Hydraulic Machines Assignment

Pumps:

Pumps are hydraulic machines used to increase the speed of the given fluid. They are in vast
amount having different applications and construction ways.

Pumps Classification
Pumps are classified on the basis of axis of their working. We classify them as

Radial Flow Pumps

Axial Flow Pumps

Radial Flow Pumps:

Those pumps in which there is an impeller and water flows outward in radial direction are
called radial flow pumps eg centrifugal Pumps etc.

Axial Flow Pumps:

Those Pumps in axis of working is along the axis of rotor. Water is pushed in axial direction by
the motion of rotor just like of an injection moulding machine.

Classification on the basis of Rotor Motion

Dynamic Pumps:
Have a rotating Impeller in them.
Positive Displacement Pump:
Having a net displacement of fluid

Dynamic Pumps
Dynamic pumps possess a rotating part called rotor in them. They are further classified as

1. Centrifugal Pumps
2. Axial Pumps

1. Centrifugal Pumps (Rotary Pumps):

one of the most common radial-flow turbomachines is the centrifugal pump. This type of pump
has two main components: an impeller attached to a rotating shaft, and a stationary casing,
housing, or volute enclosing the impeller. They are Further classified on the basis of their axis of
working as

a. Radial
b. Mixed
 The impeller consists of a number of blades (usually
curved), also sometimes called vanes, arranged in a regular
pattern around the shaft. A sketch showing the essential
features of a centrifugal pump is shown in Fig below. As
the impeller rotates, fluid is sucked in through the eye of
the casing and flows radially outward. Energy is added to
the fluid by the rotating blades, and both pressure and
absolute velocity are increased as the fluid flows from the
eye to the periphery of the blades. For the simplest type of
centrifugal pump, the fluid discharges directly into a
volute-shaped casing. The casing shape is designed to
reduce the velocity as the fluid leaves the impeller, and this
decrease in kinetic energy is converted into an increase in
pressure. The volute-shaped casing, with its increasing area
in the direction of flow, is used to produce an essentially
uniform velocity distribution as the fluid moves around the
casing into the discharge opening. For large centrifugal
pumps, a different design is often used in which diffuser
guide vanes surround the impeller. The diffuser vanes
decelerate the flow as the fluid is directed into the pump casing Fig. Radial and Fixed Flow Pumps

. This type of centrifugal pump is referred to as a diffuser pump.

2. Axial Flow Pumps (Propeller Pumps):

This type of pump consists essentially of a propeller confined within a cylindrical casing. Axial-
flow pumps are often called propeller pumps. For this type of pump the flow is primarily in the
axial direction (parallel to the axis of rotation of the shaft), as opposed to the radial flow found in
the centrifugal pump. Whereas the head developed by a centrifugal pump includes a contribution
due to centrifugal action, the head developed by an axial-flow pump is due primarily to the
tangential force exerted by the rotor blades on the fluid. A schematic of an axial-flow pump
arranged for vertical operation is shown in Fig. The rotor is connected to a motor through a shaft,
and as it rotates (usually at a relatively high speed) the fluid is sucked in through the inlet.
Typically the fluid discharges through a row of fixed stator vanes used to straighten the flow
leaving the rotor. Some axial-flow pumps also have inlet guide vanes upstream of the rotor row,
and some are multistage in which pairs of rotating blades and fixed vanes are arranged in series.
Axial-flow pumps usually have specific speeds in excess of 9000.

Fig An Axial Flow Pump

 Displacement Pumps
Positive displacement pumps are considered to be those pumps which work on the basis of
decrease in volume of pressurized liquid. They are considered to be useful when high head
applications are required. Their efficiency is far better than those of centrifugal pumps. High head
applications require the assembly of positive displacement pumps. They are classified as

Reciprocating Pumps
Rotary Pumps

Reciprocating Pumps:
Are those Pumps which have an arrangement of piston reciprocation. Piston reciprocates and
compresses the fluid. In this way fluid gets energy.

Their examples are

Piston Pumps
Diaphragm Pumps

Rotary Pumps:

They are not the centrifugal or axial pumps but are

considered to have a rotary section in them. Have a huge
efficiency and applications. Examples are given as

Gear Pumps
Lobe Pumps
Screw Pumps

Fig. A Rotary pump

 Industrial Applications of Pumps
Water Uplifting in dams:

Countries like Austria, Hungry, Newzeland have a limited amount of water reservoirs. So they
circulate the same water for turbine rotation purposes. At night when the electricity demand is
less, they use Reciprocating of rotary pump to raise the water to reservoir again. They use these
pumps because of their applications.

Water Circulation in Industry:

In industries Like DESCON and HMC Taxila, welding operations are performed. They perform
TIG Welding which require cooling of welding torch through water. Hence simple Centrifugal
pumps are used for these purposes. For higher jobs, they are used in series or parallel combination.

Thermal Power Plant:

Thermal Plant like Nandipur, Ghazi Brotha, Bhikki ,

Faisalabad, Jhang, The Rankin Cycle is operated by usage
of pumps. Their application depends upon the geological
conditions of the land. Mostly pumps in combinations are
used.

Petrochemical Industry:

Petrochemical Industries like Schlumberger, Weatherford,

Baker Hughes, Halliburton, PARCO and other use
centrifugal pumps to transport the oils components. One
challenge is to avoid cavitation. Centrifugal can handle
slurries.

Paper Industry: Rankine Cycle

Century Papers (Raiwind) use gear pumps to transport paper pulp. Gear pumps are most suitable
for this application due to their strong grip on fluid.

Gear pumps
 Application of Hydraulics in machinery
There are vast applications of hydraulics in machines. Some of them are given as

Heavy Lifts:

In heavy lifts oil is used to transmit the pressure by jouls law. With the help of plunger, pressure
is transmitted.

Cars:

We are familiar with the names of supercharger and

turbocharger. They are compressors and are used to control
Air/Fuel ratio in engine.

Hydraulic Pump in Tractor:

Millat Tractors attach a hydraulic pump in lift core assembly to

raise or lower the back core of tractor. Hydraulic oil is used for
that.

Clutch Assembly:

In clutch assembly, oil is used to make connections of flywheel

and shaft.

Tube Wells:

Tube wells are the best example of centrifugal pump. Super Charger
 Valves
A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids,
or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically fittings, but
are usually discussed as a separate category. In an open valve, fluid flows in a direction from higher pressure to
lower pressure. The word is derived from the Latin valva, the moving part of a door, in turn from volvere, to
turn, roll.

Types of valves:

Valves are classified on the basis of their operation media.

Some examples are given as

Hydraulic valves:
Hydraulic valves are considerd to be operated by
using some oil. They are used to stop the fluid at
high heads. Best example was we seen in Mangla
Dam.
Pneumatic valves:
Are operated and controlled by using air or
some incompressible gas or high pressurized
gas.
Manual Valves:
Everyone is familiar with them. We observed them in
manifold in our lab.
Solenoid valve:

A solenoid valve is
an electromechanically operated valve. The valve is
controlled by an electric current through a solenoid: in the
case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in
the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched
between the two outlet ports. Multiple solenoid valves can be placed together on
a manifold.

Motor Valves:
Motor Operated Valve (MOV) is an important item of
Plant & Piping system. These valves are generally of large
size and are used for different applications such as Pump
discharge etc. Motor Operated Valves are often called as
On-Off valves as the motors serve the purpose of fully
opening or fully closing valves in pipelines. For example,
cooling water lines, process pipelines where controlling of
fluid is not required, motor operated valves can be used to
fully allow or fully stop the fluid flow. These valves are
not used for throttling purposes as they serve mainly On-Off service application.