The food-producing animal and poultry industries have undergone an extreme change that

began around 1950. The demand is increasing by days but at the same time people are also
worried about the drugs that are injected in the poultry due to its unhealthy effects.
According to Kabir ( 2004 )1 drugs as an essential part of poultry production are used to
prevent and control diseases, reduce stress due to environmental changes, vaccination and
other management practices . The usage of antimicrobials for the treatment or prevention of
disease in animals closely followed their uses in human beings (Gustafson and Bowen,
1997) and nowadays antimicrobial pills are used to govern, prevent and treat contamination,
and to beautify animal increase and feed performance (Tollefson and Miller, 2000).2

According to Garcés, 2002, the intensive use of antimicrobial (antibiotic) sellers in industrial
animal husbandry have unfold into growing international locations, and the poor impact on
human health and meals safety have often followed . There is some reason on why drugs
are needed to be use in poultry. Drugs are used as medicaments, veterinary medical care in
food animals consists of the use of vaccines and medications to prevent or minimize
infection, antibiotics and parasiticides to treat active infection or prevent disease. It also
induces high susceptibility and antibiotic drugs and hormones for production enhancement,
growth promotion, and improved feed efficiency.

The common antibiotics in food-producing animals is treatment , prophylaxis and growth

promoter and is vital for a sustainable and economically sustainable animal industry (Acar
and Röstel, 2001; Eagar, 2008 ) as in Table 1 3. There are four broad categories of antibiotic
4
use: which is treatment , control , prevention and growth promotion Antibiotics are utilized
in food animals to deal with medical disorder, to prevent and control common sickness
occasions, and to decorate animal increase. The distinctive programs of antibiotics in meals
animals have been defined as healing use, prophylactic use, and subtherapeutic use.
Antibiotics may be used to deal with a unmarried animal with scientific disorder or a large
group of animals.5

The techniques for elevating meals animals are pertinent to the larger trouble of human
health consequences from drug use in food animals. The intensiveness of farm
manufacturing on this country has accelerated because of the advantages inherent in the
use of medicine that prevent or manipulate infection and promote growth in animals. Robust

1
Journal : Determination of Antibacterial Drug Residues in Commercial Eggs Distributed in Urmia, Iran
2
Journal : Residues Of Antimicrobial Drugs In Chicken Meat And Offals
3
Review : Antibiotics usage in food-producing animals in South Africa and impact on human: Antibiotic
resistance
4
Article : The Facts About Antibiotics in Livestock & Poultry Production
5
Journal : A Review of Antibiotic Use in Food Animals: Perspective, Policy, and Potential
incentives for the usage of those drugs exist to assure the general public that simplest
healthy animals input the meals chain and to keep the profitability of the industry.

However, consuming food that contain drug in poultry will give effect on human health.
According to an article published by health advocacy group, 30 antibiotics are used in animal
feed and it was found that they are contributing to the bacterial infections that are resisting to
treatment in people. Various complaints by vets, producers and retailers were made that
some flocks were begun to have several illness. These are caused by the extra mess on the
bird's litter and infected more birds to suffer from hock burn on their legs. Certain
antimicrobial tablets were said to stay in the meat and/or milk of meals animals for extended
durations of time (Nisha, 2008; mcdermid, 2012; Lozano and Trujillo, 2012).

People are at threat each because of capacity presence of superbugs in meat and fowl, and
to the general migration of superbugs into the environment, in which they are able to
transmit their genetic immunity to antibiotics to other bacteria, including bacteria that make
human beings unwell. Once they appear on the farm, superbugs most definitely move from
the farm to the kitchen, via uncooked meat and poultry.

The possibility that chemical additives, pills and their metabolites (drug residues) may want
to motive hypersensitive reactions or disorder isn't taken lightly via the general public or by
way of health care specialists (ERS 1996). Similarly, the chance of human disorder posed
via microbial contamination is well documented and increasingly recounted and publicized
(IOM 1998).

On the other hand, there are possible ways to avoid human illness due to the
infected poultry. Most researchers mentioned that there are very limited solutions of
medicaments that can fully cure human who are infected. To avoid the unwanted cases,
disease prevention is always more desirable than treatment. The poultry owner is
responsible to ensure that the animals are well cared with supervision and provided different
space for different type of animal to avoid infection on one another.

As a conclusion, new antibiotic drugs are needed to combat emerging animal

diseases that do not respond to traditional drugs and so threaten public confidence in animal
agriculture and human medicine. The poultry owner is also need to have the awareness and
understand their responsibilities in taking precaution on the animals to avoid infection on the
animals and people who consume it.

Reference

Ehsani, A., & Hashemi, M. (2015). Determination of antibacterial drug residues in

commercial eggs distributed in Urmia, Iran. Journal of Food Quality and Hazards Control,
2, 61–65. Retrieved from http://jfqhc.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-147-en.pdf
Kabir, J., Umoh, V. J., Audu-okoh, E., Umoh, J. U., & Kwaga, J. K. P. (2004). Veterinary
drug use in poultry farms and determination of antimicrobial drug residues in commercial
eggs and slaughtered chicken in Kaduna state, Nigeria. Food Control, 15(2), 99–105.
doi:10.1016/S0956-7135(03)00020-3
Landers, T. F., Cohen, B., Wittum, T. E., & Larson, E. L. (2012). A review of antibiotic use in
food animals: Perspective, policy, and potential. , 127(1), . Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3234384/
N, M. J., O, J. A. I., & A, A. O. (2013). Antibiotics usage in food-producing animals in South
Africa and impact on human: Antibiotic resistance. African Journal of Microbiology
Research, 7(24), 2990–2997. doi:10.5897/ajmr2013.5631
The facts about antibiotics in livestock & poultry production. (2014). . Retrieved from
https://www.meatinstitute.org/index.php?ht=a/GetDocumentAction/i/99943
The overuse of antibiotics in food animals threatens public health. (2012). . Retrieved from
http://consumersunion.org/pdf/Overuse_of_Antibiotics_On_Farms.pdf