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ABSTRACT
foundries in the iron and steel industries. There are many principles to
fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF GRAPHS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF FIGURES v
1 INTRODUCTION
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Principle
Archimedes principle
4 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
5 LAYOUT OF THE PROJECT WORK
6 IMPLEMENTATION
7 DESIGN CALCULATION
8 FABRICATION PROCESS
9 ADVANTAGES
10 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
1. INTRODUCTION
But the cost of those machines is very high when compared to our
device. This is mainly due to the principle we chose. There are three
methods namely, the level method, the overflow method and the suspension
method by which Archimedes principle can be used to determine the density
of solids.
Advantages
Suitable for almost all sample types
Flexible with regard to sample size
Weighing instruments already available
Quick process
Disadvantages
Could not measure the volume of sample accurately
Less precise
It requires costly sensors
Advantages
Cheap
Number of components are less
Disadvantages
Number of steps are more
Less accurate
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 PRINCIPLE
The more the density of liquid in which the solid is immersed, the less is the
weight of the liquid displaced on immersing the solid.
Learning outcomes
If the buoyancy is greater than the weight (F B> Ws), the body floats;
i.e., it rises to the surface of the liquid and remains only partially immersed.
In fact, it dips so far into the liquid until the weight of that volume of liquid
that is displaced is equal to the weight of the body. In this case, the volume
of the displaced liquid is less than the volume of the body (Vfl<Vs) and the
density of the liquid is greater than the density of the body.
Hydrostatic balances and Mohr balances are still used in some cases
for measuring density; the Mohr balance, a beam balance has been widely
replaced by the use of density sets in conjunction with laboratory balances.
3.1 OBJECTIVE
3.2 METHODOLOGY
Review of literature
Design of our model
Testing and
calibrating
of
apparatus
3.3 TIMELINE
3.4 CONCEPT EVALUTION
Requirement Priority
Weighing machine(0.01g) 5
Main stand 4
Beaker stand 2
Strength of acrylic 5
Aesthetics 3
Sample carrier 4
Electronics 3
4. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
4.1 Choosing a Density Determination Method
There are several methods that can be used to determine the density of
liquids, including the hydrometer, pycnometer, oscillator, buoyancy and
displacement methods. The choice of method depends, among other things,
on the degree of precision required and the amount of sample material
available.
Main stand
A stand which is in the shape of a rectangular channel is designed
to hold the sample carrier inside which sample will be placed.
This stand will be directly placed on the weighing pan.
Beaker stand
A stand is designed which holds the beaker on it.
This stand will not be in contact with the weighing pan.
Because the purpose of this stand is only to hold the beaker inside
which the solid sample will be immersed.
6. IMPLEMENTATION
Fig 6.1 Implemented image
7. CALCULATION
= -2
(Substituting 2&3 in 1)
V=
= (
= (
Where
=mass of solid
= mass of solid in fluid
= density of fluid
Buoyancy effect:
=
According to theorem
7.1 ERROR CORRECTION FACTORS
There are several things that can affect the accuracy of a density
measurement.
Buoyancy of Air
When the density of a liquid is measured, an upward force, 0.0010 to
0.0014 g/cm3, isexerted in proportion to the volume of the liquid.
The buoyancy in air per 1 cm3 is found by:
Temperature of a Liquid
When the density of a solid is measured, the density of the liquid
changes with its temperature.
Graph 7.1 Density Vs Temperature (water)
Volume of Float
The tolerance of the measured value of the volume of the float is
±0.01 cm3.
Influence of Wire
When a solid sample is placed on the density pan, which is immersed
in a liquid, for a density measurement, the liquid surface position
rises. At this time, the wire (φ1 mm) connecting the upper and lower
pans is subject to the buoyancy whose magnitude is equal to the
weight of the raised liquid. 1-mm raise of the liquid surface exerts a
buoyancy of about 0.8 mg to the wire.
To minimize a measurement error caused by the buoyancy, adjust the
sample size so that it will not raise the liquid surface so much, or
perform a mathematical correction.
When measuring the density of a liquid, the float-suspending wire (φ2
mm) immersed in the liquid affects the measurement. Immersing the
wire by 10 mm exerts a buoyancy of about 0.3 mg to the wire.
However, this buoyancy can be ignored because it is divided by the
volume of the float when the density of the liquid is obtained.
Surface Tension
When the density of a solid is measured, a force of about 5 mg
(surface tension) is applied to the pan, between the wire (1 mm in
diameter) of the pan and the surface of the liquid.
The surface tension can be reduced to about 1 mg by adding a surface-
active agent (for example, a water droplet preventive solution as used
for developing photographs).
Adding 0.1 ml (1.2 g/ cm3 density) of a surface-active agent to 200 ml
of water will increase the density of the water by about 0.0001 g/cm3.
When the density of a liquid is measured, a force of about 1mg is
exerted by the wire of 0.2 mm in diameter. However, this force can be
ignored because it is divided by the volume of the float.
Bubbles
The buoyancy of a bubble of 1 mm in diameter is about 0.5 mg.
Stickiness of bubbles depends on the shape and material of sample.
Make measurements considering the characteristic of bubbles.
When the density of a solid is measured, a surface-active agent may
be added to reduce the influence of surface tension and bubbles.
8. FABRICATION
Except the weighing machine, all other set up has been fabricated
using acrylic sheet.
Using acrylic sheet reduced the weight of the set up and also made the
fabrication less complex.
Required dimension of acrylic sheet has been cut out.
9. ADVANTAGES
There are many advantages in fabricating the apparatus using basic
principle compared to advanced technologies.
Replacing the advanced concepts with basic principle made the device
less complicated and more precise.
With the limits of our study, we have designed and fabricated the
apparatus with low cost and high accuracy. Using the Archimedes
principle is a small step which conveys the importance and significance
of basics. The industry, for which the instrument is fabricated, is
completely satisfied with our effort. Overall, the result has been
satisfactory with respect to the analysis.
REFERENCES