Organic chemistry I

lab report 1

Alcohols

By: Omar Samir

ID: 117781
 Table of contents

Abstract …………………………………………………………. 1

Introduction ……………………………………………………... 2,3,4

Tables

Unknown 1 ……………………………………………. 5

Unknown 2 …………………………………………..... 6

Unknown 3 ……………………………………………. 7

Unknown 4 ……………………………………………. 8

Chemical equations …………………………………………….. 9

References ……………………………………………………… 10
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Abstract

Alcohols

Are any of a class of organic compounds portrayed by one or more hydroxyl (−oh)
gatherings appended to a carbon atom of an alkyl bunch (hydrocarbon chain). Alcohols
may be considered as organic derivatives of water (H2O) in which one of the hydrogen
particles has been supplanted by an alkyl bunch, commonly spoken to by R in organic
structures. Case in point, in ethanol (or ethyl alcohol) the alkyl gathering is the ethyl
bunch−CH2CH3.

Methanol & Ethanol & Benzyl alcohol & glycerol are some examples for alcohols.
Alcohols are among the most widely recognized natural mixes. They are utilized as
sweeteners and as a part of making fragrances, are profitable intermediates in the blend of
different mixes, and are among the most copiously created natural chemicals in industry
Alcohols may be delegated essential, auxiliary, or tertiary, as indicated by which carbon of
the alkyl gathering is reinforced to the hydroxyl bunch.

Most alcohols are dry fluids or solids at room temperature. Alcohols of low sub-atomic
weight are exceedingly dissolvable in water; with expanding sub-atomic weight, they get to
be less solvent in water, and their breaking points, vapor pressures, densities, and
viscosities increment
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Introduction

According to chemistry, alcohols are any natural compound in which the hydroxyl
utilitarian bond (-O H) is sure to an immersd carbon atom. The term alcohol initially
alluded to the essential alcohol ethyl alcohol (ethanol).Usually alcohols are known for their
smell that are characterized as "gnawing" and "hanging" to the nasal part (Leroy G. Wade,
2014) . Ethanol has a minor sugary (or more soil grown foods like) smell upon the alternate
alcohols. Usually, the hydroxyl aggregation makes the alcohol atoms polar. Those
aggregations can frame the hydrogen bonds to each other and to different mixtures (beside
certain extensive atoms where hydroxyl is guaranteed by steric block if adjoining
groups).Alcohols could be able to give up ketons, aldehydes and carboxylic acid, they have
to experience oxidation or the outcome would be dried alkenes . They could respond to the
ester mixes structure, and they can (if motivated first) experience nucleophilic substitution
responses. The solitary sets of electrons on the oxygen of the hydroxyl aggregate likewise
makes alcohols nucleophiles .

General reaction of alcohols:

1-Acidity Test

Alcohols respond with sodium metal to give the alkoxides with development of hydrogen.
2 R-OH + 2Na  2 R-ONa + H2
Sodium alkoxide
Procedure

In dry test tube, take around 5 ml of dry alcohol (water free alcohol) and include a little bit
of sodium metal. Notice the development of a H2 gas.
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2-Oxidation:

Essential alcohols are oxidized to the relating aldehydes and further oxidation prompted
the arrangement of the carboxylic acids, while the optional alcohols are oxidized to
ketones. The oxidizing operator is K2cr2o7 in the event of methanol and ethanol, Kmno4 if
there should arise an occurrence of amyl liquor or weaken nitric corrosive if there should
arise an occurrence of benzyl liquor.

Procedure

Warm a mixture of alcohol (1 ml) and the oxidizing operator (2 ml) on a water shower with
the expansion of 1-2 drops of dilute sulfuric acid if there should arise (K2cr2o7).

 In case of using pot dichromate the color would be changed from orange (Cr+6) to
green (Cr+3).

 In case of using potassium permanganate (KMnO4) the violet color disappear

(conversion from Mn+7 to Mn+2).

3-Iodoform test:

Alcohols which contain Ch3choh- aggregate in vicinity of iodine and sodium hydroxide
give iodoform test.

Procedure

In a test tube put around 1-2 ml of ethyl liquor then 5 ml of iodine arrangement (brown)
then include drops of sodium hydroxide till a straw yellow color is gotten. Warm the
response mixture on a water shower for 10 min., cool a yellow accelerate will be framed
(from CHI3 Iodoform)
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4-Esterification:

Alcohols can be responded with natural acids to give the ester and this response is
catalyzed by a corrosive where the response is reversible.

Procedure

In a dry test tube take around 2 ml of alcohol and equivalent sum from the natural acid or
its salt and afterward precisely include few drops of conc. H2so4. Heat the response
mixture on a water shower for around 10 minutes. Cool and put the response mixture into
20 ml sodium bicarbonate arrangement and identify the ester framed (trademark smell).

Special reaction of alcohols:

1-Borax test:

With glycerol
In a test tube take around 5 ml of 1% borax arrangement and include few drops of
phenolphthalein (phph) it give a pink color. Include dilute glycerol slowly till the pink
color vanishes. Warm the arrangement delicately; the pink color will be show up again etc

2-React with HCL:

With Benzyl alcohol

Warm 1 ml of benzyl alcohol with 1 ml conc. HCl, the clear solution becomes turbid and
two layers will be formed due to the formation of benzyl chloride

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 Alcohols

Unknown 1

Physical characteristics:

State: liquid
Color: colorless
Solubility in water: water insoluble
Boiling point: 65º C

Chemical reactions:

Test Observation Result

Reaction with sodium metal
Oxidation with cupper wire
Oxidation with K2Cr2O7 test
Oxidation with KMnO4
Esterification with acetic acid
Effervescences with the
evolution of a colorless gas that
pops with a lighting splinter
Effervescences with the
evolution of a colorless gas that
pops with a lighting splinter
Color turns from orange to green
The pink color discharges
Fruity odor clarity
The unknown possess
an acidic property
The unknown possess
an acidic property
The unknown is
Oxidisable
The unknown is
Oxidisable
The unknown is alcohol

Esterification with salicylic acid Vix odor clarity The unknown might be
methanol
Iodoform test No characteristics observation The unknown is
methanol

Unknown is Methanol write the structure CH3OH

Comment using chemical equations

 Acidity test showed that the unknown to possess an acidic character
 oxidation test by ( KMnO4 , K2Cr2O7 ) both showed the oxidisability of
the unknown
 acidic & oxidisable the unknown might be an alcohol
 function group test ( Esterification ) confirmed the alcoholic nature
 since the unknown soluble in water so it might be methanol or ethanol
 it give no observation with iodoform , it is methanol

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 Alcohols

Unknown 2

Physical characteristics:

State: liquid
Color: colorless
Solubility in water: water insoluble
Boiling point: 78º C

Chemical reactions:

Test Observation Result

Reaction with sodium metal
Oxidation with cupper wire
Oxidation with K2Cr2O7 test
Oxidation with KMnO4
Esterification with acetic acid
Iodoform test
Effervescences with the The unknown possess
evolution of a colourless gas that an acidic property
pops with a lighting splinter
Effervescences with the The unknown possess
evolution of a colourless gas that an acidic property
pops with a lighting splinter
Color turns from orange to green The unknown is
Oxidisable
The pink color discharges The unknown is
Oxidisable
Green apple odor clarity The unknown Might be
ethanol
Yellow crystals has created The unknown is ethanol

Unknown is ethanol write the structure C2H6OH

Comment using chemical equations

 Acidity test showed that the unknown to possess an acidic character
 oxidation test by ( KMnO4 , K2Cr2O7 ) both showed the oxidisability of
the unknown
 acidic & oxidisable the unknown might be an alcohol
 function group test ( Esterification ) confirmed the alcoholic nature
 it gives yellow crystals with iodoform test so the unknown is ethanol

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 Alcohols

Unknown 3

Physical characteristics:

State: liquid
Color: colorless
Solubility in water: water insoluble
Boiling point: 204º C

Chemical reactions:

Test Observation Result

Reaction with sodium metal
Oxidation with K2Cr2O7 test
Esterification with acetic acid
Effervescences with the The unknown possess
evolution of a colourless gas that an acidic property
pops with a lighting splinter
Color turns from orange to green The unknown is
Oxidisable
Fruity odor clarity The unknown is alcohol

Reaction with HCL Separating into 2 layers The unknown is benzyl-

alcohol

Unknown is benzyl-alcohol write the structure

Comment using chemical equations

 Acidity test showed that the unknown to possess an acidic character

 oxidation test by ( KMnO4 , K2Cr2O7 ) both showed the oxidisability of
the unknown
 acidic & oxidisable the unknown might be an alcohol
 function group test ( Esterification ) confirmed the alcoholic nature
 separating into 2 layers happened when it react with HCL

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 Alcohols

Unknown 4

Physical characteristics:

State: viscous liquid

Color: colorless
Solubility in water: water-soluble
Boiling point: 290º C

Chemical reactions:

Test Observation Result

Reaction with sodium metal
Oxidation with K2Cr2O7 test
Esterification with acetic acid
Effervescences with the The unknown possess
evolution of a colourless gas that an acidic property
pops with a lighting splinter
Color turns from orange to green The unknown is
Oxidisable
Fruity odor clarity The unknown is alcohol

Borax test Pink color discharges The unknown is

glycerol

Unknown is glycerol write the structure

Polyalc.

Comment using chemical equations

 Acidity test showed that the unknown to possess an acidic character
 oxidation test by ( KMnO4 , K2Cr2O7 ) both showed the oxidisability of the
unknown
 acidic & oxidisable the unknown might be an alcohol
 function group test ( Esterification ) confirmed the alcoholic nature
 the pink color discharges with the borax test so the unknown is glycerol

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Chemical equations
1-Acidity:

2 R-OH + 2Na  2 R-ONa + H2

Sodium alkoxide

2-oxidation:

3-iodoform:

4- Esterification:

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 References

Reactions of Alcohols,(n .d.), Computing Camden Rutgers. Retrieved from

http://crab.rutgers.edu/~alroche/Ch11.pdf

Leroy G. Wade, Jr. (2014, April 9). Alcohol, Retrieved from

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/13366/alcohol

Reactions of Alcohols,(n .d.), Cliffs Notes. Retrieved from

http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/chemistry/organic-chemistry-ii/alcohols-and-
ethers/reactions-of-alcohols

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