest member of the roof, which runs
horizontally for the length of the roof. It must be level and parallel to wall plates, for the length
of the roof with the rafters being nail-fixed onto it on opposite sides.
Gable roofs may be very long, therefore the ridge may require one or more joins to create a
continuous length, as shown below:
SCARF JOINTED CLOSE BUTT JOINTED
Scarf jointed at Joint spliced with

Ridge
abutment of rafter full depth timber
pair Rafters fish plates each
side, 25 mm thick
Fig. 25 Methods of joining ridge boards
Before the roof is erected, the ridge is set out (usually on one side only) to suit the position of
the rafters. The easiest way to set out the ridge is to lay the ridge on top of the completed
ceiling frame, over the external wall plate, and transfer the rafter positions onto the ridge board.
This ensures the rafters will be parallel and consistent with the positions marked along the wall
plate.

30
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
Rafter positions marked

onto ridge
Ceiling joists
Fig. 26 Setting out the rafter positions onto the ridge board
WIND BRACING
Wind bracing is designed to prevent any

movement of the roof, or racking out of
plumb. Wind forces on the gable ends
usually cause racking.
Effect of racking of the roof
Inclined brace Gable

Bracing of the roof frame may be done by Ridge rafter
having two opposite 45 timber braces from
the ridge onto an internal load-bearing
wall, normally using 75 mm square timber.
45
Alternatively, the roof frame may be

permanently braced using metal speed Chock
bracing over the surface of the frame.
Temporary bracing may also be inclined, as Top plate

shown, or be diagonally fixed under the
rafters from the ridge to the external wall Stiffner
plate. Fig. 27 Inclined wind bracing

31
PURLINS
Purlins, also called underpurlins, are fixed to the underside of the rafters parallel to the ridge
and wall plates. They provide continuous support under the rafters, similar to bearers under
joists in a floor frame.
They are normally spaced at 2100 mm centres, but this will depend on the section size and
stress grade, including the section size and stress grade of the rafters.
210
0m
ax
21
00
m ax
Fig. 28 Spacing of purlins
Halved scarfing
Joining purlins
Purlins are supported by struts at 2100 mm
centres, depending on the section size and
stress grade, with an additional strut under
any join. Purlin
The most common method of joining is to
Strut
half-lap and nail together. Joints may also be
Rafter
cleated to prevent spreading by using timber
or metal connector plates.
Fig. 29 Joining purlins over a support
Positioning purlins
Rafters sighted for straight prior
Purlins are positioned by measuring up from to nailing off
the wall plate, the desired spacing, on the
underside of the end rafters, and marking the Purlins cramped
top side of the purlin thickness. A string line to rafter
or chalk line is run through and a temporary 75mm nail
75 mm nail driven into the underside of
every third rafter. The purlin is lifted into
position and pulled hard up against the
temporary nail, clamped and double skew Desired spacing
nailed. up from wall to
Note: Each rafter is sighted for straight centre of purlin
before being nailed to the purlins.
Fig. 30 Joining purlins over a support

32
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
STRUTS
These members are placed under the purlins to transfer the roof load to the internal load-bearing
walls, strutting beams or between other struts or supports.
There are several strutting systems used for roofing, as follows:
Inclined and Flying or Fan struts
These struts are cut around the purlin and run at 90, or as near as possible, to the underside of the
purlin to the top of a load-bearing wall or strutting beam. Chocks are placed behind the foot of the
strut to prevent it sliding under load. Flying or Fan struts are chocked at the top as well by fixing
blocks onto the face of the purlin, on the outside edge of the strut.
Alternatively, they may be bolted through the purlin or have a spreader bolted across the face to
prevent them sliding apart under load.
Solid timber struts are normally 75 x 75 mm, however this will depend on the stress grade, length
of strut and imposed roof load. The following table provides a guide for imposed roof loads,
which will assist in the selection of strutting material:
TABLE 1
MASS OF ROOF MATERIALS
TYPE MATERIAL Approx. MASS in kg/m
Steel sheet 0.76 mm thick 10.0
0.55 mm thick 6.0
Aluminium sheet 1.2 mm thick 5.0
Roof tiles Terra-cotta 58.0
Concrete 54.0
Pressed metal 7.5
Fibre cement (F.C.) Corrugated sheet 16.0
Flat shingles 15.0
Unseasoned hardwood 38 x 75 battens at 900 mm c/c 3.2
25 x 50 battens at 330 mm c/c 3.8
Seasoned pine 35 x 35 battens at 330 mm c/c 2.0
Average mass of metal roof covering and battens is approx. 15 kg/m; and
Average mass of tiled roof covering and battens is approx. 60 kg/m.
Note: The size of struts should be based on AS 1684 - 1999 Part 2
Rafters
Rafter
Chock
Chock
Purlins Alternative
spreader bolted
Inclined Strut to struts Chock
Chock Chock
Flying Struts
Chock
Load-bearing
Load-bearing
wall
wall
ELEVATION SECTION ELEVATION SECTION
SINGLE INCLINED STRUT FLYING OR FAN STRUTS

Fig. 31 Common strutting methods

33
Fitting struts to various angles

It may not be possible to fit the struts at exactly 90 to the underside of the purlin, therefore the
following adjustments may be made:
Rafter Rafter
90
'x' Small variations 'Y' Small variation
permitted (approx. permitted (approx
or truly or truly vertical)
perpendicular)
D
Top of strut
must reach at
least to top
B edge of purlin
B
A A C C
Struts Struts
'A' Not less than 44 mm C' Not less than 38 mm
'B' Not less than 25 mm and not over 38 mm measured at 'D' Not over 12 mm
bottom of purlin
STRUT PERPENDICULAR TO RAFTER STRUT VERTICAL OR 'PLUMB' TO RAFTER
2/2.5 x75 mm nails

Strut
Not less than 5 nails
at least twice length
of chock thickness
Low angle chock
flat strutting
Studs Stiffener
'Z' Any angle from 0 upwards, provided that the

strut is not flatter than 1 vertical to 2 horizontal units
NOTE: Long chock required to prevent slip caused
for a roof slope of 1:2, or 1 vertical to 1.5 horizontal
by greater thrust
units for a roof slope of 5:12
LOW ANGLE FLAT STRUT
Not less than 3 nails

Strut
at least twice length
of chock thickness
Perpendicular
or steep angle 2/2.7x75 mm nails
strutting
E
E
Top wall plate
E' Not less than 38 mm, but not more than width of
strut. NOTE: Short chock required due to a more direct
load to the wall
FLAT STRUTTING STEEP ANGLE PERPENDICULAR STRUT
Fig. 32 Methods of fitting struts

34
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
Supporting struts over internal walls

It is preferable to position struts directly over studs, however as this is not always possible the
load must be distributed in an alternative way. This may be achieved by strengthening the plate
either between or over the studs with additional blocking.
Also, where struts are placed at a low or flat angle, it will be necessary to fit a block, referred to
as a chock, behind the foot of the strut to prevent it from sliding under load.
Chock with not Top wall plate reinforced

less than 3 nails at over two studs. Stiffener
Strut least twice length 50mm thick, full width of
of chock thickness wall plate
Top wall plate
Intermediate blocking to
stiffen top plate
NOTE: Avoid strutting between studs
STRUT BEARING BETWEEN STUDS ALTERNATIVE STIFFENING METHOD
Top plate locally reinforced to Braces, 38mm

distribute load over two or thick, full stud
more studs width
NOTE: Avoid strutting over openings
STRUTTING OVER DOOR OPENINGS ALTERNATIVE STIFFENING METHOD
Lintel deemed to be a Strut landing only if Preferred strut

strutting beam. Refer to unavoidable landing over a
AS 1684 stud
STRUTTING OVER AN OPENING
Fig. 33 Methods of reinforcing top wall plates for struts

35
Scissor struts
These struts consist of deep-sectioned timber members supported over external walls and
bolted where they cross in the centre of the roof space.
They are designed to transfer the roof load to the external walls where there are no internal
walls for support or the internal walls are non load-bearing.
12 Bolt, nut and 20 Bolt, nut and washer

washer or well nailed
Spacer block
Underpurlin
Scissor struts
NOTE: Scissor struts must be
kept clear of hangers Hanger
Hanger
20 Bolt, nut and washer to
spliced joint of tie member
Fig. 34 Full scissor type strutting
If there is internal support available, but would cause an inclined strut to be too flat to be
effective, then a half scissor may be used.
20 Bolt, nut and washer to top

connection. Use 20 for all other
connections.
Half scissor strut
Strut
Regular purlin Tie member required where

strutting ceiling joist can not be used
as bottom chord of truss
Fig. 35 Half scissor type strutting
Note: The foot of the scissor struts must be bolted

to a rafter, and preferably a ceiling joist as well, Common rafter
and bolted together where they cross over in the Scissor strut
centre of the roof. If ceiling joists are not full
length they should also be bolted together where
they lap over a wall, to prevent the external walls 15
min
spreading under load.
20
Section sizes and stress grades should be taken bolt
from AS 1684 - 1999 Part 2
Ceiling joist
(tie member)
Fig. 36 Bolt connection detail

36
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
Strutting beams
An alternative to using scissor struts over large room spans would be the use of large timber or
steel strutting beams.
They are usually placed parallel to the ceiling frame hangers, but must not rest on any part of
the ceiling frame. To achieve this the ends must be packed up at least 25 mm above the ceiling
joists, which allows for any deflection.
In some situations the hanger and strutting beam may be the one member, but the member
should comply with AS 1684 tables or be designed by a structural engineer to cater for the
additional load.
The following materials may be used for strutting beams:
Solid timber (hardwood or softwood with the correct stress grade);
Horizontally laminated timber (similar to Glulam beams);
Vertically laminated timber (similar to L.V.L. beams);
Boxed beams (made from plywood); and
Steel beams (either Universal channels, U.C., or Universal beams, U.B.)
Note: Refer to AS 1684 for section sizes and stress grades of timber members. If deep solid
timber is used, it should be seasoned to reduce the risk of shrinkage. Most timber species over
175 mm deep will shrink excessively.
12mm max
Rafter
Purlin Purlin
Inclined Strut
38mm min
Chock
Plumb strut
Deep strutting beam
25mm clearance to
allow for deflection
Ceiling joist
STRUTTING BEAM RUNNING STRUTTING BEAM RUNNING

PARALLEL WITH HANGER PARALLEL WITH HANGER
Fig. 37 Positions of strutting beams
An alternative position for the strutting beam is directly under the rafters, which are notched
over it as if it were another wall plate. The plumb struts under it would then rest on an internal
load-bearing wall.
See
adjacent
detail Strutting Beam
beam
Birdsmouth to Plumb
rafter provides strut
secure seating
to beam
Fig. 38 Alternative strutting beam position

37
PATENT TYPE STRUTTING
Super Barap
This is a patent type of strutting system used where conventional strutting methods cannot be
used or it will be too expensive to use them. These patent struts consist of steel saddle brackets
at either end connected by a 12 mm diameter steel rod and a centrally located adjustable
fulcrum. They may be used under purlins, rafters, hips or valleys to provide the required
support where sagging or excessive deflection of the member has or may occur.
This system operates similar to a truss as it is made up of ties, which are in tension, and a strut,
which is in compression. They may be purchased through hardware stores or direct from the
manufacturer.
Note: See manufacturers brochure and specification for further details and fitting instructions.
Maximum span 2 fulcrums

Purlin 6.700m
Adjustable
Saddle bracket fulcrums Saddle bracket
Tie rod
Strut Strut
Maximum span 1 fulcrum
Purlin 5.500m
Saddle bracket
Saddle bracket Tie rod
Adjustabl
Strut e fulcrum Strut
Fig. 39 Patent type Super barap strut/brace
Cable truss
This is another very effective patent type system, similar to the Super Barap, which uses two
tensile steel cables instead of a solid steel rod. Each cable is made up of 7/ 1.6 mm wire
strands. The truss may also be fitted with an additional adjustable fulcrum or strut for use on
longer members. The ends of the cables must be bolted within 200 mm Max. of the end
supports.
To calculate the length of the truss, measure the distance between the bolted ends and add 80 to
150 mm to allow for the cables to run over the single or double fulcrums.
Note: See manufacturers brochure and specification for further details and fitting instructions.
'Tyloc'
plates and
bolt Rafter Purlin
Support
block
Adjustable
Twin wire support
fulcrum
system
Fig. 40 Patent type Cable truss/strutting system

38
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
COLLAR TIES
They are light sectioned horizontal members used

for additional support, like spreaders, to prevent
Common rafter
the rafters from sagging at the purlin position.
These are fixed to alternative pairs of rafters, i.e.
at 900 to 1200 mm spacings, and placed on top of
the purlins running parallel to the ceiling joists.
They may be half scarfed around the face and Collar-tie half
scarfed or bolted
edge of the rafters and nail fixed with 2/75 mm to rafter
nails.
Underpurlin Strut
Alternatively, they may be run past the face of the
rafters and be bolted to them at both ends using a
single 10 mm Min. mild steel, cuphead bolt.
Fig. 41 Collar tie fitted to rafter over purlin
Note: The size of collar ties depends on the stress grade and length of timber used. As a guide,
they are normally 75 x 50 or 125 x 38 F5 to F7 up to 4200 mm long, and 100 x 50 or 125 x 38
F5 to F7 over 4200 mm long. Refer to AS 1684 for specific details.
Placed every 2nd pair of rafters,

900 to 1200 mm apart
Fig. 42 Placement of collar ties in the roof frame

39
GABLE ENDS
There are three main methods used to finish the ends of gables:
1. Flush gable with no eaves;

2. Flush gable with raked eaves; and
3. Boxed gable.
Flush gables (no eaves)
The end of the gable is flush or in-line with

the outside face of the end wall. The end of
the roof has no overhanging eaves, only a
barge fixed flush with the outside of the end
wall. This finish may be applied to timber
framed cottages, where the walls are clad with
boards or sheeting, or to brick veneer and
cavity brick cottages, where the brickwork
runs to the underside of the roof covering.
The triangular section formed between the top

of the standard wall frame and the underside
of the rafters is framed with stud material,
spaced at the same centres as the wall frames,
fixed on flat or on edge.
Fig. 43 Flush gable
Gable studs for cladding fixing or

trying to brick work.
Fig. 44 Framed flush gable

40
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
Flush gables with raked eaves
The gable finish for this type is similar to that

of a gable with no eaves. The main difference
is the end of the roof frame is extended past
the end wall to form an eaves overhang, which
is lined on the rake.
The ridge and top wall plates may be extended
to provide support for the gable rafters. Where
the overhang is particularly wide or the length
of the gable rafters is excessive, the purlins
may also be extended to provide additional
support.
Where the raked ends are required to adjoin

level side eaves, the ends of the eaves are
usually boxed to allow the raked section to
terminate neatly. Fig. 45 Flush gable with raked eaves
Rafters
Gable
stud
Trimmers
Trimmer Top
plate
Wall
stud
Fig. 46 Framing for eaves lined on-the-rake

41
Framing variations for raking eaves
The top wall plates may be extended to take

the gable rafters.
It is only necessary where the ends of the side
eaves are to be boxed, which will allow the
raked gable eaves to terminate neatly.
Note: It is necessary to extend the ridge for

this method as well.
Stiffener to
support extended
top plate
Fig. 47 Extended top plate
When the eaves width at the gable ends is

excessive, i.e. say greater than 450 mm, or the
unsupported length of the gable rafter is
excessive for the section size of rafter, then it
may be necessary to extend the purlins on both
sides to support the mid length of the gable
rafters.
Also, with some roof design or when the eaves

are lined on top of the rafters, it is desirable to
Trimmers or
expose the framing members. outriggers
(this was a typical method used for the
Bungalow style of cottage during the
Federation period)
Fig. 48 Cantilevered gable framing
Gable rafter
To provide continuous raked eaves with no
framing members visible, it will be necessary
to place cantilevered trimmers to support the
gable rafters. Purlin
These trimmers, also known as outriggers, are

either checked into the rafters on their flat or
will be supported on-edge over the gable end
wall frame, which has raking top plates. Short
rafter trimmers are then cut between them to
provide fixing for tile or roof sheet battens.
Fig. 49 Extended purlin

42
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
Boxed gable
A boxed gable occurs where it is desirable to

have level eaves on both sides and ends of the
roof. The face of the boxed gable may be clad
with the same material as the end wall, but may
also be featured by cladding with an alternative
material finish.
The fascia may be returned level around the

corner or the barge may extend to the outside
of the gutter and have a small timber bellcast
added to the top edge.
The end of the boxed gable is framed up with

gable studs, eaves trimmers and a full width
bottom chord or tie, to allow for fixing of the Fig. 50 Boxed gable
cladding and eaves soffit lining.
Soffit lining
Ridge
Fascia
Purlin
Ceiling joist
Ceiling
trimmers
Top plate
Gable cladding
Soffit Gable stud
bearer
Batten for
fixing Plates and purlins extended
for support
Fig. 51 Framing for a boxed gable

43
Verge finishes
The verge is the section at the end of the gable roof where the roof surface meets the barge or
verge board. The type of finish will depend on the roofing material used and the finish required.
Tiled roofs may have a coloured mortar pointed verge, which is laid on a narrow fibre cement
(F.C.) strip, it may be covered with purpose made barge cover tiles or the tiles may be cut against
a pre-formed barge soaker. In recent times, the Colorbond barge soaker has become the
preferred method of finishing the verge as it does not require any maintenance.
Metal sheet roofs may also have a barge soaker or may be fitted with a covering pre-formed
Colorbond barge capping.
Screw Fixing Clip and/or

Pop Clip bracket fixing
rivet
Vapour
barrier
Fig. 52 Metal barge capping profiles
Steep
Standard ridge tiles angle
ridge
Tiles bedded and Barge cover tiles

pointed
Fibrous cement strip Reflective foil insulation/sarking
Fig. 53 Pointed verge Fig. 54 Barge tiled verge
Ridge capping End cap
Vapour
barrier
Barge capping
Fixing clips
NOTE: Metal barge capping may also
be used on the verge of tiled roofs Gutter bracket
Fig. 55 Metal barge capping to verge Fig. 56 Matching barge and gutter

44
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
Colorbond patent verge finishes
In recent years the method of finishing the verge for gable roofs has changed. New metal fascia
and barge profiles provide an alternative to using primed fascia boards. They are attached
directly to the ends of the rafters or outriggers, using special brackets, and the gutter or barge
soaker is attached to them.
The benefits of using these Colorbond products is that they do not require painting, they are
not susceptible to decay caused by leaking gutter joints, they do not cup or twist, they are
available in a full range of popular colours and they are relatively simple to fit.
The Colorbond metal barge is attached using barge rafter brackets and then the Colorbond
metal barge soaker is placed over the top. The benefit of using the barge soaker removes the
need to bed and point the verge, which eventually cracks and becomes loose over time.
The following details were supplied courtesy of ACE GUTTERS PTY LTD.
Barge Soaker
Steel Fascia
mm
26
180mm 10mm
70mm
28mm
97mm
16mm
95mm
mm
36
Straight Joiner Barge Apex Barge Mould L.H. & R.H.

Barge Rafter Bracket Cover
Fig. 57 Barge, soaker, and accessories

45
CALCULATING DROP-OFF
The finished height of the brickwork is determined by the height of the timber frame and the
drop-off needed to give the eaves width required. In turn the pitch of the roof and the head
height of the windows influence the eaves width and drop-off.
Where eaves soffit finishes above the head of the windows, the space may be infilled with
brickwork or with timber framing and cladding material.
The drop-off measurement is taken vertically from the top of the wall plate to finished height of
the brickwork. The purpose of the drop-off measurement is to provide the bricklayer with a
finished height, in relation to the height of the wall frame, to allow an even gauge to be set out
on the storey rod.
Note: In a brick veneer cottage with a suspended timber floor, the brickwork is normally
completed to the underside of the bearer and then the brick gauge is calculated to drop-off
level.
Same Roof Pitch

30 Same Roof Pitch 30
Drop-off
Drop-off
Smaller eaves width
Larger eaves width
SMALLER DROP-OFF LARGER DROP-OFF

(HIGHER WALL) (LOWER WALL)
Larger Roof Pitch Smaller Roof Pitch
30 22
Smaller eaves width Larger eaves width
SAME WALL HEIGHT SAME WALL HEIGHT
Fig. 58 Details showing how drop-off affects the width of the eaves

46
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
Method used to calculate drop-off
To calculate the amount of drop-off, it will be necessary to use the mathematical process known
as trigonometry, which deals with the measurement of sides and angles of triangles, i.e. sine,
cosine and tangent.
The method required to calculate drop-off is tangent or simply Tan, when:
Tan = opposite side (Note: Use the Tan button on a scientific calculator)
adjacent side
= the known angle of the triangle or the pitch of the roof, e.g. 30, 22.5, etc.
Example 1:
Find the drop-off measurement for a brick veneer cottage with a roof pitched at 30 and a
required eaves width of 400 mm.
Formula = Tan = opposite side

adjacent side
Depth of birdsmouth
Tan 30 = opposite side
400 + 110 + 40
20
Tan 30 = opposite side
550
Drop-off
To find the opposite side, transpose the
formula by cross multiplying to allow
the unknown measurement, 30
i.e. opposite side, to be on its own:
Tan 30 x opposite side

1 0.550
= (opposite side x 1) = ( Tan 30 x 550) 400 110 40
To find Tan 30, insert 30 into the

calculator and then press the Tan button. Fig. 59 Detail of eaves
The answer will equal 0.577350269.
Reduce this to 3 decimal places and use it
for the remainder of the calculation, i.e.
0.577
opposite side = 0.577 x 0.550

0.317 m or 317 mm
The total drop-off as measured from the top of the wall plate to top of the brickwork will be:
317 + 20 (which is the depth of the birdsmouth) = 337 mm

47
EAVES FINISHES
There are a number of ways to frame and

finish eaves. Types include simple boxed level
eaves, lined on-the-rake eaves, eaves lined on
top of rafters or combinations of these.
The level framing members, running between Soffit
the wall and fascia, are referred to as soffit bearers
bearers or eaves sprockets. They are spaced at Fascia
450 to 600 mm centres to provide fixing for
the eaves soffit lining, which may be timber Lining to eaves soffit
boarding or more commonly 4.5 mm thick
fibre cement sheeting joined with a PVC Fig. 60 Framing for level or boxed eaves
jointer.
Barge board
Fibrous cement strip
Trimmer
Trimmer
Rafter
Tile batten
Anti-ponding
strip
Fascia
Soffit bearer
Eaves
soffit
Fig. 61 Framing for raking gable end meeting boxed eaves
Fig. 62 Raked side eaves

48
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
Eaves soffit clearance
Where timber eaves framing passes over face brick walls, as in brick veneer construction, an
allowance for frame shrinkage must be provided.
If no clearance is allowed, the top course/s of brickwork may be cracked or even dislodged
when the timber shrinks causing the eaves framing to drop, which will allow the roof load to
bear directly onto the brickwork. When unseasoned, or partly seasoned, timber is used it will
continue to dry out causing a reduction in its section size. Timber shrinks in width, thickness
and to a much lesser extent, its length. Unseasoned timber with a width of more than 175 mm
will shrink excessively, i.e. up to 10 mm for every additional 25 mm of width in some cases.
This shrinkage usually occurs in the width of bearers, joists, lintels and in the thickness of the
top and bottom plates. (Stud length is relatively unaffected)
Therefore, a clearance of 12 mm minimum is to be allowed between the underside of the eaves
soffit bearer and the top of the brickwork.
Note: No clearance is required for cavity-brick construction or where timber frame

construction is used on its own or when the timber framing is fully seasoned. Shrinkage does
not occur in steel framing or when manufactured products such as structural particleboard,
LVL or Hyspan are used.
12 mm min to allow
for shrinkage of
Brick veneer framing
Fig. 63 Eaves soffit clearance
Material shrinkage
causes frame to drop
End of soffit
Result of no bearer drops with
clearance. Top frame
course tilts
under load
Fig. 64 Effect of frame shrinkage on brickwork

49
ERECTION PROCEDURE for the GABLE ROOF
Ceiling dogs on
After the ceiling frame is totally complete and alternate sites of
the rafters have been set out and cut, follow hanger
the steps below:
Smaller sectioned
hangers over short
spans
End of deep hanger

strapped with loop iron
and supported on a
ceiling trimmer
End of hanger bolted
to gable stud to
prevent twisting
Fig. 65 Completed ceiling frame
STEP 1 Measure the length of the ridge and cut to length or join lengths together, as
previously shown.
Note: Allow extra length for gable overhang as required.
Lay the ridge on flat and place the top edge flush with the ends of the ceiling joists.
Using a square, transfer the rafter positions onto the edge of the ridge and square them
down the face of one side.
Rafter positions
marked onto
ridge
Ceiling
joists
Fig. 66 Setting out rafter positions on the ridge board

50
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
STEP 2 Erect a pair of rafters for each end of Temporary nail

the roof. Nail the feet of each pair to
the plate with the plumb cut ends
butted together.
Place a temporary nail at the top of

each pair of rafters for stability. Ridge
Push ridge up
Lift the ridge up between the rafters between rafters
until it is flush with the top edge, or flush with tops
to a marked straight line, then nail Ridge
through from one side into the end of
one rafter with 2/ 75 mm nails. Skew nails
Align the opposing rafter and skew

nail from the opposite side using
2/ 75 mm nails.
This rafter is nailed first,

from the other side
Fig. 67 Fixing the first pairs of rafters to the ridge
STEP 3 Plumb one end and attach a temporary brace, to prevent racking, and then attach a
string line along the top of the ridge to ensure it remains straight while the remaining
rafters are nailed into position.
Note: Provided all rafters are exactly the same lengths and the side wall plates are
straight, then the ridge should automatically finish straight.
Block Ridge
String line
Checking block
Marked rafter positions
Ceiling joists
Block
Rafter
Top plate
Temporary brace
Studs
Fig. 68 Fix off the remaining rafters

51
STEP 4 Set out and fix purlins into position as required, then cut and fix the struts for the
whole roof.
Set out, cut and fix collar ties on top of purlins, bolting or nailing them as required.
Rafter
Collar tie scarfed

around rafter
Purlin
Inclined strut
Fig. 69 Complete the assembly of the structural frame
STEP 5 Fit permanent wind bracing. This may be in the form of opposing timber braces onto
an internal wall or metal speed bracing over the surface of the rafters.
Inclined opposing
wind braces
Speed bracing
Fig. 70 Types of permanent wind bracing

52
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
STEP 6 Cut and fix gable studding into place to suit wall stud spacings and sheet cladding
joins.
A pair of rafters and a bottom chord or tie forms the boxed gable frame. The studs
are cut around the rafters and tie.
Raked eaves on a gable end have the addition of a raking plate on either side, fixed
under the line of the rafters. Outriggers are supported on these raking plates with
short trimming rafters cut between them, for rafter continuity.
Gable studs checked out around

the rafter and tie
Bottom chord or tie
Eaves
trimmers
Gable studs placed at centres equal to wall framing or sheet

cladding joins
Fig. 71 Boxed gable studding and framing complete
Rafter trimmers cut

between outriggers
Outriggers
Gable studs
cut onto top
plate Raking plate for
fixing of cladding
Gable studs spaced at centres equal to wall framing or sheet

cladding joins
Fig. 72 Gable end studding and framing complete for raked eaves

53
STEP 7 To determine the eaves width, it will be necessary to calculate the drop-off position,
unless these dimensions are given. Refer to previous details.
Set out and mark the line of the overhang by measuring horizontally from the
outside of the wall frame. Plumb a line down the face of the rafter ready to cut.
Mark the face of the

rafter
550
Fig. 73 Marking the width of the eaves
STEP 8 Plumb a line down, the same distance out, at the other end of the roof. Drive in two
temporary nails on the top edge of the end rafters and attach a string line.
Work along the rafters marking plumb down from the string line with a spirit level.
String line
plumbed
down
Fig. 74 Marking the ends of rafters to a line

54
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
STEP 9 After the ends of the rafters have been cut plumb to a straight line and the eaves
soffit bearers fitted, cut and fit the timber or metal fascia ready to receive the
gutter.
The top of the groove should be in-line with the top side of the eaves soffit sheet.
The top of the fascia will project above the top edge of the rafters to provide a
bellcast. The bellcast ensures that the first course of tiles will have the same pitch
as the remainder of the roof and the distance above the rafters should be equal to
the thickness of a tile batten plus the thickness of one tile.
Soffit bearers
fitted from fascia
to wall frame
Fascia double skew

nailed to prevent it from
being easily pulled off
Top of groove
flush with
Fig. 75 Fitting the fascia ready to receive gutters
STEP 10 Once the fascias are fitted and the gable ends are clad, cut and fix timber barges or
Colorbond metal barge soakers.
The bottom edge of the timber barge is fixed flush with the bottom edge of the fascia
and run past the fascia to enclose the end of the gutter. They will require a timber
bellcast infill piece to be attached to the top edge.
Barge attached to
gable rafter
Quad gutter
fitted to fascia
Timber fillet
placed on top
to form a
bellcast
End of eaves boxed
Fig. 76 Fitting the barge to enclose the end of the gutter

55
ROOF PITCH
All pitched roofs are based on the same simple geometric shape, the right-angled triangle. In
the case of the gable roof this shape is found on one side formed by the rise, run or half span
and centre line length of common rafter top edge.
The right-angled triangle shape contains one 90 angle and two complimentary angles, which
make up another 90. Therefore, the angles within a right-angled triangle will equal 180.
60
E th Same size, shape
N US r leng and proportions on
or Rise of roof
TE fte
PO ne ra both sides of the
HEIGHT
Y
H e li
tr roof
Cen
or Complimentary
angles
30 90
BASE
or Run of rafter
Fig. 77 Proportions of the right-angled triangle in a gable roof
PITCH
The pitch or slope of the roof surface may be calculated using one of four common methods:
Rise
1 Unit
Half span = 3 units 30
Pitch is specified as a ratio, i.e. 1:3, or Pitch is measured at the foot of the rafter in
as the Rise per metre run, i.e. 333:1000 degrees.
Fig. 78 Roof pitch or slope given as a ratio Fig. 79 Roof pitch or slope given in degrees
Rise
Rise 1 Unit
Half Span
Span = 3 units
Span
The rise is given as an actual measurement,

Specified as a fraction of the span,
e.g. Rise = 2700 mm. e.g. Pitch = 1/3
Fig. 80 Roof pitch or slope given as a fixed rise Fig. 81 Roof pitch or slope given as
fractional pitch

56
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
CALCULATING ROOF PITCH
The two main methods used to determine roof pitch are:
1. Degrees; and
2. Pitch ratio.
Degrees
This method involves the same process as for calculating the drop-off, i.e.
Tan = opposite side (Note: Use the Tan button on a scientific calculator)
adjacent side
= the known angle of the triangle or the pitch of the roof, e.g. 30, 22.5, etc.
The calculated proportions are then used to determine the length of the rafter when used with
the Pythagorean formula, i.e. a = b + c
Example 1:
Find the length of the hypotenuse, or rafter centre line length, when the pitch of the roof is 30
and the plan length, half-span or run of the rafter is 2700 mm.
STEP 1 Formula = Tan = opposite side

adjacent side
= Tan = opposite side
30 2700
STEP 2 To find the opposite side, transpose the formula by cross multiplying to allow the
unknown measurement, i.e. opposite side, to be on its own:
Tan 30 x opposite side

1 2700
= (opposite side x 1) = ( Tan 30 x 2700)

To find Tan 30, insert 30 into the calculator and then press the Tan button.
To find
The Tanwill
answer 30, insert
equal 30 into the calculator and then press the Tan but
0.577350269.
The answer will equal 0.577350269. Reduce
Reduce this to 3 decimal places, i.e. 0.577, thisit for
and use to 3the
decimal places
remainder and
of the
it for the remainder of the calculation, i.e. 0.577
calculation.
= opposite side = 0.577 x 2.700
= 1.558m
The length of the opposite side or the rise of the of the triangle = 1.558m

57
STEP 3 Use the Pythagorean formula to calculate the centre line length or hypotenuse of the
triangle, i.e. a = b + c, when:
a = hypotenuse;
b = run or plan length; and
c = rise.
= a = 2.700 + 1.558
= a = 7.29 + 2.427
= a = 9.717
STEP 4 To find a on its own, it will be necessary to find the square root ( ) of 9.717.
Therefore, enter 9.717 on the calculator and then press the button.
= 9.717
= 3.117m
The centre line length of the rafter or the hypotenuse of the of the triangle = 3.117m
Note: The centre line length of the rafter is taken from the centre of the ridge to plumb over the
birdsmouth. The length of the eaves overhang may be calculated in the same way and then
added to 3.117 or the original run or plan length of the rafter may be increased to include the
eaves width, which will allow the total cutting length to be calculated in one go.
Pitch ratio
This method involves the use of a ratio, i.e. rise : metre run, to provide the proportions of the
triangle or roof. The ratio is equal to the pitch of the roof, e.g. 30 = 1: 1.732, which means for
every 1.0m of rise there will be 1.732m of run or plan length.
This ratio, of 1 : 1.732, is converted to a rise in millimetres to a run of 1 metre, as follows:
= 1.000
1.732
= 0.577m or 577 mm.
This means that for every 1.0m of run there

0.577 (1.000)
will be 577 mm of rise.

(Rise)
This is the same as a roof with a 30 pitch, as

Tan 30 = 577 mm.
30
1.000 (1.732)
(run, plan length of rafter or half span)
Fig. 82 Proportions of the ratio shown on the triangle

58
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
The benefit of using a pitch ratio, rather than working from degrees, is that a true length of
rafter per metre run of rafter can be established and used as a constant for calculating the length
of any rafter, with any half span or run, having the same pitch ratio:
Example 2:
Find the length of the hypotenuse, or rafter length, when the pitch of the roof is 1:1.732 and the
plan length, half-span or run of the rafter is 2700 mm.
STEP 1 Rise per metre run = 1.000
1.732
= 0.577m
STEP 2 Length of = a = b + c
hypotenuse
a = 1.000 + 0.577
a = 1.0 + 0.333
Therefore, a = 1.333
= 1.155m
Therefore, for every 1.0m of run or half span the hypotenuse or rafter length will be 1.155m
STEP 3 To find the centre line length of the rafter, simply multiply the run or half span
by the constant, 1.155:
Centre line rafter length = 2.700 x 1.155
= 3.118m
Note: The answer should be the same as for the method using degrees, within 1 or 2 mm
depending on how the numbers were rounded off to 3 decimal places.
STEP 4 To find the cutting length of the rafter, i.e. including eaves overhang, simply add
the eaves width to the run or half span, deduct half the ridge thickness, then
multiply the answer by the constant 1.155. The ridge is 24 mm thick:
Cutting length of rafter = [(2.700 + 0.400) - 24] x 1.155

2
= 3.088 x 1.155
= 3.567m
Total cutting length of all the rafters will be 5.567m

59
SETTING OUT AND CUTTING RAFTERS
The common rafters for a gable roof are all the same length, have only two bevels and may be
set out from one pattern rafter. The length of this pattern rafter may set out by calculation, as
previously mentioned in calculating roof pitch, or be set out using a steel roofing square, which
will also have the two bevels required for the rafter.
Proportions of common rafters

Some of these proportions were dealt with earlier in this unit. The critical elements are shown
below:
Ce
n tre
lin
Tru e set
e le -ou
ng t l en T ru
th
of gth o o e
ver leng
raf
ter f raft ha
er ng th of
True length of reduction for

thickness of ridge
Allowance for
Plumb bevel plumb cut
Level bevel
Thickness of ridge
on plan Birdsmouth notch
PLUMB BEVEL LEVEL BEVEL
Fig 83 Common rafter proportions

60
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
Plumb and Level bevels
The simplest method used to establish the plumb and level bevels is the pitch board method.
Once the rise per metre run is known it is simply a matter of reducing the full measurements to
a scaled size, say by dividing both measurements by 10.
This means that a roof with a pitch of 577 mm to 1000 mm, or 30, divided by 10 would be:
577 1000
10 = 57.7mm and 10 = 100mm
These smaller measurements are then set out to look like half the roof on a piece of timber or
board material. A sliding bevel is then laid against the edge and adjusted to suit the angle:
STEP 1 Set up the pitch board by drawing the half roof shape, using the scaled measurements.
Plumb
bevel Level
bevel
57.
0
10
7
Fig. 84 Pitch board method
STEP 2 Lay a sliding bevel against each edge and adjust the blade to suit the angles formed.
Sliding bevel set to

the level bevel
Sliding bevel set to angle
the plumb bevel
angle
Fig. 85 Setting sliding bevels to the plumb and level bevels
Note: These bevels may be transferred to the rafter or any other roof member, which requires a
plumb or level bevel.

61
THE STEEL SQUARE
A common method used to set out the length of a rafter is to use the steel roofing square.
This is a very versatile tool as it may be set up with the plumb and level bevels within the 90
triangle formed by the square and the adjustable fence or buttons. Again, the pitch of the roof is
set up on the square using scaled measurements, which in this case are usually half the full size
proportions.
Example 1:
If the pitch ratio is 1 : 1.732 or 30 it is firstly changed to a rise per metre run, which equals 577
to 1000 mm, then these measurements are halved to become 288.5 to 500 mm.
Setting up the square

40
STEP 1 The proportion for the rise,

i.e. 288.5 mm, is placed on the
tongue of the square and the run or
400
Tongue
half span, i.e. 500 mm, is placed on
Blade
the blade of the square.
50
600
Heel
Fig. 86 The steel square
STEP 2 A timber fence may be used to link

the measurements and form the
right-angled triangle.
The timber fence sits on the top edge
of the rafter to be set out. This
allows it to slide along the rafter
edge travelling in increments of
500 mm, until the desired distance is
reached.
Fig. 87 Adjustable timber fence
STEP 3 An alternative to the timber fence is

the use of patent type steel buttons
or clips. They are attached to the
tongue and blade measurements and
then the square is used the same as
for the timber fence.
Note: When the square is turned

upside down it may be used to set
out risers and treads for stairs.
Fig. 88 Alternative buttons, clips or
guides
62
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
Patent buttons, clips or guides

'Starrett' type
There are a number of brand types available for
use with the steel square.
One common type is the steel or brass button
type produced by Paulcall and manufactured
in Australia.
Another common type is the steel clip type
produced by Starrett and manufactured in the
USA.
'Paulcall' type
Fig. 89 Common buttons and clips
Graduations
Steel squares are marked off around the inside

and outside edges of the tongue and blade in 2
mm graduations.
Also, there are 10 mm and 100 mm graduations

to allow for larger dimensions to be identified.
Fig. 90 Graduations on the steel square

63
Using the steel square to set up a pattern rafter
Once the pitch of the roof has been determined, set the scaled dimensions on the square, select a
straight length of timber to use as a pattern rafter and step along the required number of times
until the run or half span distance has been travelled.
Example 1:
Set up a steel square with a pitch ratio of 1 : 1.732 or 30 and set out a pattern rafter, which has a
run or half span of 2700 mm and an eaves width of 400 mm.
STEP 1 Set the fence or buttons on the steel square to suit the scaled proportions, which will
provide the pitch and bevels for the roof, i.e:
Pitch = 1 : 1.732
Rise per metre run = 1.000
1.732
= 0.577m (Therefore 577 mm : 1000 mm)
Divide both measurements by 2
= 577 = 288.5 mm, and 1000 = 500 m
2 2
1155
577
200
30
1000
288.5
100
100 200 300 400
500
Fig. 91 Steel square ready for use
STEP 2 Place the square over the rafter with the fence on the top edge.
Mark a plumb cut line across the face to represent the centre line of the ridge.
Measure back half the thickness of the ridge and mark a firm plumb cut line on the
face. This will be the cutting line for the top of the pattern rafter.
Now move the steel square back to the original centre line ready to start stepping
along the rafter.

64
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
Plumb out True length of

reduction for
thickness of ridge
Plumb
bevel
Ridge
position
Plumb cut set back

thickness of ridge Thickness of
ridge on plan
Fig. 92 Detail of the reduction for the ridge
STEP 3 Divide the measurement on the blade, i.e. 500 mm, into the run or half span:
= 2700
500
= 5.4
The square will be moved along 5 times plus an additional 200 mm to equal the
run or half span of 2700 mm.
Note: The overhang is marked by placing the edge of the tongue on the birdsmouth
plumb cut and marking off 400 mm from the blade
CL
To
ta l
Ce c ut
n tre ti n g
288.5
line l en
set gth
of
Rise of roof = 1.560
500 ou com
t le
ng mo
th n
of
500 com rafter
mo =3
nr 58
Centre 500 aft 0
er
line for =3
11
ridge 500 8
=4
E a 62
500 Ov ves
Y erha
ng
Plumb cut
200 for fascia
400
Run or half span of rafter = 2700 Eaves
width
Run or half span of rafter plus eaves width = 3100
Fig. 93 Setting out the length plus overhang

65
Forming bevels on the square
Once the scaled measurements are set on the square, with the fence or buttons fixed in place,
the plumb and level bevels will automatically be formed in the complimentary angles of the
square.
When the square is laid over the edge of a rafter these bevels may be easily transferred as the
square slides along the rafter.
Plumb bevel
Level bevel
Rafter
Fig. 94 Rafter bevels on the square
Setting out with a pattern rafter
A straight length of timber is selected for the pattern rafter, it is set out by measurement or
using the steel square. It is then cut to form a finished rafter with a plumb cut at the top, plumb
cut at the bottom and the birdsmouth checked out. A short length of batten is then nailed
directly above the plumb cut at the top and the birdsmouth at the bottom. The pattern rafter is
now ready for use.
Lay the rafters to be cut on top of a pair of saw stools with the spring uppermost. The pattern
rafter is then laid over each rafter, making sure the top edges are hard up under the short batten,
and then the plumb cuts and birdsmouth positions are transferred by marking with a pencil.
Note: The purpose of positioning each rafter hard up against the short battens is to ensure all
the top edges will be in-line to maintain a straight roof surface.
Although the plumb cut at the bottom of the rafter may be marked and cut at this time, it is
usually better to leave the ends and cut them to a string line once the roof frame is complete.
After the first pair of rafters is marked and cut, they should be tried in place to ensure the length
and bevels are correct before proceeding with the remainder.
Stop batten Rafter to be marked out Stop batten
Pattern must be straightest rafter possible

Keep round edge of rafter to top always
Fig. 95 Positioning the pattern rafter for marking

66
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
Fascia cut
(Pattern only)
Stop batten
Rafter
Bird's mouth
Rafter
Stop batten
Plumb
cut
Fig. 96 Transferring pattern set out to the rafters
Alternative pattern method
A modified version of the pattern rafter is preferred by some tradespersons to mark out the
common rafters. It is called a rafter boat, which is a short template having a plumb cut at both
ends, a birdsmouth and a cleat on top to act as a guide when the boat slides along the top edge
of the rafter.
All the rafters are laid across saw stools and placed together on edge so the length and position
of the birdsmouth can be marked. These positions are squared across the top edge of all the
rafters. The boat is moved along the top edge of each rafter to align with these marks and then
the plumb cuts and birdsmouth shapes are traced onto the rafter, ready to be cut.
Note: When metal fascias are used the ends of the rafters dont have to be exactly in-line,
therefore they may be pre-cut, as the fascia brackets are adjusted to a string line before they
are fixed.
Plumb cut for
fascia
Timber guide g
rh an
ove
s
ve
Ea
Birds mouth
Plumb cut for ridge
Centre line length of rafter Eaves overhang
Mark plumb cut for ridge Mark birdsmouth Mark plumb cut for fascia
Position 1 Position 2
Fig. 97 Using the rafter boat to set out rafters

67
CALCULATING FRAME QUANTITIES
The following example outlines a method used to calculate framing member lengths, quantities
and costs.
Example 1:
Calculate the roof frame members for the tiled, boxed gable roof shown below.
The pitch is 1 : 1.732 or 30.
The member sizes and costs are as follows:
TABLE 2
MEMBER SECTION MATERIAL SPACING STRESS COST

SIZE GRADE
Common rafters 90 x 35 Radiata pine 600 c/c F8 $2.10/m
Ridge 150 x 32 Oregon - F5 $4.00/m
Purlins 125 x 75 Oregon 1800 c/c F8 $9.00/m
Collar ties 70 x 35 Radiata pine 1200 c/c F8 $1.90/m
Scissor struts 250 x 50 Hardwood 2400 c/c F14 $15.00/m
Gable studs 70 x 35 Radiata pine 600 c/c F8 $1.90/m
Gable tie 90 x 35 Radiata pine - F8 $2.10/m
Soffit bearers 70 x 35 Radiata pine 600 c/c F8 $1.90/m
Fascia and barges 200 x 25 Primed Radiata - $7.00/m
pine
Eaves soffit sheets 1800 x Fibre cement - $15.00/
1200 x 4.5 sheets sheet
0
30
00
84
40
0
54
00
40
0
30
0
Fig. 98 Typical boxed gable roof

68
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
RAFTERS
Order length of rafters

Calculate the ordering length of rafters for a pitch of 1 : 1.732.
STEP 1 Rise per metre run = 1.000

1.732
= 0.577m
STEP 2 Length of = a = b + c
hypotenuse
a = 1.000 + 0.577
a = 1.0 + 0.333
Therefore, a = 1.333
= 1.155m
Therefore, for every 1.0m of run or half span the hypotenuse or rafter length will be 1.155m
STEP 3 To find the centre line length of the rafter, simply multiply the run or half span
by the constant, 1.155:
Centre line rafter length = 2.700 x 1.155
= 3.118m
STEP 4 To find the cutting length of the rafter, i.e. including eaves overhang, simply add
the eaves width to the run or half span, deduct half the ridge thickness, then
multiply the answer by the constant 1.155. The ridge is 24 mm thick:
Cutting length of rafter = [(2.700 + 0.400) - 24] x 1.155
2
= 3.088 x 1.155
= 3.567m
STEP 5 To find the ordering length it will be necessary to add 100 mm to the cutting
length to allow for the plumb cut at the foot of the rafter:
Order length of rafter = 3.567 + 100
= 3.667
Total order length, to the nearest 300 mm increment, of all the rafters will be 3.9m

69
Quantity of rafters
The formula for the total number of rafters will be:
Number = [ (total length of ridge + 1 ) x 2 sides]

Rafter spacing
STEP 1 Ridge length = length of roof + verge overhang for both ends
= 8400 + 300 + 300
= 9000 mm or 9.0m
STEP 2 Number of = [ (total length of ridge + 1 ) x 2 sides]

rafters Rafter spacing
= [ ( 9.000 + 1 ) x 2 sides]
0.600
= [ (15 + 1 ) x 2 sides]
= [ 16 x 2 sides]
= 32
Order = 90 x 35 Radiata pine F8 32/ 3.9
RIDGE
The length of the ridge will be equal to the total roof length plus 300 mm joint length, for
ridges over 5.4m long.
Note: Lengths greater than 5.4 become difficult to handle, therefore it is common practice to
join the ridge as previously described on page 13 of this unit.
STEP 1 Ridge length = length of roof + verge overhang for both ends + jointing
2
= 8400 + 300 + 300 + 300

2
= 9300
2
= 4650 mm or 4.650m
Order = 150 x 32 sawn Oregon F5 2/ 4.8

70
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
PURLINS
Purlins are spaced at 1800 mm c/c, therefore there will be only one row along each side. Each
row will run the full length of the roof to the outside of the boxed gable ends.
An allowance of 150 mm is added for every 5.4m of length for jointing.
STEP 1 Purlin length = length of roof + verge overhang for both ends + jointing
2
= 8400 + 300 + 300 + 150

2
= 9150 mm
STEP 2 Number of = 2/ total length

purlins 2
= 2/ 9150
2
= 2/ 4575 mm, say 2/ 4.800 per side
Order = 125 x 75 sawn Oregon F8 4/ 4.8
COLLAR TIES
Collar ties are spaced every second pair of rafters, i.e. 1200 mm c/c, and it is assumed they will
lie on top of the purlins at the centre of the roof rise.
They will only be necessary for the roof frame within the length of the wall frames.
STEP 1 Collar tie = Width or span of the roof

length 2
= 5400
2
= 2700 mm or 2.7m
STEP 2 Number of = Length of wall frames + 1

collar ties spacing
= 8400 + 1
1200
= 7+1
= 8

71
SCISSOR STRUTS
The scissor struts will rest on the external wall plates, run under the purlins and cross over in
the centre of the roof, where they will be bolted together.
Allow the same length as the rafters, as they are set at a lower angle the additional length will
be used for bolting.
They are spaced, at maximum centres of 2400 mm, within the roof for the length of the wall
frames only.
STEP 1 Length = Rafter length
= 3.9m each side
STEP 2 Number of = Length of walls +1

struts spacing
= 8400 +1
2400
= 3.5 + 1
= 4+1
= 5 per side
Order = 250 x 50 sawn hardwood F14 10/ 3.9
GABLE STUDS
The length of each gable stud may be determined by reducing each one, in sequence, by
multiplying the horizontal distance out from the fascia line by the rise per metre run. The
horizontal distance out is calculated by deducting the stud spacing for each stud.
577
No 1
Uniform reduction in length
No 2
577
577
No 3
Rise
No 4
577
No 5
577
Equal stud spacing at 600 c/c

Run of boxed gable rafter
Fig. 99 Gable stud spacings

72
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
When the rise per metre run = 1.000 = 0.577m

1.732
STUD No. 1 Distance out = Half span + eaves width = 3.100
Length of stud = 3.100 x 0.577 = 1.789
STUD No. 2 Distance out = 3.100 0.600 = 2.500
Length of stud = 2.500 x 0.577 = 1.443
Length of stud = 1.900 x 0.577 = 1.096
Length of stud = 1.300 x 0.577 = 0.750
Length of stud = 0.700 x 0.577 = 0.404
Note: Use an off cut to make up the last short stud position in this case.
Add the total length of all the shortened studs together for each boxed gable end, i.e. No. 2 to
No. 5, and then add the centre stud, i.e. No. 1.
Total length for each side of = 1.443 + 1.096 + 0.750 + 0.404

gable end
= 3.693m, allow 4/ 3.9m
Total length for centre studs = 1.789 x 2
= 3.578m, allow 1/ 3.6m
Order = 70 x 35 Radiata pine F8 4/ 3.9, 1/ 3.6
GABLE TIES
These will be equal to the full span plus two times the eaves width, for each end.
Total length of tie = 5.400 + (400 x 2)
= 6.200, allow 2/ 6.3m

73
SOFFIT BEARERS
Divide the length of each side by the spacing of the bearers. Treat the overhang of the boxed
gables separately from the sides, as they have a smaller eaves width.
The formula for the total number of soffit bearers for the sides will be:
Number = [( length of side ) + 1] x 2 sides

bearer spacing
= [(8.400 )+ 1] x 2
0.600
= [14 +1] x 2
= 15 x 2
= 30
30 x 0.500 = 15.0m, say 3/ 5.1 (allow 0.650 for brick veneer construction)
The formula for the total number of soffit bearers for the boxed gables will be:
Number = [( length of gable end) + 1] x 2 ends

bearer spacing
= [( 5.400 + 1] x 2 ends
0.600
= [9 + 1] x 2
= 10 x 2
= 20
20 x 0.400 = 8.0m, say 2/ 4.2 (allow 0.550 for brick veneer construction)
Order = 70 x 35 Radiata pine F8 3/ 5.1, 2/ 4.2

74
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
FASCIAS
The fascia will run the full length of the roof, equal to the ridge length.
Fascia length = Length of wall + gable end overhang + jointing
Fascia length = 8.400 + (300 x 2) + 0.100
= 8.400 + 0.600 + 0.100
= 9.1m, allow 1/ 4.8, 1/ 4.5m per side
Order = 200 x 25 Primed Radiata pine 2/ 4.8, 2/ 4.5
BARGES
The barges will be the same length as the common rafters plus an additional 300 mm to allow
for the thickness of the fascia, the plumb cut at the bottom end and the extended section past the
end of the gutter. Allow for two lengths per gable end.
Barge length = Cutting length of rafter + 300 mm
= 3.569m + 0.300
= 3.869m, allow 3.9m
Order = 200 x 25 Primed Radiata pine 4/ 3.9
EAVES SOFFIT SHEETS

The eaves soffit sheet strips will be cut from full 1800 x 1200 mm wide sheets.
Allow the gable end sheets to run the full width of the boxed gable and butt the sides into them.
Note: The joint between the external wall cladding or brickwork and the soffit sheets will be
covered with a 25 mm quad, or similar, during the Exterior cladding/ finishing stage.
Number of sheets for sides = (length of side ) 3

length of sheet
Number of soffit strips = 8.400

per side 1.800
= 4.666
= Say 5 strips

75
Number of sheets = (5 x 2) 3
(both sides)
= 10 3
= 3.333, allow 4 sheets
Number of sheets for gable ends = (length of end ) 4

length of sheet
Number of soffit strips = 5.400 + (0.400 x 2)

per end 1.800
= 5.400 + 0.800
1.800
= 6.200
1.800
= 3.444
= Say 4 strips
Number of sheets = (4 x 2) 4
(both ends)
= 84
= Allow 2 sheets
Order = 1800 x 1200 x 4.5 mm Fibre cement sheets 6 off

76
CARPENTRY - HOUSING

77
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Adjacent -Means it is placed next to or found beside something.
Apex -This is the very top or point of something, like the apex of a roof,
meaning where members come together at a common top position.
Bisect -This means to cut, separate or divide something exactly in half, such as
when a 90 angle is bisected it becomes two 45 angles.
Circa -This means around, approximately, round about, etc. Usually refers to
dates when estimating the age of a building or structure such as circa
1854, also written as (c 1854).
Cluster -This is a term, which refers to a group or gathering of a number of
members in a frame, such as a roof cluster, which consists of the end of
the ridge, two centering rafters, a crown end rafter and two hip rafters.
Complimentary -In this case it means any two angles, which make up a right angle.
Constant -In this case it means a number, quantity or amount, which is used as the
basis for several calculations. For example the length of 1.414m is a
constant, which may be used to calculate the 45 hypotenuse length of a
right-angled triangle, once the length of one side is known.
Corbelled -Refers to stepped out brickwork used to support other members, such as
corbelled eaves.
Dihedral -This is the angle formed between any two surfaces where they meet
along a common length, such as a ridge in a roof. A dihedral angle is
formed between the underside of the two roof surfaces or where a roof
surface meets a parapet wall, etc.
F.C. -This is an abbreviation for fibre cement, similar to the product
Hardiflex.
Hypotenuse -This is the angled side of a right-angled triangle.
Inclined -Means to be at an angle to something, such as an inclined strut or brace.
In-situ -This is an abbreviated version meaning in situation or position, such as
pouring concrete in-situ, meaning to pour in place into the formwork.
In-to-over -This is a method used for marking the spacings of members. It literally
means marking from the inside face or edge of one member to the
outside face or edge of the next member. It is equal to working centre-to-
centre but is more practical for fixing purposes as it allows one edge to
be lined up with the mark, so it is easily seen, ready for fixing.
Lined on-the-rake -This is a term used to describe the ceiling lining of a pitched roof, which
is fixed to the underside of the rafters. There is no access to the roof
structure as there is no roof space formed.
Parapet -This is a vertical wall or gable, which extends past the line of the roof to
enclose the roof from view. The parapet is usually constructed of
brickwork or timber framing and clad with sheet material.
Patent -This is a term used to describe a product which has had its design
registered with the Patents office. It is the original idea of a person or
persons, which cannot be copied without consent.
Primed -This is a protective white or pink paint coating applied to timber before
it is fixed into place. It seals the timber and provides a surface ready to
take undercoat paint prior to the finishing coats. It helps to prevent
timber decay from occurring.

78
CARPENTRY - HOUSING
Scribe -This is where the shape of one piece is to be fitted to the surface shape
of another. It may also refer to anything placed in-situ and marked to
suit the final resting position of that member, such as scribing a hip in
position.
Slat -Refers to a thin narrow piece of timber or several thin arrow pieces put
together to make something else, such as slats of timber used to make a
sheet of lattice.
Soffit -This is the horizontal under face of a structure or lining. The eaves soffit
is the underside face of the eaves sheeting.
Trapezoid -This is an irregular quadrilateral with only two parallel sides. The shape
may be found on the side roof surface of a hip roof made up of the
fascia, ridge and two hips.

79
FURTHER READING
Australian Standards Committee, 1992, AS 1684 National Timber Framing Code, Standards
Association of Australia Homebush, Sydney.
Bloomfield, F. C. and E. Peterson, Revised by B.S. Brown and H. A. Slatyer, First Edition
1958, Fifth edition 1985, The Australian Carpenter and Joiner volumes 1 & 2, Standard
Publishing Co. Pty Ltd., Naremburn, NSW.
Simpson, Charles & Barry Hodgson, 1995, Building a house framing practices, Macmillan
Education Australia, South Melbourne.
Staines, A., Reprinted 1987, Owner Builders & Renovator, Pinedale Press, Caloundra, Qld.
Staines, A., First Edition 1988, The Australian Roof Building Manual, Pinedale Press,
Caloundra, Qld.
Staines, A., Reprinted 1988, The Australian Owner Builders Manual, Pinedale Press,
Caloundra, Qld.
Stapleton, M. and Ian Stapleton, 1997, Australian house styles, The Flannel Flower Press Pty
Ltd, Mullumbimby, NSW
Teachers of Building, 1996 Reprinted 1997, 1998, Second Edition 1999, Basic Building and
Construction Skills, Addison Wesley Longman Australia Pty Ltd, South Melbourne.
Ward-Harvey K., 1984, Fundamental Building Materials, Sakoga Pty Ltd, Mosman NSW.
VIDEOS
Construction and Transport Division, Roofing Pattern Rafter (CTV18), Roofing Pattern Fixing
(CTV19) available from Resource Distribution, Yagoona.

80

Carpentry Notes On Basic Roof Ceiling Framing

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Carpentry Notes On Basic Roof Ceiling Framing

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Carpentry - Housing

Basic Roof and

WESTERN SYDNEY INSTITUTE OF TAFE

For Construction and Transport

First Published 1999

ISBN 0 7348 1007 5

Construction and Transport Division TAFE NSW, 1999

Printed and Distributed by

TAFE NSW Construction and Transport Division

TAFE NSW Construction and Transport Division

TAFE NSW Construction and Transport Division

ISBN 0 7348 1007 5

TAFE NSW Construction and Transport Division

TAFE NSW Construction and Transport Division

INTRODUCTION TO PITCHED ROOF FRAMING

Roof: A roof is the weatherproofed upper covering of a building or structure, which is

TAFE NSW Construction and Transport Division

Fig. 1 Complex older style roofs

TAFE NSW Construction and Transport Division

A-frame: This is a steeply pitched roof,

Bellcast: This is a roof, which changes its

Clerestory: This is a roof having two levels Clerestory

Deck: This roof type takes the form of a Flat section

TAFE NSW Construction and Transport Division

Gable: This is a roof with a double pitch

Half-pitch : This refers to a roof, which has a Boxed gable end

TAFE NSW Construction and Transport Division

Hip or Hipped: This is a roof with four sloping

Hip & Valley

Broken Hip & Valley

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Hyperbolic This is a form of shell roof

Jerkin head: This is a roof, which is hipped Hip end

Mansard: This is similar to a hipped roof

Monitor: This is a portion of a roof, which Window

TAFE NSW Construction and Transport Division

Monoslope: Also known as a Monopitchroof,

Pyramid: This is a roof with square or other

Sawtooth: This is a made up of a series of Glass along

Station: This type of roof is typically used

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Troughed: This is a double-pitched roof with

Tudor: This is a steeply pitched roof,

Fig. 2 Typical modern combination style hip and gambrel roof

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PART 1 : CEILING FRAMING

Refer to AS 1684 for sizes and stress grades.

FAILURE UNDER LOAD STABILITY UNDER LOAD

Fig. 3 Position and purpose of ceiling joists

Ceiling joist fixed

CEILINGS JOIST FIXED TO TOP RAFTER FIXED NEXT TO CEILING JOIST

Fig. 4 Placement and fixing of ceiling joists

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They are designed to:

Fig. 5 Placement and fixing of ceiling trimmers over an internal wall.

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JOIST STRAP TRIPLE GRIP (Trip-L-grip) CEILING DOG

Fig. 8 Final fixing of joists to hanger with typical patent connectors

Hoop iron strap Timber batten

Fig. 9 Methods used to prevent rolling and twisting of hangers

TAFE NSW Construction and Transport Division

Where hangers run across ceiling

Note: The end of the hanger is cut to Ceiling dog