NIKHIL MITTAL

XII-A

SALWAN PUBLIC
SCHOOL
I would sincerely like to thank
Dr. Anita Jain who has been
there always to help me carry
out this experiment as a
guiding spirit behind the
compiling of this report. I would
also like to thank her for
unending assistance to enable
completion of the exercise.

NIKHIL MITTAL
XII-A
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• AIM
• APPARATUS REQUIRED
• THEORY
• PROCEDURE
• OBSERVATION TABLE
• RESULTS
• PRECAUTIONS
• BIBLIOGRAPHY
Qualitative Analysis of some
Fruits juices- apple, mosambi
and Vegetable Juices-bottle
gourd, bitter gourd.
Test Tubes Ph Paper
Beakers Iodine Solution
Stand NaOH Solution
Burner CuSO4 Solution
Tripod Stand Fehling Solution A
Glass Rod &B
Solid KOH
Picric Acid
Other Common
Laboratory
Reagents

Apple Juice
Mosambi Juice
Bottle Gourd
Bitter Gourd
Human body is like an engine. To keep
it going we must provide it with right
kind of fuel. This is balanced food.
Balanced diet is one which consists of
correct proportion of the basic
ingredients or nutrients, i.e.,
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals,
salts and vitamins. The knowledge of
various essential constituents of food
in which they are available is a must.
Deficiency of any of the nutrient
causes diseases. Fruits and vegetables
are important sources of nutrients.
Therefore, study could be undertaken
to investigate the constituents of
various fruits and vegetables.
1. Take all the juices in separate beakers.

2. Now perform the following tests with

each.
Test for Acidity
Take 5ml each of various fruits and vegetable juices in
different test tubes and add red and blue litmus solution
in each.

Test for Starch

Take 2ml of each juice in test tubes and add a few
drops of iodine solution.

Test for Proteins

To about 3ml of NaOH Solution, add 2 drops of CuSO4
solution. Permanent blue colour is obtained. Add juice
to it.

Test for Carbohydrates

To 2ml of juice add 1ml of Fehling solution A and B.
Boil the solution.
Test for Minerals
a. Test for Sodium

Dip glass rod in juice. Add 2 drops of HCl to it. Bring it

to flame.

b. Test for Potassium

Take 2ml of juice in test tube add Picric acid solution.

c. Test for Calcium

Test can be done by adding dilute HCl to the juice then

add solid NH4Cl. Heat the solution and cool it then add
NH4OH. To the group 3 solution add (NH4)2CO3. If
white ppt. obtained then add (NH4)2C2O4.

d. Test for Magnesium

To 2ml of juice add 2-3 drops of dil. HCl and HNO3 . To

it add solid NH4Cl. Again boil and cool and add
NH4OH. Filter the ppt. divide in 2 parts.
(i) Add potassium ferrocyanide.
(ii) Add potassium thiocyanate.

e. Test for Phosphorous

To 2ml of juice add 1 drop HNO3 . Boil the solution add

a few drops of ammonium molybdate solution. Heat the
solution.
Test for Apple Mosam Bottl Bitter
Juice bi Juice e Gourd
Gour
d
Acidity Acid Acid Base Base
Starch Presen Absent Abse Absent
t nt
Proteins Presen Absent Prese Present
t nt
Carbohy Presen Absent Prese Absent
drates t nt
Sodium Presen Present Prese Present
t nt
Potassiu Presen Absent Prese Present
m t nt
Calcium Presen Present Prese Present
t nt
Magnesi Presen Present Prese Present
um t nt
Iron Presen Present Prese Present
t nt
Phospho Presen Present Prese Present
rous t nt
STARCH

(C6H10O5)n + nH2O H+
nC6H12O6
(Starch) (Glucose)

PROTEIN

Apple Juice + NaOH + CuSO4 Violet Colour

Mosambi Juice + NaOH + CuSO4 No Violet
Colour
Bottle Gourd + NaOH + CuSO4 Violet Colour
Bitter Gourd + NaOH + CuSO4 Violet Colour
TEST FOR ACIDITY
JUICE OBSERVATION INFERENC
E
APPLE LITMUS PAPER BECOMES IT’S AN ACID
RED
MOSAMBI LITMUS PAPER BECOMES IT’S AN ACID
RED
BOTTLE LITMUS PAPER BECOMES IT’S A BASE
GOURD BLUE
BITTER LITMUS PAPER BECOMES IT’S A BASE
GOURD BLUE

TEST FOR STARCH

JUICE OBSERVATION INFERENCE
APPLE BLUE-VIOLET COLOUR STARCH IS
APPEARS PRESENT
MOSAMBI BLUE-VIOLET COLOUR STARCH IS ABSENT
DOES NOT APPEAR
BOTTLE BLUE-VIOLET COLOUR STARCH IS ABSENT
GOURD DOES NOT APPEARS
BITTER BLUE-VIOLET COLOUR STARCH IS ABSENT
GOURD DOES NOT APPEARS

TEST FOR PROTEINS

JUICE OBSERVATION INFERENCE
APPLE VIOLET COLOURED PPT. PROTEINS ARE
APPEARS PRESENT
MOSAMBI VIOLET COLOURED PPT. PROTEINS ARE
DOES NOT APPEAR ABSENT
BOTTLE VIOLET COLOURED PPT. PROTEINS ARE
GOURD APPEARS PRESENT
BITTER VIOLET COLOURED PPT. PROTEINS ARE
GOURD APPEARS PRESENT
CARBOHYDRATES:-

- +
CHO COO Na
| | +3H2O + Cu2O
(CHOH)4 + 2Cu(OH)2 + NaOH Tartrate
(CHOH)4
| |
CH2OH CH2OH
(Sodium salt of Gluconic acid)

TEST FOR SODIUM

As volatile halide are obtained yellow flame appears.

TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES
JUICE OBSERVATION INFERENCE
APPLE RED COLOURED PPT. CARBOHYDRATES
APPEARS ARE PRESENT
MOSAMBI RED COLOURED PPT. DOES CARBOHYDRATES
NOT APPEARS ARE ABSENT
BOTTLE RED COLOURED PPT. CARBOHYDRATES
GOURD APPEARS ARE PRESENT
BITTER RED COLOURED PPT. DOES CARBOHYDRATES
GOURD NOT APPEAR. ARE ABSENT

TEST FOR SODIUM

JUICE OBSERVATION INFERENCE
APPLE YELLOW COLOURED SODIUM IS
FLAME APPEARS PRESENT
MOSAMBI YELLOW COLOURED SODIUM IS
FLAME APPEARS PRESENT
BOTTLE YELLOW COLOURED SODIUM IS
GOURD FLAME APPEARS PRESENT
BITTER YELLOW COLOURED SODIUM IS
GOURD FLAME APPEARS PRESENT

TEST FOR POTASSIUM

JUICE OBSERVATION INFERENCE
APPLE YELLOW COLOURED POTASSIUM IS
PPT. APPEARS PRESENT
MOSAMBI YELLOW COLOURED POTASSIUM IS NOT
PPT. DOES NOT APPEAR PRESENT
BOTTLE YELLOW COLOURED POTASSIUM IS
GOURD PPT. APPEARS PRESENT
BITTER YELLOW COLOURED POTASSIUM IS
GOURD PPT. APPEARS PRESENT
CALCIUM
+
Ca2 + (NH4)2CO3 CaCO3
(white ppt.)
CaCO3+ 2CH3COOH (CH3COO)2Ca + CO2
+H2O
Ca(CH3COO)2 + (NH4)2C2O4 2CH3COONH4+
CaC2O4
(white ppt.)

MAGNESIUM

Mg2+Cl22- + NH4OH Mg(NH4)PO4 + 2NH4Cl

+ (NH4)2HPO4 + 2H2O

IRON (Fe3+ )

Fe(OH)3+ 3HCl FeCl3 + 3H2O

1. Potassium Ferrocynaide Test:

4FeCl3+3K4[Fe(CN)6] 12KCl + Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3

(Ferric Ferrocyanide)
(Prussian blue)

2. Potassium Sulphocyanide Test:

FeCl3+ 3KCNS 3KCl + Fe(CNS)3

(Ferric Sulphocyanide)
(Blood red colouration)
TEST FOR CALCIUM
JUICE OBSERVATION INFERENCE
APPLE WHITE PPT. APPEARS CALCIUM IS
PRESENT
MOSAMBI WHITE PPT. APPEARS CALCIUM IS
PRESENT
BOTTLE WHITE PPT. APPEARS CALCIUM IS
GOURD PRESENT
BITTER WHITE PPT. APPEARS CALCIUM IS
GOURD PRESENT

TEST FOR MAGNESIUM

JUICE OBSERVATIO INFERENCE
N
APPLE WHITE PPT. APPEARS MAGNESIUM IS
PRESENT
MOSAMBI WHITE PPT. APPEARS MAGNESIUM IS
PRESENT
BOTTLE WHITE PPT. APPEARS MAGNESIUM IS
GOURD PRESENT
BITTER WHITE PPT. APPEARS MAGNESIUM IS
GOURD PRESENT

TEST FOR IRON

JUICE OBSERVATION INFERENCE
APPLE 1) PERUSSIAN BLUE IRON IS PRESENT
COLOUR
2) BLOOD RED COLOUR
MOSAMBI 1) PERUSSIAN BLUE IRON IS PRESENT
COLOUR
2) BLOOD RED COLOUR
BOTTLE 1) PERUSSIAN BLUE IRON IS PRESENT
GOURD COLOUR
2) BLOOD RED COLOUR
BITTER 1) PERUSSIAN BLUE IRON IS PRESENT
GOURD COLOUR
2) BLOOD RED COLOUR
PHOSPHOROUS - (In the form of phosphate)

1. Ammonium Molybdate test:

K3PO4+ 3(NH4)2 MoO4 2(NH4)3PO4 + 3K2 MoO4

(Ammonium Molybdate) (Potassium Molybdate)

K2MoO4+ 2HNO3 H2MoO4 + 2KNO3

(Molybdic Acid)

H2MoO4 MoO3 + H2O

(NH4)3PO4 + 12MoO3 (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3.6H2O

+ 6H2O (Ammonium phosphate molybdate)
(Yellow ppt.)
TEST FOR PHOSPHOROUS
JUICE OBSERVATION INFERENCE
APPLE YELLOW COLOURED PHOSPHROUS IS
PPT. APPEARS PRESENT
MOSAMBI YELLOW COLOURED PHOSPHROUS IS
PPT. APPEARS PRESENT
BOTTLE YELLOW COLOURED PHOSPHROUS IS
GOURD PPT. APPEARS PRESENT
BITTER YELLOW COLOURED PHOSPHROUS IS
GOURD PPT. APPEARS PRESENT
Qualitative Analysis Of
Some Fruits And
Vegetable Juices Is
done.
Use only freshly prepared fruits
and vegetable juices.
Clean the apparatus before
using.
Handle the reagents carefully.
Do not forget to wear a lab coat.
Note all the readings carefully.
Various books and websites were
referred while making this projects:-
1) Chemistry Lab Mannual
2) Google.com
3) Wikipedia.com

APPLE
Apple juice helps provide a variety of nutrients in low
to moderate amounts. Not only does the juice contain
natural fruit, the apple derived liquid also works to
properly hydrate both athletes and semi active people
of all ages. . Apple juice contains minerals such as
calcium, potassium, iron, manganese and magnesium.
All-natural apple juice also provides vitamins C and B6.
Health benefits of apple

• Apples are low in calories. The fruits are

however, contain no saturated fats or
cholesterol; but rich in dietary fiber, which helps,
prevent absorption of dietary LDL cholesterol in
the gut.
• Apple fruit contains good quantities of Vitamin-C.
Vitamin-C is a powerful natural antioxidant.
Consumption of foods rich in vitamin C helps
body develop resistance against infectious
agents and scavenge harmful, pro-inflammatory
free radicals from the body.
• In addition, apple fruit is a good source vitamin
B-6. These vitamin help as co-factors for
enzymes in metabolism as well as in various
synthetic functions inside the body.
• Apple also contains small amount of minerals like
potassium, phosphorus, and calcium. Potassium
is an important component of cell and body fluids
helps controlling heart rate and blood pressure;
thus counters the bad influences of sodium.
 BITTER GOURD

Health benefits of Bitter Gourd

• The pods are rich in phytonutriuents like

dietary fiber, minerals, vitamins and anti-
oxidants.
• Fresh pods are an excellent source of folates;
contains about 72mcg/100g, Folate helps
reduce incidence of neural tube defects in
pregnant mothers when taken during early
pregnancy.
• Fresh bitter Gourd is an excellent source of
vitamin-C. Vitamin-C is one of the powerful
natural antioxidant, helps body scavenge
deleterious free radicals one of the reasons
for cancers development.
• The vegetable is an excellent source of
vitamin A that helps in preventing aging,
cancers and various disease processes.
• Bitter Gourd stimulates digestion and
peristalsis which can be helpful in relieving
indigestion and constipation problems.
• The vegetable is also good source of Vitamin
B-3, Vitamin B-5, Vitamin B-6 and minerals
such as iron, zinc, potassium , manganese
and magnesium.
 • Early laboratory tests suggest that
compounds in bitter gourd might be effective
for treating HIV infection.

MOSAMBI

Mosambi juice is also known as sweet lemon juice and

it boasts of numerous benefits. A key features of
mosambi juice is that it is very sweet and not acidic.
It is also a good source of vitamin C, copper and iron.
The following are other health benefits of consuming
sweet lemon juice.

Benefits of Mosambi Juice

1. Prevents Scurvy

This disease usually occurs in people with an

inadequate amount of vitamin C in their diets.
Scurvy is characterized by swollen gums, frequent
bouts of flu and colds as well as cracked lip
corners. Mosambi juice can be used to cure
scurvy since it has a high content of vitamin C.

2. Enhances digestion
 The mosambi juice has a sweet fragrance that
enhances the release of saliva, which assists to
digest food quickly. The flavonoids present in
lime enhance the digestive process through
stimulating the secretion of bile, digestive juices
and acids. Aside from that, the compounds in
mosambi juice are also beneficial for the
peristaltic motion.

3. Cures constipation

The acids present in the sweet lemon juice are

great for doing away with toxins found in the
bowel tracts. Mosambi juice is also beneficial for
people with stomach upsets, dysentery, diarrhea
and loose stools since it is rich in potassium. It
helps avoid vomiting and nausea as a result of its
tasty flavour.

4. Improves immune system

Regular intake of the mosambi juice has been

known to improve the function of the heart, which
ensures proper blood circulation. This action leads
to a much healthier immune sysem.

5. Benefits the skin

Sweet lemon juice is good for the skin and it will

assist to do away with pigmentation, spots and
blemishes. It also provides a bright glow and shine
on the face.

The drawback of sweet lemon juice is that it has been

linked with the incidence of migraines and certain
people are allergic to it. In fact, it is believed to be a
triggering factor in some asthmatics.
 BOTTLE GOURD

• The juice from the leaves help

cure jaundice and the juice from the gourd
helps reduce graying of hair.
• The gourd juice, helps treat burning
sensation in the urinary passage if
consumed with lime juice.
• It reduces fatigue and keeps you fresh,
especially during summer.
• It helps fight constipation, as it is fiber rich.
Because of its fiber and low fat content,
Ayurveda highly recommends this food for
diabetic patients and young children.
• Ayurveda also recommends the juice of this
gourd in the treatment of acidity,
indigestion and ulcers as it serves as an
alkaline mixture.
• Indian traditional medicine claims that
bottle gourd acts as a nerve tonic and can
help improve obsessive-compulsive
disorder (OCD). This claim has been
confirmed by a study published in the
journal Pharmacognosy Research where
the investigators found that the plant
possesses anti-compulsive (anti-OCD)
activity although they are not certain about
the mechanism of action of this plant.
• Bottle gourd is also considered one of
the best weight loss foods since it is 96
 percent water and provides just 12 calories
per 100g of serving.
• It is rich in, thiamin, vitamin C, zinc, iron
and magnesium thus helping in improving
overall health. The juice from bottle gourd
leaf helps in curing baldness and aids
in preventing tooth decay.